腹腔镜胆囊切除术中隐匿性胆总管结石的微创治疗

目的：探讨对腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ laparoscopic cholecystectomy ,LC）中隐匿性胆总管结石行微创治疗的可行性。方法2007年7月-2012年5月对27例LC术中发现的隐匿性胆总管结石采用微创治疗。胆囊管内径＞5 mm者经胆囊管胆道镜取石;胆总管内径＞6 mm者行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开后胆道镜取石,一期缝合或留置造影管;胆囊管内径≤5 mm、胆总管内径≤6 mm者直接留置造影管,术后再次造影,必要时行十二指肠镜乳头括约肌切开（ endoscopic sphincterotomy ,EST）取石。结果手术均获成功。8例直接经胆囊管胆道镜取石;11例行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开后胆道镜取石,一期缝合7例,留置造影管4例,1周后造影均阴性;8例直接留置造影管,1例术后36 h滑出,1周后ERCP造影胆囊管残端无渗漏,EST取石,术后1周再次造影3例结石消失,4例仍有结石,均经EST取出。无出血、胆漏、腹腔感染等并发症。24例随访6-24个月,平均16个月,无结石残留、胆管狭窄及胆管炎发生。结论熟练运用腹腔镜、胆道镜、十二指肠镜技术,对LC术中发现的隐匿性胆总管结石实施微创治疗是安全、可行的。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆管结石临床疗效

目的观察腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆管结石的临床效果。方法将郑州大学第一附属医院收治的63例胆总管结石患者分为2组,观察组采用腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗,对照组实施传统开腹手术。观察2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间及术后并发症。结果观察组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间及术后并发症发生率均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管结石,创伤小、患者恢复快、并发症少,效果可靠。     

腹腔镜手术治疗残余胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜下经残余胆囊管胆道探查取石或经胆总管切开探查取石术联合残余胆囊切除治疗残余胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的安全性和可行性。方法 2008年2月~2014年6月我院对15例残余胆囊结石合并胆总管结石(开腹胆囊切除术后7例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术后8例)采用腹腔镜下经残余胆囊管胆道探查取石或经胆总管切开探查取石联合腹腔镜残余胆囊切除。结果 14例(93.3%)完成腹腔镜下残余胆囊切除和胆总管探查取石术,其中7例经残余胆囊管胆道探查取石,7例经胆总管切开探查取石;1例(6.7%)因残余胆囊三角炎症严重中转开腹。结石取净率100%。1例术后T管脱出但未造成严重后果。15例随访6~70个月(中位数20个月),未发生术前症状复发、胆总管结石复发或胆总管狭窄等并发症。结论腹腔镜下经残余胆囊管胆道探查取石或经胆总管切开探查取石联合残余胆囊切除是治疗残余胆囊结石合并胆总管结石安全和可行的方法。     

腹腔镜治疗EST失败的复发性胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜治疗EST失败的复发性胆总管结石的方法与疗效。方法2000年1月~2007年1月对EST失败的25例复发性胆总管结石再次行腹腔镜手术治疗。结果本组除1例因十二指肠前壁损伤而中转开腹手术外,24例LCBD获得成功,痊愈出院,无结石残留、胆漏、胆管狭窄等手术并发症。术后18例(72.0%)获随访,平均25(6~48)个月,均无胆管狭窄及结石复发。19例借助内镜下鼻胆管引流导管Ⅰ期缝合胆总管探查切口,5例胆总管内放置T管引流。结论在熟练掌握腹腔镜技术的基础上,应用腹腔镜治疗EST失败的胆道术后胆总管复发结石是安全、可行的,并体现了微创的优势。     

腹腔镜时代的开放胆囊切除术

开放胆囊切除术（OC）作为胆囊切除的金标准已有百年历史,但自20世纪80年代后期进入腹腔镜时代后,腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）逐渐普遍开展,迄今几乎替代了OC,占到所有胆囊切除术的75％～95％,LC已成为治疗各种有症状胆囊疾患新的金标准。     

Impact of Jaundice on Outcomes Following Emergency Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Patients with Choledocholithiasis

Introduction

Traditional teaching dictates that it may not be prudent to take the jaundiced patient to theatre for emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy as they may experience worse outcomes following surgery.

Methods

A prospective cohort of 104 patients undergoing emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy was stratified into two groups using a serum total bilirubin of above 50 μmol/L (2.9 mg/dL) to define the jaundiced group. Primary outcomes were morbidity and mortality rate. The Clavien–Dindo classification and the novel Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI) were applied to the grading of surgical complications. Multivariate analysis to identify possible predictors of morbidity and length of stay was also performed.

Results

Overall morbidity rate in the jaundiced group was 28 versus 36% (control), p?=?0.405. Mean CCI in the jaundiced group was 5.28 versus 8.00 in the control group, p?=?0.229. Mean length of stay was shorter in the jaundiced group, 4.65 versus 6.51 days, p?=?0.036. There were no peri-operative mortalities or conversions to open surgery. Only male gender and the presence of retained stones were found to be associated with morbidity. Serum total bilirubin was not associated with increased morbidity.

Conclusion

Amongst patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy who are found to have choledocholithiasis on IOC, the presence of jaundice does not appear to contribute towards increased morbidity.

     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术联合胆总管探查在老年胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)联合胆总管探查(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)在老年患者中的安全性及有效性.方法 对2009年1月～2012年1月140例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石行LC联合LCBDE的临床资料进行回顾性分析,按年龄分为老年组(年龄≥65岁,n=42)和对照组(年龄＜65岁,n=98),比较2组手术时间、中转开腹率、术后并发症、术后住院时间、住院费用、术后死亡率有无差异.结果 老年组住院费用(17 149.7 ±8275.8)元,显著高于对照组(13 710.8 ±5228.4)元(t=2.964,P=0.004);老年组手术时间(100.2±25.8) min与对照组(106.3±48.3) min无统计学差异(t=-0.772,P=0.442);老年组中转开腹率7.1％ (3/42)与对照组7.1％ (7/98)无统计学差异(x2=0.000,P=1.000);老年组术后住院时间(13.0±4.5)d与对照组(11.9±4.1)d无统计学差异(t=1.412,P =0.160);老年组术后并发症发生率16.7％ (7/42)与对照组15.3％ (15/98)无统计学差异(x2=0.041,P=0.839).2组均无死亡病例.140例随访8 ～42个月,平均25.9月:老年组2例结石残留,其中1例术后3个月行体外冲击波碎石后胆道镜经T管窦道取出结石,1例术后2个月行ERCP+ EST取石;对照组无结石残留,1例术后20个月胆道结石复发,行ERCP+ EST取石.结论 LC联合胆总管探查不仅对年轻患者,对老年患者也是安全有效的.     

Laparoscopic Exploration of the Common Bile Duct with a Rigid Scope in Patients with Problematic Choledocholithiasis

Background  

The development of laparoscopic cholecystectomy as a minimally invasive approach to eliminate gallstones, in conjunction with increasingly sophisticated techniques for removal of common bile duct (CBD) stones by endoscopic sphincterotomy, has revolutionized the treatment of choledocholithiasis. We describe a new technical approach to laparoscopic exploration of the CBD after unsuccessful endoscopic stone extraction.     

Choledocholithiasis

The best predictors for the presence of common bile duct stones (CBDS) are cholangitis, jaundice, and direct visualization of stones with ultrasound. In the setting of high suspicion of choledocholithiasis, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) is indicated because when CBDS are identified, it allows immediate therapy in the same sitting. If there is a moderate probability of choledocholithiasis, endosonography or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography are the first-line options. In patients with gallbladder stones and CBDS, preoperative ERC with or without endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) is widely recommended as a standard approach. The interval between that and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) should be at least 24 h (<6 weeks) to exclude possible complications due to the ERC/ES. In the setting of open cholecystectomy, open bile duct surgery is significantly superior to ERC with sphincterotomy in achieving common bile duct clearance and is the method of choice. Only in centres with advanced laparoscopic expertise is the laparoscopic removal of CBDS an equivalent treatment option.     

腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石172例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的方法及临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析172例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜胆总管切开纤维胆道镜取石术(腹腔镜组)的临床疗效,并与同期165例常规开腹手术患者(开腹组)进行比较。结果两组手术均获成功,患者恢复良好。腹腔镜组手术时间、术中出血量、术后镇痛率、肛门排气时间、切口感染率、住院天数均优于对照组,有显著性差异(P0.05或P0.01)。腹腔镜组有2例结石残余,开腹组有5例结石残余,组间比较无差异(P0.05)。经平均1.2年(1个月~3年)随访,开腹组有9例复发,腹腔镜无一例复发,两组比较差异显著(P0.01)。结论腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜是治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石安全、有效的方法 ,具有创伤小、痛苦轻、恢复快等微创优势。     

Choledocholithiasis

The diagnosis and management of choledocholithiasis has improved greatly in recent years. Newer diagnostic techniques, including ultrasonography, computerized axial tomography, transhepatic cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography have been developed. There have been operative improvements, including the use of the Fogarty catheter, choledochoscopy and image amplifiers in the operating room for more precise intraoperative cholangiography. Nevertheless, choledocholithiasis remains a major problem. Choledocholithiasis increases the mortality rate of gallstones as compared to mortality rates resulting from stones in the gallbladder only. Furthermore, retained stones still occur in 4 to 10% of patients operated upon in whom stones are found in the common bile duct. The majority of these, however, can now be removed nonoperatively.     

Micro-Incision of the Cystic Duct Confluence in Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration for Elderly Patients with Choledocholithiasis

Common bile duct (CBD) stones are common in elderly patients. The laparoscopic transcystic approach with micro-incision of the cystic duct confluence in common bile duct exploration (LTM-CBDE) is a modified laparoscopic transcystic approach. Its safety and efficacy have not been studied in elderly patients with secondary choledocholithiasis. This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of LTM-CBDE in elderly (≥65 years) patients with secondary choledocholithiasis and compares the results with those in younger patients. In this retrospective analysis, 128 patients underwent LTM-CBDE from March 2007 to December 2013. The patients were divided into two groups according to age: the elderly group consisted of 50 patients aged ≥65 years and the younger group consisted of 78 patients aged <65 years. The preoperative morbidity rate, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, previous abdominal operations, operation time, postoperative hospital stay, open conversion rate, postoperative complication rate, residual stone rate, recurrence rate and mortality were compared in both groups. The preoperative morbidity (41 vs. 28) and ASA score (2.5 ± 0.7 vs. 1.8 ± 0.6) were higher in the elderly group (P = 0.000, in both groups). No significant differences in previous abdominal operations, operation time, postoperative hospital stay, open conversion rate, postoperative complication rate, residual stone rate, recurrence rate and mortality (P > 0.05) were found between the two groups from March 2007 to December 2013. LTM-CBDE is a safe and effective treatment procedure for elderly patients with secondary choledocholithiasis. For suitable patients, we recommend LTM-CBDE as the treatment of choice.     

Choledocholithiasis in infancy

Three cases of choledocholithiasis presenting with obstructive jaundice in infancy are reported. Ultrasonography demonstrated a grossly dilated common bile duct in all three cases. It failed, however, to demonstrate the calculi that were situated at the distal end of the common duct. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography was valuable in one patient in outlining the biliary tract and in identifying the cause of the obstruction. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was employed in a child, aged three years, in whom it was possible to proceed to endoscopic sphincterotomy with clearance of the common duct. In small infants, transduodenal sphincteroplasty would appear to be the procedure of choice.     

双镜联合胆总管切开一期缝合治疗胆总管结石的临床体会

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查一期缝合的安全性及疗效。方法回顾性分析安徽医科大学第二附属医院2015年4月到2017年4月35例腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查一期缝合患者临床资料。结果 35例患者均行腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合,无中转开腹患者。平均胆总管直径12.4mm,平均胆总管结石1.7个,结石即时清除率100%,35例患者胆总管通畅性及Oddi括约肌功能均良好。总体并发症发生率11.4%,全组无Clavien-DindoⅢ级以上并发症发生,术后胆漏发生率5.7%,经充分腹腔引流治愈。术后平均住院时间5.2天,平均住院总费用元20923元。随访率100%,平均随访9.9月,无结石残留、复发或胆管狭窄。结论严格把握手术适应证、由熟练掌握腹腔镜及胆道镜技术的专科医生操作的前提下,腹腔镜胆总管探查取石一期缝合是安全、可行的,且加速患者恢复,减少患者痛苦。