排粪造影对功能性出口梗阻便秘的诊断

目的　探讨排粪造影对功能性出口便秘的诊断价值。方法　对 5 0 0例功能性出口便秘患者进行排粪造影检查。女性 3 49例 ,男性 15 1例 ,年龄 14～ 78岁 ,平均 3 6.7岁。病史在 2个月～ 3 8年。主要临床症状 :排便困难、不适、腹痛、腹胀 ,排便时间延长 ,肛门坠胀及解不净 ,多数病人需长期服泻药及灌肠帮助排便。排粪造影是给病人灌入 40 0～ 60 0ml硫酸钡混悬液 ,病人侧坐在排便装置上 ,在X线电视下作动态观察、摄片。结果　通过对 5 0 0例患者排粪造影检查 ,发现有直肠前突 14 4例、直肠黏膜脱垂 75例、直肠内套叠 5 6例、盆底痉挛综合征 10 2例、耻骨直肠肌肥厚 65例、会阴下降 12 1例、正常 2 9例 ,以上症状多数由两种或两种以上同时出现。结论　排粪造影对功能性出口便秘的诊断具有重要价值。     

排粪造影在功能性出口梗阻诊断中的临床意义

目的探讨排粪造影在诊断与治疗功能性出口梗阻性便秘中的应用。方法对186例排便障碍者进行排粪造影检查与治疗。结果 7例X线无异常,179例有异常X线表现。其中直肠前突113例,直肠黏膜脱垂、内套叠92例,会阴下降64例,盆底痉挛综合征11例,耻骨直肠肌综合征7例,内脏下垂7例,乙状结肠疝3例。其中多种异常表现并存69例。结论排粪造影对功能性出口梗阻性便秘的诊断与治疗具有重要价值。     

排粪造影结合盆腔造影诊断直肠内脱垂

目的：设计一种盆腔造影结合排粪造影的方法，以期区分直肠粘膜脱垂与直肠全层套叠，指导直肠内脱垂的治疗。材料与方法：８２例直肠内脱垂和３６例对照者行排粪造影结合盆腔造影。结果：在８２例患者中，５０例有直肠内脱垂征象、而盆底腹膜正常者为直肠粘膜脱垂，其中２６例伴异常会阴下降；３２例有直肠内脱垂征象、盆底腹膜随直肠前壁降入套叠鞘部、并构成直肠壁内疝疝囊者为直肠全层套叠，６例疝囊上口敞开者术中证实有内容物疝入，２０例伴异常会阴下降。结论：排粪造影结合盆腔造影是区分粘膜脱垂与全层套叠、诊断直肠内脱垂伴发的直肠壁内疝等盆底疝等直观、可靠的方法。     

排粪造影51例临床应用研究

目的 研究排粪造影对便秘的诊断价值。方法 对51例便秘患行排粪造影检查。结果 直肠前凸32例，盆底痉挛综合征13例，耻骨直肠肌综合征3例，会阴下降35例，直肠粘膜脱垂2例，直肠内套叠2例，直肠外脱垂1例．内脏下垂9例，肠疝1例，骶直分离9例，未见异常2例。结论 排粪造影检查对功能性出口梗阻病变的诊断价值明显优于传统的钡灌肠和内窥镜等检查。     

直肠内注入模拟粪便的动态MRI对女性盆底痉挛综合征的诊断价值

目的 利用动态MRI研究直肠内模拟粪便注入前、后女性盆底痉挛综合征(SPFS)患者的肛直肠形态、功能性病变, 并对多盆腔器官脱垂进行评价, 明确注入球囊后的动态MRI在SPFS患者中的诊断优势。 方法 对53例临床诊断为SPFS的女性患者行动态MRI检查, 使用自行设计高顺应性球囊模拟大便, 测量患者直肠内球囊注入前、后力排相盆底的相关数据。 结果 盆底动态MRI结果显示, 53例女性SPFS患者中, 伴发多盆腔器官脱垂者24例。直肠内造影剂注入前、后力排相的肛直角变化, 差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.603, P > 0.05);相比直肠内模拟粪便注入后的盆底动态MRI, 未注入的力排相分别有18.0%(9/50)膀胱脱垂、6.1%(3/49)子宫或阴道穹窿脱垂、32.7%(17/52)直肠前膨出及14.6%(7/48)会阴体下降诊断为阴性。直肠内模拟粪便注入前、后力排相观察多盆腔器官脱垂变化, 差异均有明显统计学意义。 结论 直肠内注入模拟粪便的盆底动态MRI为女性SPFS患者提供了更全面的诊断, 为术前正确诊断盆腔多部位缺陷及术后正确评价治疗效果提供了客观依据。     

盆底功能性疾病的动态MRI研究

目的　评价盆底动态MRI形态学表现与盆底功能性疾病的相关性。资料与方法　采用Siemens 1.0T超导磁共振成像仪对 6 0例妇女进行MRI检查 ,将这些受试者分为两组 :30例为无症状健康志愿者和 30例为盆底功能性疾病患者。采用仰卧位使用梯度回波二维FLASHT1WI快速扫描序列获得屏气期间盆底横断面、冠状面和矢状面的静息和最大盆腔用力时MR影像。所有影像用于观测盆腔器官脱垂和盆底形态 ,比较两组间盆腔器官脱垂和盆底形态变化的程度。结果　盆腔器官脱垂常发生于多个部位 ,盆底功能性疾病患者发生频率较高 ,与健康受试者比较相差显著 :膀胱膨出 (P <0 .0 1) ,子宫颈脱垂 (P <0 .0 1) ,盆底疝 (P <0 .0 1) ,直肠连接异常下降 (P <0 .0 1) ,直肠膨出 (P <0 .0 1)和盆隔裂孔膨胀 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　盆底动态MRI可用于准确评价盆腔器官脱垂和盆底形态 ,盆底功能性疾病患者常出现整个盆底软弱 ,盆腔器官脱垂频繁发生于多个部位并伴随盆隔裂孔的显著膨胀     

女性盆底功能障碍所致便秘的盆底超声研究进展

女性盆底功能障碍(FPFD)所致便秘与前、中、后盆腔病变密切相关.后盆腔病变包括直肠前突、会阴下降、直肠内套叠、肠疝及盆底失弛缓综合征等;前盆腔与中盆腔病变引发的便秘不仅表现为排便障碍,也包括子宫脱垂、膀胱脱垂相关症状.盆底超声能够动态观察前、中、后盆腔的变化,已越来越多地应用于FPFD的诊断中.现就盆底超声对FPFD...     

排便造影动态观察盆底形态对功能性出口梗阻所致便秘的诊断价值

目的探讨仅在排便过程中才表现出来的直肠、肛管的一系列功能性异常. 资料与方法通过钡灌肠,于坐位进行排便,动态下透视、点片. 结果 520例中,发现直肠黏膜脱垂、套叠416例,直肠前突281例,盆底及会阴下降229例,盆底肌失弛缓综合征170例,盆底疝113例,骶直分离等其他盆底病变43例.合并上述两项以上病变者多见. 结论排便造影动态观察盆底形态是较传统的钡灌肠、临床指诊、内镜检查更为敏感可靠的方法,能为临床诊治功能性出口梗阻所致便秘等肛肠疾病及选择手术治疗提供可靠的依据.     

直肠内脱垂盆底形态研究及临床意义

目的：建立一种在手术前能区别直肠内脱垂中粘膜脱垂和全层套叠的影像学方法。材料和方法：６６例直肠内脱垂和３６例对照者均行排粪造影结合盆腔造影，测量肛直角、会阴位置等指标并结合手术中所见的盆腔变化。结果：４１例患者在排粪中无盆底腹膜变化为直肠粘膜脱垂；２５例盆底腹膜随直肠前壁下降为直肠全层套叠，伴直肠鞘部腹膜构成疝囊的直肠壁内疝。结论：本造影方法可准确区别直肠粘膜脱垂和全层套叠，并显示直肠壁内疝的疝囊，为临床治疗直肠内脱垂提供了可靠的依据。     

腹腔造影的临床应用

目的 探讨腹腔四重造影在盆底功能障碍性疾病诊断的临床价值.方法 通过临床肛肠外科严格筛选盆底功能障碍性疾病者共25例(男8例,女17例),男性为三重造影(膀胱、盆腔、直肠),女性再加做阴道造影为四重造影,除直肠造影用钡剂外,其余脏器用含碘溶液(优维显、泛影葡胺等).结果 在25例中见直肠前突9例,直肠黏膜脱垂8例,盆底痉挛综合征1例,耻骨直肠肌肥厚1例,子宫后倾3例,盆底疝5例,合并2种或2种以上疾病3例.结论 腹腔四重造影对于临床症状隐匿、物理检查难以发现的盆底疝及子宫后倾等盆底功能障碍性疾病具有确诊意义.     

Defecography by spiral computed tomography

PURPOSE: We investigated the possible role of helical CT defecography in pelvic floor disorders by comparing our results with those of conventional defecography. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our series consisted of 90 patients, namely 62 women and 28 men, ranging in age 24-82 years. They were all submitted to conventional defecography, and 18 questionable cases were also studied with helical CT defecography. The conventional examination was performed during the 4 standard phases of resting, squeezing, Valsalva and straining; we used a remote-control unit. The parameters for helical CT defecography were: 5 mm beam collimation, pitch 2, 120 KV, 250 mAs and 18-20 degrees gantry inclination to acquire coronal images of the pelvic floor. The rectal ampulla was distended with a bolus of 300 mL nonionic iodinated contrast agent (dilution: 3 g/cc). The patient wore a napkin and was seated on the table, except for those who could not hold the position and were thus examined supine. Twenty-second helical scans were performed at rest and during evacuation; multiplanar reconstructions were obtained especially on the sagittal plane for comparison with conventional defecographic images. RESULTS: An unquestionable diagnosis could be made in all the 18 patients submitted to helical CT defecography. The diagnosis was in agreement with proctology results and added new information in all cases. Sixteen patients had constipation and 2 fecal incontinence--one from rectal prolapse and the other from a rectovaginal fistula. In this latter case helical CT defecography permitted to confirm the fistula and suggest its course. One patient had a previously undetected ovarian cancer metastatic to the anterior rectal wall. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Coronal helical CT defecography images permitted to map the perineal floor muscles, while sagittal reconstructions provided information on the ampulla and the levator ani. To conclude, helical CT defecography performed well in the study of pelvic floor disorders and can follow conventional defecography especially in questionable cases.     

Radiologic investigation of external rectal prolapse. Assessment in 48 patients with defecography, seven of them also with dynamic CT of the pelvis

PURPOSE: To report our personal experience in 48 patients with external rectal prolapse examined with defecography, evaluating radiological signs and the indications for surgical treatment. We also report the results of 7 patients with severe prolapse submitted to dynamic CT of pelvis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The findings relative to 48 patients suffering from external prolapse, 27 women and 21 men, (mean age 58 years), were retrospectively reviewed. In our study protocol the patient is made to sit on a defecographic commode with the pelvis in lateral projection and radiographic images are acquired at rest, on contraction and on evacuation. Dynamic CT of pelvis with axial and coronal scans of the pelvic floor was carried out in 7 patients with severe prolapses. Twenty-six of 48 patients underwent rectopexy. RESULTS: The main symptoms were anorectal and perineal weight sensation (93%), perineal disturbance in the sitting position (91%) and anorectal pain extended to sacral area (83%). Manometry, which was performed in 36 cases, showed a rectoanal inhibitory reflex evokable at high volumes of air, especially in incontinent subjects. Defecography demonstrated external rectal prolapse in all cases; rectal intussusception in 32, mucosal prolapse in 30, abnormal widening of the anorectal angle in 24 (16 of them were incontinent), rectocele in 22 and perineal descent syndrome in 16 cases. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: External rectal prolapse is sometimes a dynamic progression of a rectal intussusception. In anorectal intussusceptions, the invaginatum involves the anal canal, thus causing the external prolapse. Defecography clearly shows the continuation of invagination out of the anus, with the formation of prolapse. Dynamic CT proved accurate in detecting the rectum morphology, but added no further information to defecography, except for the diastasis of anosphincterial muscles. Therefore, we conclude that defecography is the method of choice, though complementary to other instrumental techniques such as manometry, electromyography and endoscopy, in the diagnostic workup of these patients. Moreover, it can recognize other alterations, such as incontinence and rectocele, which can be submitted to surgical correction with rectopexy.     

Anorectal function in patients with defecation disorders and asymptomatic subjects: evaluation with defecography

A controlled radiologic study of anorectal function was performed with the use of defecography in 19 patients with constipation and 13 with incontinence. All patients were age and sex matched to control subjects who were referred for barium enema study and who had no defecation disorder. There were no statistically significant differences between either patient group and the control group in anorectal angle and excursion of the anorectal junction. In the 32 patients and 155 consecutive patients referred for defecography because of a variety of defecation disturbances, approximately twice as many rectal wall abnormalities were seen compared with findings in the control group. These findings included intussusception, rectal prolapse, rectocele, mucosal prolapse, spastic pelvic floor, descending perineum syndrome, and solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. In conclusion, the main role of defecography is to document rectal wall changes during defecation straining as possible causes of evacuation difficulties. Clinical symptoms should also be taken into account when treatment is contemplated.     

Experience of 4 years with open MR defecography: pictorial review of anorectal anatomy and disease.

Functional disorders of the pelvic floor are a common clinical problem. Diagnosis and treatment of these disorders, which frequently manifest with nonspecific symptoms such as constipation or incontinence, remain difficult. Fluoroscopic x-ray defecography has been shown to aid in detection of functional and morphologic abnormalities of the anorectal region. With the advent of open-configuration magnetic resonance (MR) imaging systems, MR defecography with the patient in a vertical position became possible. MR defecography permits analysis of the anorectal angle, the opening of the anal canal, the function of the puborectal muscle, and the descent of the pelvic floor during defecation. Good demonstration of the rectal wall permits visualization of intussusceptions and rectoceles. Excellent demonstration of the perirectal soft tissues allows assessment of spastic pelvic floor syndrome and descending perineum syndrome and visualization of enteroceles. MR defecography with an open-configuration magnet allows accurate assessment of anorectal morphology and function in relation to surrounding structures without exposing the patient to harmful ionizing radiation.     

Defecography in rectal wall prolapse conditions]

INTRODUCTION: Pelvic floor and rectal prolapse conditions have greatly benefitted by new imaging and instrumental diagnostic approaches, and especially defecography, for both pathophysiological interpretation and differential diagnosis. We investigated the efficacy of defecography in the assessment of rectal prolapse, and in particular the role of videoproctography in diagnosing such dynamic disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We selected 224 patients with rectal prolapse from a series of 1,190 consecutive subjects with evacuation disturbances examined in the last 5 years with defecography combined with videoproctography. The patients were 176 women and 48 men ranging in age 32-79 years (mean: 48). Defecography was carried out with Mahieu's technique, but we changed the filter position slightly. Sixty-seven per cent of our patients had been submitted to sigmoidoscopy, but this examination does not usually show rectal intussusception. Occult blood test in feces and double contrast barium enema were carried out in 42% and 38% of cases, respectively, to exclude any organic conditions of colon. RESULTS: Mucosal prolapse was more frequent than intussusception (71% and 34%, respectively); rectal walls went out through the anus in 12 cases of anorectal intussusception and thus caused external rectal prolapse. Rectal prolapse was associated with other anorectal alterations, such as rectocele, perineal descent and puborectalis muscle syndrome, in 96 cases. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The dynamic changes of ampulla are well depicted by videoproctography, which showed anorectum normalization and spontaneous reduction of invagination after intussusception. Defecography exhibited good capabilities in showing rectal wall function abnormalities. Finally, some features of videoproctography such as low radiation dose, noninvasiveness and ease of execution, make the examination acceptable to patients with anorectal disorders and for the follow-up of rectal prolapse.     

MR排便造影在后盆腔障碍性疾病中的评估价值

后盆腔障碍疾病是以肛直肠解剖和功能异常为主的一类盆底功能障碍性疾病,伴有便秘、便失禁等临床症状。MR排便造影是一种动态MR成像方法,可对后盆腔结构形态和运动功能异常情况直观显示,能够鉴别后盆腔障碍性疾病的类型并认识其发病原因,如直肠膨出、肠疝、盆腔器官脱垂和直肠套叠、脱垂等,同时对便失禁早期的肛直肠形态学和功能学异常改变的诊断有重要提示价值。     

Computed tomography evaluation of pelvic organ prolapse. Techniques and applications

OBJECTIVES: Pelvic organ prolapse is a common debilitating condition affecting women. Cross-sectional imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) depicts pelvic floor anatomy as well as organ prolapse and can complement or replace fluoroscopy. Occasionally, patients cannot tolerate MRI, but multiplanar visualization of pelvic floor soft tissue anatomy and organ prolapse is clinically desired. The objective of this study was to determine if computed tomography (CT) is a potential diagnostic technique in these specific situations for demonstrating organ prolapse and the pelvic floor. METHODS: Seven women (mean age: 63.5 years) with clinical pelvic organ prolapse were referred for CT of the pelvis from the gynecologic and surgical clinics from November 1998 to September 2001. The CT technique included the following: insufflation of rectal air, positive oral contrast, supine position with knees flexed, and imaging at rest and straining with a single-detector scan in 5 cases (slice thickness of 3 mm, table speed of 5 mm/s, 2-mm reconstruction interval) and a multidetector scan in 1 case (detector collimation of 1 mm, slice thickness of 1.25 mm, 1-mm reconstruction interval). Axial and 3-dimensional images were interpreted. RESULTS: Computed tomography demonstrated prolapse in 5 of 7 patients. At CT, cystocele was present in 2 of 7 patients, vault or cervical prolapse was present in 4 of 7, enterocele was present in 3 of 7, rectocele was present in 2 of 7, and levator abnormalities were present in 4 of 7. Surgery was performed in 3 of the 5 patients with positive CT findings, and prolapse was confirmed. Surgery was also performed in 1 patient with negative CT findings, and global prolapse was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Demonstration of pelvic organ prolapse and muscular pelvic floor abnormalities is feasible with CT if the patient strains adequately. In patients who cannot tolerate MRI, CT may be useful as an alternative diagnostic tool.     

The solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: diagnosis with defecography

The solitary rectal ulcer syndrome is an uncommon entity consisting of a rectal abnormality caused by straining during defecation and characterized by specific histologic changes. Endoscopy may show single or multiple ulcers or a preulcerative phase consisting of mucosal thickening. Findings on barium enema may be normal or nonspecific, consisting of a thickened valve of Houston, nodularity, and rectal stricture. Pathologic changes consist of replacement of the lamina propria by fibroblasts and smooth muscle fibers with marked hypertrophy of the muscularis mucosae. In five patients with histologically proved solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, defecography was performed to evaluate the accompanying defecation disorder. Two patients showed the spastic pelvic floor syndrome, characterized by failure of relaxation of the pelvic floor musculature during straining. In the remaining three, defecography showed an infolding of the rectal wall toward the rectal lumen increasing gradually to form an intussusception. The results indicate that defecography is useful to show the underlying disorder of defecation in the solitary rectal ulcer syndrome.