肾上腺偶发瘤66例报告

目的 探讨肾上腺偶发瘤的临床特征和诊治措施.方法 回顾性分析66例肾上腺偶发瘤的临床资料.结果 定位诊断准确率:B超84.3%,CT 100%,MRI 100%;定性诊断准确率:B超30.0%,CT 75.5%,MRI 79.2%;手术60例:皮质腺瘤32例,肾上腺囊肿6例,髓性脂肪瘤5例,嗜铬细胞瘤5例,肾上腺转移性癌3例,皮质癌3例,神经节瘤3例,神经鞘瘤 1例,血肿1例, 肾上腺皮质结节增生1例.结论 肾上腺肿瘤筛查首选B超、CT、MRI,定位诊断准确;定性诊断应综合肿瘤大小、影像学特征、患者年龄及内分泌功能测定.疑诊嗜铬细胞瘤或定性诊断不明需手术时,应按嗜铬细胞瘤行术前准备.     

B超与CT、MRI在肾上腺疾病诊断及外科手术中的价值(附177例报告)

目的 评价B超与CT、MRI在肾上腺疾病诊断及外科手术中的价值.方法 回顾性分析了177例肾上腺疾病病人,就CT、B超及MRI诊断结果与手术病理诊断进行对照分析.结果 CT对肾上腺疾病的定位诊断正确率为98.2%,明显高于B超和MRI,对于计数资料两组比较采用卡方检验.数据采用SPSS13.0统计软件进行分析处理,其中B超与CT两组统计学处理有差异(x2=80.2,p＜0.005);B超与MRI两组数据经统计学处理有差异(x2=208.6,p＜0.005);MRI与CT两组数据经统计学处理有差异(x2=100.9,p＜0.005);结论CT、MRI和B超等影像学检查可以判定肾上腺病变的位置与大小,均可用于诊断肾上腺病变.但在临床应用中,CT和MRI由于受周围脏器干扰很小,对肾上腺疾病的诊断率明显高于B超,而MRI对较小肿瘤的诊断率却低于CT.因此CT对肾上腺肿瘤的诊断准确率高于MRI和B超.CT靶扫描在肾上腺疾病的定位及定性诊断中具有很高的价值.对手术有较现实的指导意义.     

肾上腺肿瘤影像学诊断的评价(附385例报告)

目的　提高肾上腺肿瘤的影像学诊断水平。　方法　肾上腺肿瘤患者 385例。男 15 8例 ,女 2 2 7例。平均年龄 38.2岁。行B超CT检查 385例 ,行IVU检查 380例 ,行MRI检查 180例 ,行Doppler检查 6 3例 ,行数字减影血管造影 (DSA) 16例 ,行MRA检查 2 8例 ,行间位碘代苄胍(MIBG)检查 34例 ,行CT引导下肾上腺肿块活检术 3例。　结果　B超对醛固酮腺瘤 (APA)、库兴腺瘤、嗜铬细胞瘤 (Pheo)、髓样脂肪瘤定位诊断正确率分别为 92 .7%、88.3%、10 0 .0 %、10 0 .0 % ,定性诊断正确率分别为 83.2 %、86 .7%、83.4 %、10 0 .0 % ;CT的定位诊断正确率分别为 98.2 %、98.7%、10 0 .0 %、10 0 .0 % ,定性诊断准确率分别为 90 .5 %、92 .3%、83.4 %、10 0 .0 % ;MRI的定位诊断正确率分别为 90 .4 %、96 .5 %、10 0 .0 %、10 0 .0 % ;定性诊断正确率分别为 72 .8%、93.5 %、85 .8%、10 0 .0 %。　结论　全面完整的影像学资料对肾上腺肿瘤的定性诊断有一定参考价值 ;正确的影像学定位资料 ,能指导手术方案选择。     

肾上腺肿瘤的影像学诊断(附350例报告)

目的　提高肾上腺肿瘤的诊断水平。　方法　回顾 1 975年 5月～ 1 998年 5月收治的肾上腺肿瘤 35 0例临床资料 ,总结影像学检查与临床症候群、病理组织类型的关系。　结果　B超和CT对肾上腺肿瘤的定位诊断率分别为 85 %和 96 %。在皮质腺瘤、嗜铬细胞瘤及肾上腺皮质癌等不同的组织类型间 ,CT和MRI具有相对特异的表现。　结论　影像学检查可以提供肾上腺肿瘤的定位和定性诊断 ,在诊断和治疗中具有重要的应用价值。     

肾上腺肿瘤的影像学特征对手术方式选择的影响(附64例报告)

目的提高肾上腺肿瘤的诊断与治疗水平。方法回顾分析2003年5月～2005年5月吉林省梅河口市医院及孙逸仙纪念医院泌尿外科收治的肾上腺肿瘤病人64例临床资料,总结影像学特征与手术方式选择的关系。结果B超和CT及MRI对肾上腺肿瘤的定位诊断率分别为85%和96%及92%。在皮质腺瘤、嗜铬细胞瘤及肾上腺皮质癌等不同的组织类型间,CT和MRI具有相对特异的表现;肿瘤直径<6cm的通过腹腔镜下成功切除。肿瘤直径大于6cm的和诊断为恶性肿瘤的采取开放手术成功切除。结论影像学检查可以提供肾上腺肿瘤的定位和部分定性诊断,对手术方式的选择提供良好依据。腹腔镜手术是目前肾上腺良性肿瘤切除的金标准。直径大于6cm的肿瘤和考虑恶性的肿瘤最好采用开放手术。     

肾错构瘤的诊断和治疗(附22例报告)

目的：探讨提高肾错构瘤的诊断和治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析22例肾错构瘤的诊断和治疗结果：男10例，女12例，年龄16～67岁。肿瘤位于右侧9例，左侧13例；肿瘤大小0．4cm×0．6cm×0．7cm～13．5cm×14．3cm×15．2cm。主要临床症状为腰部不适、胀痛、包块、出血性休克等。结果：B超诊断准确率为86．4％（19／22），CT诊断准确率为90．9％（20／22），肿瘤小于4cm而无症状的7例采用B超、CT定期随访。手术15例，其中肿瘤直径小于4cm伴患侧腰痛或肉眼血尿的7例行肿瘤剜除术；直径大于4cm者8例，行肾部分切除术4例，肾切除术2例，因误诊为肾癌而行肾根治性切除术2例。结论：B超、CT、MRI等影像学检查对肾错构瘤的诊断准确率较高，必要时可作针刺活检及术中冷冻病理检查，关键是治疗方法的选择，即如何尽最大可能选择保留肾单位手术，其中选择性肾动脉栓塞术、肿瘤剜除术、肾部分切除术应作为首选。     

影像学检查在小肾癌诊断中的临床应用及比较

目的 探讨3种常用影像学方法（B超、多层螺旋CT、MRI）在小肾癌临床中的应用并比较其价值.方法 回顾性分析68例病理学证实小肾癌患者的B超、螺旋CT、MRI检查结果,进一步结合临床及病理资料对3种检查结果作对比研究.结果 3种影像学检查在小肾癌的诊断中准确率分别为：B超82.35%（56/68）、MRl 82.05%（32/39）、螺旋CT 93.85%（61/65）,B超及MRI对于小肾癌的诊断差异无显著性（P＞0.05）,多层螺旋CT具有显著优越性,准确率显著高于前两者（P＜0.05）.结论 临床中可综合应用3种影像学检查方法,B超可用于小肾癌的筛查,MRI对小肾癌集合系统判断及与肾盂癌鉴别诊断具有较高的价值,增强CT可作为小肾癌定性、定位诊断最重要的方法.     

肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤的诊疗(附9例报告)

目的:探讨肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤的诊断与治疗方法.方法:回顾性分析9例肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤患者的临床资料,并总结其诊断和治疗经验.9例中,7例无症状,1例有腰部不适,1例血压增高.B超与CT诊断8例,1例误诊为肾错构瘤.肿瘤发生于左侧肾上腺区4例,右侧肾上腺区5例,开放手术8例,腹腔镜手术1例.结果:肿瘤直径5～11cm,术后病理检查证实均为肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤.术后随访6个月～5年,无肿瘤复发.结论:肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤可依靠B超、CT或MRI等影像学检查诊断,手术切除肿瘤安全有效,腹腔镜手术较开放手术更有优越性.     

小肾癌的影像学诊断(附43例报告)

目的 评价影像学检查在小肾癌诊断中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析43例经手术及病理证实为小肾癌（直径≤3cm）患者的B超、IVU、CT、MRI等影像学资料。结果 43例小肾癌中，B超诊断恶性肿瘤28例，诊断准确率65．1％。29例行IVU，7例有间接征象（24．1％）。CT诊断恶性肿瘤42例，诊断准确率97．7％。14例MRI检查诊断恶性肿瘤13例，诊断准确率92．9％。结论 影像学检查中CT及CT增强扫描对小肾癌的定性、定位诊断有重要价值。     

胰岛素瘤定位诊断方法的探讨

目的:探讨各种影像学检查在胰岛素瘤定位诊断中的应用价值。方法:2007年6月至2008年7月我院收治35例胰岛素瘤患者,总结其临床特点并对比研究其影像学定位诊断方法。结果:B超检查准确率28.6%,CT检查准确率60.6%,MRI检查准确率69.2%,数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)检查准确率73.3%,内镜超声检查准确率70%,超声造影检查准确率73.9%,腹腔镜术中超声检查准确率87.8%。结论:在胰岛素瘤的微创治疗中,腹腔镜术中超声检查有利于发现和定位肿瘤,并确保手术安全顺利的实施。术前合理联合应用多种影像学方法有助于肿瘤的定位诊断。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.