蜂胶对链球菌的抑菌实验

[目的]了解河南蜂胶对3种链球菌的抑菌作用。[方法]设6个不同pH组（蜂胶浓度31%）和8个不同蜂胶浓度组（pH5.5），琼脂平板扩散法记录蜂胶对甲型链球菌、乙型链球菌和丙型链球菌的抑菌效果。[结果]河南蜂胶对甲型链球菌和乙型链球菌有明显的抑菌环产生，对丙型链球菌无明显的抑菌环。河南蜂胶对甲型链球菌和乙型链球菌的抑菌环直径随pH增加而减小，随蜂胶浓度降低而减小。[结论]河南蜂胶对丙型链球菌无明显的抑菌活性，对甲型链球菌和乙型链球菌有明显的抑菌环活性，抑菌活性随pH增加和浓度降低而减弱。     

蜂胶对炭疽杆菌的抑菌活性

目的了解产自河南省的蜂胶对炭疽杆菌的抑菌作用。方法采用琼脂平板扩散法,将实验分为pH5.5～8.5不同组（蜂胶浓度31%）,以及在pH5.5下设置10个不同浓度组,即将31%蜂胶溶液倍比稀释至0.06%（1∶512）及空白组（0）,每组3次重复,每张滤纸片（？6mm）滴加蜂胶溶液7μl,记录蜂胶的抑菌效果。结果河南省蜂胶在pH5.5、6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0、8.5平板上的抑菌环直径依次为（19.16±0.29）、（17.67±0.29）、（14.67±0.58）、（13.67±0.29）、（14.00±0.00）、（13.33±1.15）、（12.00±0.00）mm,蜂胶浓度分别为15.50%、7.75%、3.88%、1.94%、0.97%、0.48%、0.24%、0.12%、0.06%和0（空白组）时,抑菌环直径依次为（19.50±1.80）、（19.67±1.04）、（17.75±0.35）、（15.67±0.58）、（14.00±2.29）、（13.17±1.04）、（11.83±1.53）、（10.83±1.26）、（9.00±0.00）和（0.00±0.00）mm。结论河南省蜂胶对炭疽杆菌有明显的抑菌活性,对炭疽杆菌的抑菌活性随pH值增加或浓度降低而减小。     

河南蜂胶对溶壁微球菌不同pH抑菌作用研究

目的　探讨河南蜂胶在不同 pH条件下对溶壁微球菌的抑菌效果。　 方法　采用琼脂平板扩散法 ,以溶壁微球菌为实验菌种 ,将实验分为 5个不同 pH环境组 ,即设置pH 6 0、6 5、7 0、7 5、8 0不同的 pH实验组 ,每组 3次重复 ,每张滤纸片 (直径 6mm)滴加 3 1%河南蜂胶溶液 7μl,记录蜂胶在不同pH条件下对溶壁微球菌 2 4h的抑菌效果。　 结果　蜂胶在 pH 6 5、7 0、7 5、8 0不同条件下对溶壁微球菌 2 4h的抑菌环直径 (mm )分别为 :2 2 0 0± 3 46、12 67± 2 0 8、12 3 3± 2 75、12 0 0± 2 18。　结论　河南蜂胶在不同条件下对溶壁微球菌的抑菌效果不尽相同 ,随 pH增加 ,抑菌环直径逐渐变小 ,pH6 5时抑菌环直径最大 ,pH6 5组的抑菌环直径显著性大于其他各组 ,pH7 0、7 5、8 0各组间抑菌环直径无统计学差异 ,提示河南蜂胶在 pH6 5时对溶壁微球菌的抑菌活性最强 ,随pH增加 ,抑菌活性减弱。     

人工合成抗菌肽对口腔感染的防御作用的研究

目的体外观察不同浓度人工合成的抗菌肽（AMPs）对口腔常见感染白色念珠菌、大肠杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制或杀灭作用。方法人工合成具有抗菌活性的七肽，并分离口腔常见感染白色念珠菌、大肠杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌菌株。将人工合成的抗菌肽溶解于PBS溶液及无菌唾液中，通过试管法测定OD值（透光度）评价抗菌肽在不同时间、不同浓度对大肠杆菌的抑制作用；将抗菌肽制备成50-300μg／片不同浓度的药敏纸片，通过药敏纸片定量法（K-B法），观察抑菌环直径，评价不同浓度抗菌肽对白色念珠菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用。结果当大肠杆菌1×10^5cfu／ml时，加入150μmol／L或200μmol／L抗菌肽作用30min后，细菌计数为0，而对照组浓度为6700-9200cfu／ml；抗菌肽药敏纸片在100μg/片时，对金黄色葡萄球菌及白色念珠菌的抑菌环直径分别为（13．7±1．1）mm和（11．4±0．7）mm，当抗菌肽纸片浓度在300μg／片时，其对金黄色葡萄球菌及白色念珠菌的抑菌环直径分别为（16．5±1．3）mm和（17．±1．1）mm。溶解在PBS溶液及无菌唾液中的抗菌肽抑菌活性差异无统计学意义。结论人工合成的抗菌肽体外可有效的抑制口腔常见白色念珠菌、大肠杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的感染，并且可在口腔唾液环境中稳定发挥抑菌活性。     

系列水溶性壳聚糖衍生物的抑菌性能研究

目的 检测壳聚糖水溶性衍生物羧甲基壳聚糖、水溶性低分子壳聚糖、氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐、壳寡糖等对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性。方法采用营养肉汤稀释法，测定壳聚糖衍生物对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度，从而评价它们各自的抑菌能力。结果羧甲基壳聚糖、水溶性低分子壳聚糖、氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌值分别为10，0，2．5，12．5mg／ml（样品溶液pH值均为7．2），其中水溶性低分子壳聚糖的抑菌能力最强，而壳寡糖在此条件下，对金黄色葡萄球菌则没有抑菌性。结论除壳寡糖外，大多壳聚糖对金黄色葡萄球菌的生长有不同程彦的棚制作用。     

蜂胶与杨树胶抑菌作用的比较研究

目的 探讨蜂胶与杨树胶的体外抑菌效果.方法 以金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、伤寒杆菌、枯草杆菌和白色念珠菌等几种常见菌为试验菌株,采用琼脂打孔扩散法对不同浓度蜂胶、杨树胶进行体外抑菌试验.结果 蜂胶对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌和枯草杆菌有抑制作用,抑菌圈大小与80%乙醇比较均有显著性差异(P<0.01);杨树胶对...     

大蒜液体外抑菌作用的实验研究

[目的]研究大蒜液的体外抑菌作用。[方法]采用抑菌环试验和营养肉汤稀释法对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌等11种致病菌进行抑菌试验，进行了最低抑菌浓度（MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（MBC）的实验研究。[结果]大蒜液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、腊样芽孢杆菌等11种菌株的抑菌环直径均大于7mm；对多种常见微生物均有较强的抑菌和杀菌作用。[结论]大蒜液在体外具有明显的抑菌作用。     

一种无磷洗衣粉的消毒效果研究

[目的]研究一种新型环保无磷洗衣粉对不同种类细菌的杀灭效果以及对乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）的破坏作用。[方法]采用载体定量杀灭实验的方法评价浓度为1.0%（w/v）、5.5%（w/v）和10.0%（w/v）的某品牌无磷洗衣粉溶液对大肠埃希氏菌（Escherichia coli）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、枯草杆菌黑色变种（Bacillus subtilis var.neger）芽胞的杀灭效果及其对乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）的破坏效果。[结果]1.0%的无磷洗衣粉溶液作用10min,对大肠埃希氏菌的杀灭率为（99.90±0.01）%,达到消毒效果要求。10.0%的无磷洗衣粉溶液作用20min,对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭率为（99.92±0.01）%,达到消毒效果;作用40min,对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭率仅为（8.06±0.05）%;作用60min,不能破坏乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）。[结论]所检测环保无磷洗衣粉的杀菌效果随溶液中洗衣粉浓度的增高以及与微生物作用时间的延长而增强;对大肠杆菌的的杀灭作用明显强于对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭作用,而对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭效果及对乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）的破坏作用较差。     

纳米银体外抑菌效果的试验观察

目的探讨不同浓度的纳米银溶液对细菌和真菌的抑菌作用。方法采用抑菌环试验及最低抑菌浓度试验对不同浓度的纳米银溶液抑制细菌及真菌的效果进行观察。结果抑菌环结果显示,含≥5mg/L的纳米银溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌有抑菌作用,含≥10mg/L的纳米银溶液对白色假丝酵母菌有抑菌作用;纳米银溶液对白色假丝酵母菌的最低抑菌浓度为10mg/L,对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌的最低抑菌浓度为5mg/L。结论较小浓度的纳米银溶液对细菌及真菌有较好的抑菌作用。     

家蝇抗菌物质诱导及高温处理后的抑菌活性

目的探讨家蝇幼虫经针刺诱导产生的抗菌物质经不同温度处理不同时间后的抑菌活性。方法室内饲养的家蝇3龄幼虫,经针刺诱导48h后提取血淋巴,100℃处理10s和30s及1、3、5min,80℃和60℃处理30s、1、3、5、10min后,采用磷酸盐缓冲液制备离心上清样品,分别观察记录其对溶壁微球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果。结果经100、80℃处理后,对溶壁微球菌的抑菌环随处理时间的延长而环直径减小,60℃处理不同时间对溶壁微球菌的抑菌环大小无明显影响。100℃处理1min后以及80℃处理3min后对金黄色葡萄球菌无明显的抑菌环产生,60℃处理不同时间对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌环直径无明显影响。结论家蝇幼虫经针刺诱导产生的抗菌物质,其抑菌活性对高温有一定的稳定性,80～100℃加热处理,抑菌活性随处理时间延长而减弱,60℃高温处理10s至10min对其抑菌活性无明显影响。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.