A survey of cigarette smoking among middle school students in 1988

A survey of the prevalence of smoking in middle school students aged 13-21 years in Harbin city, China, was undertaken in the Spring of 1988. A random sample of 4712 students was selected using proportional stratified clustering. A self-administered confidential questionnaire relating to smoking habits and certain family and school factors was administered. The results showed that 1.29% of the students (2.21% boys and 0.38% girls) smoked regularly, 5.62% (10.52% boys and 0.76% girls) were light smokers and 13.77% (24.29% boys and 2.92% girls) smoked only occasionally. Smoking habits were related to the type of school and to age, there being a higher proportion of smoking in senior grade students. Students were significantly more likely to smoke if they were male and if their siblings smoked. Prevalence of regular smoking was not related to parental occupation or family income. It is suggested that anti-smoking education in the school curriculum should be directed towards students in middle school.     

Socio-economic factors associated with preterm delivery in Greece: a population-based study

Summary. A total population sample of singleton births to mothers with certain last menstrual period dates was identified from the Greek National Perinatal Survey of April 1983. Two groups were considered (3116 primigravidae and 6524 multigravidae) with preterm rates of 5.9% and 8.4% respectively. Of all 17 factors considered, primigravidae showed unadjusted significant associations between preterm delivery and marital status, region of mother's residence, maternal occupation, maternal education and paternal education level. Multigravidae preterm deliveries were associated with marital status, mother's age at marriage, father's age at marriage, mother's age at delivery, mother's education, father's education and maternal smoking at the end of the pregnancy. Logistic regression was used to identify the socio-economic and demographic characteristics independently associated with preterm delivery. For primigravidae, the only significant factors were maternal marital status and region of the country. For multigravidae, significant factors were maternal age at delivery, marital status and smoking habit at the end of pregnancy.     

Socio-economic factors associated with preterm delivery in Greece: a population-based study

A total population sample of singleton births to mothers with certain last menstrual period dates was identified from the Greek National Perinatal Survey of April 1983. Two groups were considered (3116 primigravidae and 6524 multigravidae) with preterm rates of 5.9% and 8.4% respectively. Of all 17 factors considered, primigravidae showed unadjusted significant associations between preterm delivery and marital status, region of mother's residence, maternal occupation, maternal education and paternal education level. Multigravidae preterm deliveries were associated with marital status, mother's age at marriage, father's age at marriage, mother's age at delivery, mother's education, father's education and maternal smoking at the end of the pregnancy. Logistic regression was used to identify the socio-economic and demographic characteristics independently associated with preterm delivery. For primigravidae, the only significant factors were maternal marital status and region of the country. For multigravidae, significant factors were maternal age at delivery, marital status and smoking habit at the end of pregnancy.     

学龄前儿童行为问题及其影响基因研究

目的 了解太原市学龄前儿童行为问题发生的情况及其特点,并探讨其影响因素,方法 采用Achenbachs儿童行为量表（CBCL）中国标准化版本及自拟的家庭情况调查表,对太原市5所幼儿园共444名儿童家长进行问卷调查。结果 儿童行为问题检出率为10．36％,无性别差异,各问题行为检出率男童以性问题和违纪因子最高,女童以多动,性问题,分裂样,肥胖因子较高,分裂样因子女童高于男童（P＜0．05）,男女行为总分差异无显性,但内向分女童高于男童,负向分男童显高于女童;与儿童行为问题有关的因素有父亲吸烟时间,母亲孕期总分,母亲情绪,儿童个人卫生习惯,喜吹零食等。结论 学龄前儿童行为存在性别特点,儿童行为问题可能与教育教养环境有关。     

蚌埠市中学生父母文化程度与家庭类型对父母控制的影响

  目的  识别大学生问题性社交网络使用的潜在类别,并进一步分析其不同类别与线上社交焦虑和抑郁症状的关联,为制定促进大学生合理使用社交网络的预防措施提供参考。  方法  于2021年5—6月,采用方便整群抽样方法选取辽宁省沈阳市3所高校1 082名在校大学生,采用问题性移动社交网络使用问卷(PMSMUAQ)、线上社交焦虑量表(SAS-SMU)和流调中心抑郁量表(CES-D)进行问卷调查,并采用潜在剖面分析及稳健三步法对数据进行分析。  结果  大学生问题性社交网络使用分为适度使用组(31.98%,346名)、轻度依赖组(49.26%,533名)和深度沉迷组(18.76%,203名)3个潜在类别。多项式Logistic回归分析显示,城市学生在深度沉迷组所占比例更大(OR=1.62,P < 0.05);随着每天上网时间的增加,轻度依赖组和深度沉迷组的发生比例上升(OR值分别为1.11,1.20,P值均 < 0.01)。不同问题性社交网络使用类型大学生线上社交焦虑和抑郁症状检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2值分别为188.70,62.60,P值均 < 0.01),深度沉迷组在线上社交焦虑和抑郁症状上得分更高。  结论  大学生问题性社交网络使用存在异质性。为减少线上社交焦虑和抑郁症状的出现,高校教育者和家长应多关注问题性社交网络使用水平较高的学生。     

Adolescents' physical activity in relation to family income and parents' education

OBJECTIVE: Regular physical activity provides young people with important physical, mental, and social health benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of family income and parents' level of education with physical activity in Finnish adolescents. METHOD: The study population consisted of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986, including 5457 boys and girls aged 15-16 years, and their parents who responded to a postal inquiry in 2001-2002. The associations between social background and adolescents' physical activity were analyzed in 2005 using cross-tabulation and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: High parental education was associated with adolescents being physically active. In boys father's high educational level (OR: 0.56; CI: 0.33, 0.95), and in girls both mother's (OR: 0.55; CI: 0.31, 0.98) and father's (OR: 0.35; CI: 0.20, 0.61) high educational levels were related to the least time spent watching TV. High family income was associated with being an active sports club member in boys (OR: 2.43; CI: 1.74, 3.40) and girls (OR: 2.67; CI: 1.81, 3.94). Adolescents' participation in different types of physical activity varied according to family income. CONCLUSIONS: Economic support for youth sports and informing parents on ways to encourage adolescents' physical activity are recommended to ensure equal opportunities for youths to participate in different physical activities.     

小学生注意缺陷多动障碍与家庭因素的相关分析

目的探讨小学生注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)与家庭因素的关系,为开展防治工作提供依据.方法按年龄、性别对注意缺陷多动障碍儿童和正常儿童对照1∶1配对,对203对小学生进行家庭影响有关因素的问卷调查,并用条件Logistic回归模型进行多因素分析.结果父亲吸烟、父亲嗜酒、父亲童年多动、父亲为体力劳动者、夫妻不良关系、母亲孕期精神创伤、母亲血型及单双胎等8项因素与小学生ADHD呈统计学关联.结论小学生注意缺陷多动障碍的发生与家庭影响因素密切相关.     

Influence of family type and parenting behaviours on teenage sexual behaviour and conceptions

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal data were used to explore relations between teenage pregnancy, sexual behaviour, and family type. The study examined whether students from lone parent and/or teenage mother initiated families more commonly report sex, lack of contraception at first sex, and/or conceptions by age 15/16, and whether such associations can be explained by low parental strictness, difficult parent-child communication, and/or low parental input into sex education. Up to date longitudinal UK research on family influences on conceptions is lacking, as is longitudinal research on family influences on sexual behaviour. No previous studies have comprehensively examined effects of parenting behaviours. Unlike previous research, this study tested theories suggesting that parenting deficits among lone parent and teenage initiated families increase risk of teenage pregnancy among their children. METHODS: Secondary analysis of data from a trial of sex education. RESULTS: Girls and boys from lone parent families or having mothers who were teenagers when they were born were more likely to report sex but not lack of contraception at first sex by age 15/16. Girls and boys with mothers having them as teenagers, and boys but not girls from lone parent families, were more likely to report being involved in conceptions by age 15/16. Only the association between teenage mother family and girls' conceptions was reduced by adjusting for a parenting behaviour measure. CONCLUSIONS: Students from lone parent families or having mothers who were teenagers when they were born are more likely to report early sexual debut and conceptions by age 15/16, but this is not generally explained by parenting style.     

Factors associated with overweight and obesity among Kuwaiti kindergarten children aged 3-5 years

The purpose of the study was to investigate factors associated with overweight and obesity among Kuwaiti children aged 3-5 years. A cross-sectional sample of 3473 pupils (1748 boys and 1725 girls) was selected for the study from kindergartens using a multi-stage random sampling technique. Overweight and obesity were defined as weight-for-height (W/H) > or = 90th-< 95th and > or = 95th centiles of the NCHS/CDC reference population, respectively. Questionnaires were used to obtain information about birth order, parents' education and occupation, family income, number of servants, eating habits, grandparents and number of persons living at home, number of siblings, socioeconomic status (SES), which was based on parents' education and occupation, family income, area of residence and number of servants. Weight and height were measured and the pupils' dental status was assessed. Factors that were found to be significantly associated with overweight and obesity were gender, age, region (governorate), parents' education, birth order, dental status, eating regular meals and SES. Factors that were significantly associated with overweight and obesity males were age, governorate eating regular meals, number of persons living at home and SES. Among females these factors were governorate, dental status, number of servants and SES. The logistic regression analysis showed that the same factors shared by both genders significantly contributed to the development of overweight and obesity except father's education. This study concludes that ecological factors play an important role in the development of overweight and obesity, especially those related to affluence; Kuwait has been undergoing modernization and increasing affluence and changes to sedentary lifestyle and increased food consumption may have contributed to changes in overweight and obesity among the children.     

Demographic characteristics in adult paternity for first births to adolescents under 15 years of age.

PURPOSE: To examine parental demographic characteristics by adult (> or = 20 years at baby's conception) and teenage (< 20 years at baby's conception) paternity in births to very young adolescents (< 15 years at baby's conception). METHODS: This was a population-based, retrospective cohort analysis of all 12,317 very young adolescent mothers residing in California with a first singleton live birth during 1993-1995. Risks for adult, compared to teenage, paternity were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Adult fathers, responsible for 26.7% of births to very young adolescents, were a mean of 8.8 years older than the mother. The risk factors for adult compared to adolescent paternity were as follows: father's educational attainment of at least 3 years below that considered adequate for his age [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.34], father's (AOR = 2.46) or mother's (AOR = 1.36) educational attainment 1-2 years below that considered adequate for their age, mother's birthplace outside the United States (AOR = 3.12), and father's Hispanic ethnicity (AOR = 1.60) or African-American race (AOR = 1.50). CONCLUSIONS: Adult fathers were responsible for over one quarter of the births in our study. Adolescent pregnancy prevention focusing on younger adolescents must programmatically address adult paternity. Variations in adult paternity patterns across cultural groups suggest that we need further study of the role that cultural beliefs and practices play in very young adolescent pregnancy.     

Accumulation of factors influencing children's middle ear disease: risk factor modelling on a large population cohort.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Data were analysed from a large national birth cohort to examine cumulative and interactive prediction from various risk factors for childhood middle ear disease, and to resolve conflicting evidence arising from small and incompletely controlled studies. The large sample size permitted appropriate covariate adjustment to give generality, and permit demographic breakdown of the risk factors. SETTING: A large multi-purpose longitudinal birth cohort study of all births in the UK in one week in 1970, with multiple questionnaire sweeps. PARTICIPANTS: Over 13,000 children were entered into the original cohort. Data on over 12,000 children were available at the five year follow up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: For children at 5 years, parent reported data were available on health and social factors including data on two markers for middle ear disease: the occurrence of purulent (nonwax) ear discharge and suspected or confirmed hearing difficulty. MAIN RESULTS: In those children who had ever had reported hearing difficulty (suspected or confirmed), after control for socioeconomic status, three of the classic factors (male sex, mother's smoking habits since birth, and attending day care) were significantly more frequent. In those who had ever had ear discharge reported, only mother's smoking habit since birth was significantly more frequent. However, it showed an orderly dose response relation. In addition, a derived general child health score was found to be significantly associated with both the middle ear disease markers. Control for this variable in the analysis of those having reported hearing difficulty reduced the effect size of mother's smoking habit, but it remained statistically significant. For reported ear discharge, even after control for the general health score and social index, mother's smoking habits and day care attendance were both significant predictors. Mother's (but not father's) smoking habits and day care attendance were found to be significant risk factors for middle ear disease. Breast feeding effects were weak and did not generally survive statistical control. CONCLUSIONS: A child having all three risk factors (attends day care, a mother who smokes, and male sex) is 3.4 times more likely to have problems with hearing than a child who has none, based on cumulative risk. Further studies should focus on preventative risk modification and well specified intervention.     

Smoking and its associated factors in Portuguese adolescent students

OBJECTIVE: To describe smoking habits and to identify their determinants in adolescent students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on smoking habits comprising 1,052 girls and 984 boys aged 13 years attending public and private schools in the city of Porto, Portugal. The proportion of participation was 77.5%. Information on sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics was obtained from a questionnaire filled out at home by participants and their parents. At school, another self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information about tobacco use. Several independent samples were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test and proportions were compared by Chi-square test. Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Overall, 19.9% (22.4% of girls and 17.1% of boys) students only had ever experimented smoking but were not smokers; 1.8% (2.0% of girls and 1.5% of boys) were occasional smokers and 1.3% (2.0% of girls and 0.4% of boys) smoked at least one cigarette/day. Curiosity was the main reason given by adolescents to experiment smoking (48.4% of girls and 45.6% of boys). After adjustment to parental, siblings' and friends' smoking habits, the stronger association was with the smoking habits of their friends for both girls (OR=4.03; 95% CI: 2.69-6.04) and boys (OR=5.39; 95% CI: 3.34-8.70). CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of students had ever experimented smoking. Smoking habits among peers proved to be the strongest determinant of smoking during adolescence.     

The effects of family structure, parent-child relationship and parental monitoring on early sexual behaviour among adolescents in nine European countries

AIMS: To identify the influence of family structure, parent-child relationship and parental monitoring on adolescents' involvement in early sexual behaviour. METHODS: The study was undertaken in the context of the World Health Organization collaborative Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children study. The representative samples were drawn from 10 European countries. A group of 14,287 (6716 boys and 7571 girls) 15-year-olds was surveyed. The data were collected by standardized questionnaires. Adolescents were asked about sexual behaviour, family structure, parent-child communication, and parental control. A logistic regression analysis was applied to assess the impact of determinants. RESULTS: Greenlandic adolescents were predominantly engaged in early sexual behaviour. Intact family was a key protective factor for adolescents' early sexual behaviour. It significantly decreased both boys' and girls' involvement in early sexual behaviour. Close parent-adolescent relationships and a high level of parental monitoring were found to be less protective factors than family structure. Easy communication with parents, especially with the mother, was more significant for girls' than for boys' early sexual behaviour. A low level of maternal monitoring had a higher impact on boys' early sexual behaviour, while a low level of paternal monitoring had a higher impact on girls. For both maternal and paternal monitoring, the strongest relationship was observed among Hungarian adolescents, but among Greenlanders it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Many 15-year-olds in European countries are engaged in early sexual behaviour. A close parent- child relationship and a high level of parental monitoring are not as important for adolescents' early sexual behaviour as an intact family.     

家庭环境因素对初中生学习成绩的影响

目的 分析家庭环境诸因素中影响初中生学生成绩的主要因素。方法 用自拟调查表和父母教养方式评定量表对太原市21中学初一、二年级共411名学生进行调查。在单因素分析基础上进行了多元逐步回归分析。结果 父亲为医务或服务人同、母亲职业是个体户、父亲文化程度、父亲情感温暖和理解、父亲过度保护及母亲惩罚与严厉等7个因素是影响初中生学习成绩的主要因素。结论 初中生的学习成绩受家庭中父母职业和文化程度、尤其是父母不同的教养态度和方式方法等因素的影响。     

The effect of socio-economic and demographic determinants on the pattern of consumption of rural adolescents

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of selected socio-economic and demographic determinants (the number of children in the family, father's education, standard of living, sex and age) on the pattern of consumption in adolescents occupying rural areas of the central-eastern Poland. The study included 564 boys and 548 girls 10-15-years-old. Data on the socio-economic status and dietary habits were collected by means of a diagnostic survey. Dietary habits were determined based on a single 24-hour recall. Results obtained were compared with the RDA for Polish people. The effect of socio-economic and demographic determinants on the pattern of consumption were mogenous clusters each of which corresponded to a specific pattern of consumption. It was demonstrated that standard of living and the father's education exerted a significant effect on the pattern of consumption in adolescents examined. This effect was hot indicated for the number of children in the family, age and sex.     

Indoor air pollution exposure and lower respiratory infections in young Gambian children

In a rural population-based cohort study of approximately 500 Gambian children under five years old followed for one year, incidence of acute lower respiratory infections (ALR) was related to various risk factors including parental smoking and regular carriage on the mother's back while cooking, a proxy measure for exposure to smoke from cooking fires. Two statistical analyses using a 'child-weeks at risk' approach were carried out, including and excluding multiple disease episodes in the same child. Weekly surveillance for ALRI found 75 episodes in 62 children. Stratified analyses using both approaches suggested father's smoking, and, for girls only, carriage on the mother's back while cooking and being part of a polygamous family were the main risk factors associated with infection: when multiple episodes occurring in the same child were excluded, not having a health card was an additional risk factor in children over a year old. Multiple logistic regression modelling of data from both approaches, including each of these risk factors and sex, age, village and season, suggested father's smoking, carriage on the mother's back while cooking and being part of a polygamous family increase risk of ALRI, the latter two for girls only. The analysis excluding multiple episodes in the same child also suggested that not having a health card is a risk factor for children aged 1-5 years. The difficulties in interpreting these findings are discussed.     

Infant health consequences of childbearing by teenagers and older mothers

The association of childbearing at early and late ages with various adverse outcomes of pregnancy was explored in data collected in the 1980 National Natality and Fetal Mortality Surveys. The characteristics of interest for teenage mothers were marital status at conception and the trimester of pregnancy in which prenatal care was begun. For married mothers aged 30 years and older, the variables considered were employment status and occupation during the year preceding childbirth and smoking status before and during pregnancy. The pregnancy outcome variables analyzed were the same for both groups of mothers: fetal loss, low birth weight, and low 1-minute Apgar scores. Although more than half of all births to teenage mothers were to unmarried women, an additional one-quarter of these births were to women who married between the time of conception and the birth of the child. Generally there was little difference in outcomes for teenage mothers who were married at the time of delivery, regardless of their marital status at the time of conception. Pregnancy outcomes for teenagers who did not marry prior to delivery were considerably less favorable. Nearly 90 percent of women aged 30-34 years who had a first birth in 1980 were employed during the year before delivery, an extraordinarily high labor force participation rate. More than half of these employed mothers were in professional occupations, consistent with their very high levels of educational attainment. Although the analysis is limited by the small numbers of births involved, it appears that professionally employed women generally have the best pregnancy outcomes. When mother's smoking status is taken into account,nonsmokers had more favorable outcomes, with births to professionally employed mothers generally most favored.     

Childhood socioeconomic position and cognitive function in adulthood

BACKGROUND: Risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease is higher among adults with limited education, and the less educated perform poorer on cognitive function tests. This study determines whether the socioeconomic environment experienced during childhood has an impact on cognitive functioning in middle age. METHODS: A population-based study of eastern Finnish men (n = 496) aged 58 and 64 for whom there were data on parent's socioeconomic position (SEP), their own education level, and performance on neuropsychological tests. Cognitive function was measured using the Trail Making Test, the Selective Reminding Test, the Verbal Fluency Test, the Visual Reproduction Test, and the Mini Mental State Exam. RESULTS: We found a significant and graded association between parental SEP (combined as an index) and cognitive function both prior to and after adjustment for respondent's education. Those from more disadvantaged backgrounds exhibited the poorest performance. When the separate components of the parental SEP measure were used, father's occupation and mother's education were independently associated with the respondent's score for three and five of the tests, respectively (there was no association with father's education and mother's occupation). After adjustment for the respondent's education, father's occupation was no longer associated with respondent's test score, however, the results were essentially unchanged for mother's education. CONCLUSIONS: Higher SEP during childhood and greater educational attainment are both associated with cognitive function in adulthood, with mothers and fathers each contributing to their offspring's formative cognitive development and later life cognitive ability (albeit in different ways). Improvements in both parental socioeconomic circumstances and the educational attainment of their offspring could possibly enhance cognitive function and decrease risk of dementia later in life.     

Sociodemographic determinants of low birthweight in Greece: a population study

A total population sample of 10 654 singleton births from the Greek National Perinatal Survey of April 1983 was analysed to identify factors independently associated with low birthweight (LBW). The sample was divided into two groups according to the gravidity of the mothers (3368 primigravidae and 7286 multigravidae). Data examined included regional characteristics, marital status, age at and duration of marriage, parental ages at delivery, crowding in the home, insurance status, parental occupational classification and parental education levels. Logistic regression was used to define the socio-economic and demographic characteristics independently associated with the delivery of an LBW singleton baby. Significantly different LBW rates were found among the two groups: 4.3% in the primigravidae and 5.2% for multigravidae. For primigravidae significant associations were found with marital status, maternal occupation and father's education, while for multigravidae significant features were mother's education and place (region) of residence. The study showed little to assist in devising strategies of primary prevention of LBW in Greece.     

婴幼儿发展状态及能力影响因素的研究

为了解婴幼儿发展状态及能力,探讨婴幼儿智力及精神运动发展的影响因素,对１２２名婴幼儿采用贝利 婴幼儿发展量表进行评估并分析婴幼儿智力及精神运动发展的影响因素。结果显示:１２２例婴幼儿智力及精神运动发展 总体状态良好;出生体重,家庭收入,每日睡眠时间和孕周与智力发展指数显著相关,父亲不同职业,不同文化程度,不同 家庭类型和不同胎次的婴幼儿之间智力发展指数有显著性差异;而出生体重,每日睡眠时间和孕周与精神运动发展指数 显著相关,母亲文化程度,家庭类型,儿童照顾者文化程度和母亲妊娠期用药史不同者的婴幼儿精神运动发展指数有显 著性差异。提示：加强孕产期保健,孕期合理用药,提高父母亲文化程度,积极发展社会经济对促进和保障婴幼儿的智力 及精神运动发展起重要作用。