急性胰腺炎中全身炎症反应综合征与抗炎症反应综合征

急性胰腺炎是一种常见的急重症,被公认为是炎症紊乱的过程.早期暴发性的促炎细胞因子释放引起全身炎症反应综合征,导致多器官功能障碍综合征引起死亡.后期由于大量的抗炎细胞因子,引发抗炎症反映综合征,机体免疫功能受到抑制,诱发感染,进而形成毒血症.因此,重新建立SIRS/CARS的平衡对急性胰腺炎患者发病过程及转归有着重要的临床意义.本文就急性胰腺炎引起的SIRS、CARS有关参与冈子及机制做一综述.     

全身炎症反应综合征和急性胰腺炎的相关性分析

为探讨全身炎症反应综合征 (SIRS )和急性胰腺炎 (AP )分型、预后及凝血功能关系。笔者采用全自动血凝分析仪 ,检测AP患者血凝血酶原时间 (PT ) ,部分活化凝血酶原时间 (APTT ) ,纤维蛋白原浓度 (FIB) ,凝血酶原时间国际标准化指数 (INR )值。结果示全身炎症反应综合征和急性胰腺炎分型、死亡率及MODS发病率相关 (P <0 .0 1) ;SIRS阳性和阴性组 ,PT差异有显著性意义 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,APTT ,FIB差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。提示监测全身炎症反应综合征在急性胰腺炎治疗中有一定临床意义。     

高渗盐水对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠全身性炎症反应的影响

目的研究高渗盐水治疗重症急性胰腺炎(severeacutepancreatitis,SAP)时大鼠炎性细胞因子、胰腺、肺组织病理损害的变化及其机制。方法Wistar大鼠48只,均分成对照组、SAP模型组、等渗盐水组、高渗盐水组,采用过量L精氨酸诱导大鼠SAP模型,等渗盐水组、高渗盐水组于24h、48h分别经静脉输入2mlkg的09%NaCl、75%NaCl,在48h、72h取血测肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)、白细胞介素6(IL6)、IL10水平,于72h检查大鼠胰腺、肺组织病理变化。结果高渗盐水组胰腺和肺组织病理学改变明显轻于等渗盐水组;等渗盐水组血清TNFα、IL6、IL10水平在48h和72h分别为[(311±22)、(43±5)、(22±4)]pgml和[(403±29)、(66±7)、(28±6)]pgml。高渗盐水组分别为[(278±20)、(38±6)、(26±7)]pgml和[(329±28)、(42±6)、(44±5)]pgml;高渗盐水组血清TNFα、IL6值明显低于等渗盐水组,IL10值明显高于等渗盐水组,尤其在72h两组之间差异有显著意义。结论高渗盐水治疗大鼠SAP能使血清TNFα、IL6水平显著降低和IL10水平显著增高,减轻胰腺、肺等组织损伤。     

微创置管引流对重症急性胰腺炎早期炎症反应的影响

目的:探讨微创置管引流对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)患者早期炎症反应的疗效。方法:将57例SAP且有腹腔积液患者,采用随机数表法分为微创置管引流治疗组(观察组,29例)和常规治疗组(对照组,28例)。两组均给予相同的基础治疗,观察组给予微创置管引流,对照组给予B超引导下穿刺置管引流。检测两组患者治疗前后TNF-α,IL-6,IL-8及C反应蛋白(CRP)等急性炎症指标,并观察肠道功能恢复时间,全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)持续时间及多器官功能不全综合征(MODS)的发生率。结果:两组患者均有急性炎症反应发生。两组血清炎症指标术后均不同程度逐渐降低,观察组引流后第3,7天TNF-α,IL-6及CRP的水平与对照组比较明显下降(均P<0.05),而血清IL-8引流后第7天明显低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组肠道功能恢复时间、SIRS持续时间均明显短于对照组的(均P<0.01);观察组MODS发生率(13.8%)也明显低于对照组(28.6%)(P<0.01)。结论:微创置管引流治疗SAP,能明显减轻早期炎症反应,促进肠道功能恢复,降低MODS的发生率。     

重症急性胰腺炎与全身炎性反应综合征的临床探讨

目的　加强对重症急性胰腺炎 (SAP)中全身炎性反应综合征 (SIRS)的认识。方法　回顾 1 991～ 2 0 0 0年 60例SAP住院患者SIRS的发生及其全病程 ,并对其治疗和死亡原因进行分析。结果　 (1 )SAP患者 96 .7%出现SIRS ,持续时间平均 5 .6± 3 .5d。 (2 )SAP并发脓毒症后死亡率明显增高 (P <0 .0 5)。 (3)未手术组并发脓毒症、多脏器功能障碍综合征 (MODS) ,多脏器系统功能衰竭 (MSOF)及死亡率明显高于手术组 ,分别为P <0 .0 5、P <0 .0 1、P <0 .0 1、P <0 .0 5。 (4)近期手术组与延期手术组死亡率无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5)。结论　SAP一旦其SIRS的诱因未及时控制或消除 ,最终会发展为MODS。应在代谢支持的前提下 ,在抗感染的基础上 ,选择适当的手术时机 ,防止SIRS发展为MODS。     

全身炎症反应综合征与急性胰腺炎合并高原红细胞增多症病情严重程度的关系

目的 探讨高原地区全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)与急性胰腺炎合并高原红细胞增多症病情严重程度的关系.方法 回顾性分析2006年9月至2009年9月收治的40例符合急性胰腺炎合并高原红细胞增多症诊断患者及同期40例急性胰腺炎非高原红细胞增多症患者的临床资料,依据诊断标准分为高原红细胞增多症组和非高原红细胞增多症组.并将高原红细胞增多症组依据慢性健康状况Ⅱ评分分为轻症组和重症组.对患者有无SIRS、符合SIRS诊断标准数、SIRS诊断指标及急性胰腺炎合并高原红细胞增多症患者病情严重程度与SIRS持续时间的关系进行比较分析.结果 高原红细胞增多症组和非高原红细胞增多症组有无SIRS与符合2项SIRS诊断标准患者所占比例的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组间SIRS各项诊断标准例数的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);急性胰腺炎合并高原红细胞增多症和SIRS患者的病情严重程度与符合2～3项SIRS诊断标准患者所占比例的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);急性胰腺炎合并高原红细胞增多症患者病情越严重,SIRS持续时间越长.结论 高原地区SIRS与急性胰腺炎合并高原红细胞增多症病情严重程度密切相关.     

消退素E1对急性肺损伤小鼠炎症反应的影响

目的 观察消退素E1( RvE1)对急性肺损伤(ALI)小鼠炎症反应的影响.方法 建立小鼠ALI模型,12h后处死,观察RyE1治疗对肺组织形态、湿/干比、肺泡灌洗液(BALF)肿瘤坏死因子-α( TNF-α)含量、组织匀浆核因子-κB( NF-κB)蛋白水平的影响.结果 给予RvE1治疗后,肺组织损伤明显减轻;RYE1治疗组肺湿/干比值(4.637 ±0.125) g/g、TNF-α含量(217.2 ±30.1)ng/L较ALI模型对照组肺湿/干比值(4.906±0.176) g/g和TNF-α含量(372.2±20.6)ng/L均明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.05);RvE1治疗组肺组织匀浆中NF-κB蛋白表达水平较ALI模型对照组明显下降.结论 RvE1能减轻肺部炎症反应,从而减轻肺组织损伤,对ALI具有保护作用.     

Peritoneal inflammatory cells in acute pancreatitis: Relationship of infiltration dynamics and cytokine production with severity of illness

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to clarify the still poorly understood dynamics of peritoneal inflammatory cells (PICs) in acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Acute pancreatitis of 3 different degrees of severity was induced in male Wistar rats. Peritoneal lavage was performed at 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours after the induction, and the fluids collected were analyzed for the number and subpopulation of PICs. The levels of apoptosis and necrosis, cytokines, and bacterial infection were also investigated. RESULTS: The number of PICs was increased in mild and moderate pancreatitis, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells had occurred. In severe pancreatitis, the number of PICs increased until 6 hours after the induction, but thereafter the number decreased. Infiltration of neutrophils occurred 6 hours after the induction, but it was not sustained thereafter and infiltration of peritoneal macrophages did not occur. Cytokines in the lavage fluid increased in all 3 models during the first 6 hours after the induction. Subsequently, cytokines were reduced in mild and moderate pancreatitis but significantly increased in severe pancreatitis. The level of bacterial infection increased according to the severity. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between the PIC dynamics and cytokine levels in severe pancreatitis is very different from that observed in mild or moderate pancreatitis.     

重症急性胰腺炎患者早期肠屏障失功能与炎症反应

目的 探讨早期重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）患者肠屏障功能障碍与机体炎症反应的相关性.方法 对2010年1月至2012年12月入选本研究的46例SAP进行研究.在入选后第1天、第3天、第7天和第14天测定患者内毒素水平,尿液中乳果糖与甘露醇之比（L/M）,D-乳酸盐含量,肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α,白介素（IL）-6和IL-10水平.结果 早期SAP（最初的14 d内）患者的内毒素含量、L/M、D-乳酸盐浓度及TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10均降低.至第14天均降至最低水平,与第3、7天比较,存在显著差异（P＜0.01）.Spearman Rank Corre1ation分析发现肠屏障功能指标（内毒素含量、L/M、D-乳酸盐浓度）与炎症因子（TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10）之间存在正相关性（P＜0.01）.结论 早期SAP患者存在的炎症反应与肠黏膜屏障失功能有直接相关性.重视早期保护肠黏膜屏障功能是有效治疗SAP的重要因素.     

The involvement of vitamins C and E in changing the immune response

Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is just one of mechanisms through which activated polymorphonuclear neutrophiles contribute to the myocardium injury in ischemia and infarct. In the employed experimental model, the physical effort through swimming has determined the suppression of neutrophile activity and activation of serum complement. The vitamins E and C have stimulated the phagocytosis capacity of neutrophiles in the peripheral blood but they did not influence the serum complement. Our results suggest that these vitamins with their known antioxidant properties may be used together with other immunomodulators for the adapting defence of organism.     

Platelet activating factor antagonism reduces the systemic inflammatory response in a murine model of acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: The platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist, Lexipafant, has been used in experimental models and clinical trials to treat severe acute pancreatitis (AP). The purpose of this study was to determine whether Lexipafant reduces the local and systemic components of AP in a murine model of mild, edematous AP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight female Swiss-Webster mice were divided into four groups. Group 1 received 50 microl of saline ip every hour for 6 h (sham). Group 2 received saline treatment, plus Lexipafant (25 mg/kg dose ip, every 3 h starting 1 h after the first saline injection) (sham/Lex). Group 3 received cerulein (50 microg/kg dose ip, every hour for 6 h) (AP). Group 4 received AP, plus therapeutic treatment with Lexipafant (AP/Lex). Animals were sacrificed 3 h after the last injection. Serum cytokine levels were determined by ELISA. Standard assays were performed for serum amylase activity and lung myeloperoxidase activity (MPO). Histology was scored by two blinded investigators. RESULTS: Serum cytokines (TNFalpha, IL-1beta), lung MPO, and serum amylase activity were reduced by PAF antagonism. Histology showed a trend toward improvement with Lexipafant, but did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The PAF antagonism reduces the severity of systemic inflammation when given after the induction of mild AP in mice. These results suggest that Lexipafant may be useful in the treatment of mild pancreatitis after its clinical onset.     

Association between early systemic inflammatory response, severity of multiorgan dysfunction and death in acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: Mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis is associated with the number of failing organs and the severity and reversibility of organ dysfunction. The aim of this study was to assess the significance of early systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in the development of multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and death from acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Data for all patients with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis between January 2000 and December 2004 were reviewed. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP), Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores and presence of SIRS were recorded on admission and at 48 h. Marshall organ dysfunction scores were calculated during the first week of presentation. Presence of SIRS and raised serum CRP levels on admission and at 48 h were correlated with the cumulative organ dysfunction scores in the first week. RESULTS: A total of 759 patients with acute pancreatitis were identified, of whom 45 (5.9 per cent) died during the index admission. SIRS was identified in 162 patients on admission and was persistent in 138 at 48 h. The median (range) cumulative Marshall score in patients with persistent SIRS was significantly higher than that in patients in whom SIRS resolved and in those with no SIRS (4 (0-12), 3 (0-7) and 0 (0-9) respectively; P < 0.001). Thirty-five patients (25.4 per cent) with persistent SIRS died from acute pancreatitis, compared with six patients (8 per cent) with transient SIRS and four (0.7 per cent) without SIRS (P < 0.001). No correlation was observed between CRP level on admission and Marshall score (P = 0.810); however, there was a close correlation between CRP level at 48 h and Marshall score (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Persistent SIRS is associated with MODS and death in patients with acute pancreatitis and is an early indicator of the likely severity of acute pancreatitis.     

注射用西维来司他钠治疗急性胰腺炎引发的全身炎症反应综合征及急性肺损伤

目的 探讨注射用西维来司他钠治疗急性胰腺炎引发的全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）及急性肺损伤的疗效。方法 对一例急性胰腺炎引发SIRS及急性肺损伤的患者采取注射用西维来司他钠治疗,通过动态监测血淀粉酶、血脂肪酶、白细胞计数、血小板计数、总胆红素、肌酐、转氨酶、氧合指数、胸部CT变化等,对患者进行效果评价。结果 在常规治疗的基础上采取注射用西维来司他钠治疗7 d后,患者SIRS表现得到改善,血淀粉酶、脂肪酶及白细胞计数较入院时下降;与初入重症医学科相比,患者氧合指数明显改善,双肺弥漫性浸润改变及双侧胸腔积液好转;用药期间患者未出现肝肾功能损伤、血小板减少等不良反应。结论 注射用西维来司他钠治疗急性胰腺炎引发的SIRS及急性肺损伤是安全有效的。     

急性坏死性胰腺炎肺组织炎性介质mRNA表达与肺损伤的关系

目的 探讨急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)大鼠肺组织白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及细胞间黏附分子(ICAM-1)等炎性介质mRNA表达与肺损伤的关系.方法 33只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照和胰腺炎不同时间点(1、4、12和24 h)各组,应用3.5%牛磺胆酸钠逆行胰胆管注射制备ANP模型.采用RT-PCR法检测ANP肺组织IL-6、TNF-α及ICAM-1 mRNA表达,同时观察血淀粉酶及脂肪酶、胰腺和肺组织湿/干重比率及病理改变.结果 造模ANP 1 h后肺组织IL-6、TNF-α及ICAM-1 mRNA水平(1.25±0.16、0.33±0.09及082±0.03)较正常对照组(0.07±0.02、0.06±0.02及0.41±0.04)表达增高(P<0.05),并持续升高至12及24 h(分别为1.674±0.14、0.99±0.11、1.17士0.05及1.87±0.05、0.96士0.06、1.11士0.04),同时伴有肺组织病理损害,其严重程度与肺TNF-α及ICAM-1 mRNA表达、肺组织湿/干重比率与TNF-α、IL-6、ICAM-1 mRNA表达的相关系数分别为0.93及0.70(P<0.05).结论 大鼠ANP早期肺组织IL-6、TNF-α及ICAM-1mRNA即过度表达,肺IL-6、TNF-α及ICAM-1mRNA过度表达是ANP肺损害发生的原因之一,肺损伤严重程度与IL-6、TNF-α及ICAM-1mRNA表达的高低有关.     

十二指肠乳头周围憩室与急性胰腺炎关系的探讨

目的探讨十二指肠乳头周围憩室与急性胰腺炎的关系。方法对878例患者行十二指肠镜检查并做内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）。其中发现十二指肠乳头周围憩室者128例（憩室组），未发现憩室者750例（对照组）。每例患者详细记录ERCP指征及检查结果。结果胆石症检出率在憩室组为66．4％，对照组为41．3％（P〈0．001）。以急性胰腺炎为ERCP指征在憩室组为56．3％，对照组22．3％（P〈0．001）。不明原因急性胰腺炎（特发性急性胰腺炎）憩室组17．2％，对照组2．0％（P〈0．001）。结论十二指肠乳头周围憩室与急性胰腺炎发病有关。并可以认为乳头周围憩室是急性胰腺炎发病的病因之一。     

C-反应蛋白与急性下肢深静脉血栓炎症反应的研究

目的:探讨急性炎症因子C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)和炎症细胞在急性下肢深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)形成中的作用。方法:比较急性下肢DVT患者(DVT组)和健康志愿者(对照组)的血浆CRP水平、外周血白细胞、中性粒细胞、单核细胞及淋巴细胞计数。结果:DVT组血清CRP水平明显高于对照组(n=30,P<0.01),白细胞、中性粒细胞和单核细胞计数显著高于对照组(n=30,P均<0.001);而淋巴细胞计数两组间差异无统计学意义(n=30,P>0.05)。结论:下肢DVT与急性炎症因子和炎症细胞相互影响,CRP可能成为评价DVT预后的指标之一。     

联合Gln的早期肠内营养对SAP患者全身炎症反应和免疫功能的影响

[摘要] 目的 探讨联合谷氨酰胺（glutamine,Gln）的早期肠内营养（early enteral nutrition,EEN）对重症急性胰腺炎（severe acute pancreatitis,SAP）患者全身炎症反应和免疫功能的影响。方法 将安徽医科大学附属安庆医院普外科2015年10月至2017年5月收治的SAP患者49例随机分为试验组（24例）及对照组（25例）：试验组采用联合Gln的早期肠内营养,对照组采用单纯早期肠内营养。在入院后第1、6、11天分别检测两组患者的炎症指标[C-反应蛋白（CRP）、降钙素原（PCT）、白细胞介素6 （IL-6）、白细胞介素8 （IL-8）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）]及免疫指标（CD 3⁺ 、CD 4⁺ 、CD 4⁺ /CD 8⁺ ）等值。比较两组间的差异,进行统计学分析。结果 （1）两组患者炎症指标及免疫指标在第1天的差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;（2）第6天,炎症指标CRP [ （56.31±18.04）mg/L vs （98.12±11.54）mg/L,P=0.037]、IL-6 [ （45.87±10.99）pg/mL vs （54.72±4.77）pg/mL,P=0.026]、IL-8 [ （45.15±9.27）ng/mL vs （59.03±4.87）ng/mL,P=0.013]、TNF-α [ （24.35±7.15）pg/mL vs （32.41±4.22）pg/mL,P=0.010]以及PCT [（1.11±0.49）ng/mL vs （1.50±0.30）ng/mL,P=0.024],试验组均低于对照组（P＜0.05）,而免疫指标CD 3⁺ [（63.42±2.86）% vs （54.67±1.76）%,P=0.035]、CD 4⁺ [ （43.69±1.83）% vs （40.08±1.08）%,P=0.014]以及CD 4⁺ /CD 8⁺ [ （2.25±0.39） vs （1.87±0.22）,P=0.006],试验组均高于对照组（P＜0.05）;（3）第11天,炎症指标CRP [（16.81±7.56）mg/L vs （43.01± 2.74）mg/L,P=0.009]、IL-6 [ （29.39±7.92）pg/mL vs （38.29±5.33）pg/mL,P=0.020]、IL-8 [ （30.73±9.26）ng/mL vs （39.69±5.26）ng/mL,P=0.018]、TNF-α [ （13.87±5.67）pg/mL vs （20.35±3.82）pg/mL,P=0.019]以及PCT [ （0.34±0.11）ng/mL vs （0.95±0.29）ng/mL,P=0.035],试验组均低于对照组（P＜0.05）,而免疫指标CD 3⁺ [ （69.68±1.87）% vs （61.14±1.21）%,P=0.017]、CD 4⁺ [ （54.27±3.23）% vs （45.30±1.59）%,P=0.007]以及 CD 4⁺ /CD 8⁺ [ （2.98±0.51） vs （2.01±0.28）,P=0.012],试验组均高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 联合Gln的早期肠内营养比单纯的早期肠内营养能更好地降低SAP患者的全身炎症反应,提高免疫功能。     

暴发性胰腺炎急性反应期治疗经验

目的探讨暴发性胰腺炎（FAP）急性反应期治疗的对策。方法将64例FAP患者分为死亡组（27例）和治愈组（37例）。分析急性反应期内休克时间、肠道功能恢复时间和液体复苏参数;机械通气前24h氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）及肺泡动脉氧差（AaDO2）、持续血液滤过（CVVH）应用率、腹腔间隔室综合征（ACS）发生率和疾病严重度。其次,分析外科干预方式及时间对预后的影响。结果死亡组休克持续时间、肠道功能恢复时间较治愈组显著延长（P〈0．05）;入院至入院后72h的晶体量两组无显著差异,而治愈组输注的胶体总量和胶晶比值显著高于死亡组,且第三间隙液体潴留量显著低于死亡组（P〈0．05）;人院日治愈组的液体输注速率显著高于死亡组（P〈0．05）。机械通气前24h死亡组PaO2／FiO2和AaDO2较治愈组呈负性变化（P〈0．05）。发病72h内,治愈组CVVH应用率显著高于死亡组（P〈0．05）;入院72小时内死亡组ACS发生率高于治愈组（P〈0．05）;入院后3d内,死亡组的APACHEⅡ评分显著高于治愈组（P〈0．05）。7—14d内接受手术患者的治愈率显著高于7d内和14d后接受手术的治愈率（P〈0．05）;手术组第1次手术时间较穿刺引流组显著提前（P〈0．01）,且治愈率明显低于穿刺引流组（P〈0．05）。结论缩短缺氧时间、控制持续全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）及合理的外科干预是FAP急性反应期治疗的关键。