小细胞肺癌肿瘤标志物:血清NSE与 CYFRA21-1和 CEA

目的评价小细胞肺癌(SCLC)肿瘤标志物血清神经特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的诊断价值,并与细胞角质蛋白(CYFRA21-1),癌胚抗原(CEA)进行比较.方法采用放射性免疫学方法和化学发光法测定24例SCLC,92例非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)和118例肺良性疾病患者血清NSE,CYFRA21-1和CEA.结果血清NSE对SCLC患者敏感性、特异性和准确率分别为87.5%、85.7%和85.0‰,SCLC患者血清NSE水平高于NSCLC(p<0.05),SCLC患者血清NSE灵敏度明显高于CYFRA21-1和CEA(p均<0.01). NSE与CYFRA21-1或CEA联合可提高敏感性.血清NSE水平在SCLC患者化疗前高于正常,化疗后3周升高明显,缓解后降至正常.结论 NSE是一种有效SCLC肿瘤标志物,与CYFRA21-1或CEA联合可提高敏感性,有效性,血清NSE水平还可精确地反映SCLC患者病情变化.     

小细胞肺癌肿瘤标志物：血清NSE与CYFRA21—1和CEA

目的　评价小细胞肺癌 (SCLC)肿瘤标志物血清神经特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)的诊断价值 ,并与细胞角质蛋白 (CYFRA2 1- 1) ,癌胚抗原 (CEA)进行比较 .方法　采用放射性免疫学方法和化学发光法测定 2 4例SCLC ,92例非小细胞肺癌 (NSCLC)和 118例肺良性疾病患者血清NSE ,CYFRA2 1- 1和CEA .结果　血清NSE对SCLC患者敏感性、特异性和准确率分别为 87.5 %、85 .7%和 85 .0‰ ,SCLC患者血清NSE水平高于NSCLC(p<0 .0 5 ) ,SCLC患者血清NSE灵敏度明显高于CYFRA2 1- 1和CEA(p均 <0 .0 1) .NSE与CYFRA2 1- 1或CEA联合可提高敏感性 .血清NSE水平在SCLC患者化疗前高于正常 ,化疗后 3周升高明显 ,缓解后降至正常 .结论　NSE是一种有效SCLC肿瘤标志物 ,与CYFRA2 1- 1或CEA联合可提高敏感性 ,有效性 ,血清NSE水平还可精确地反映SCLC患者病情变化     

肺癌患者血清TSGF、CEA、CYFRA21—1和NSE水平的临床价值

目的:探讨血清TSGF、CEA、CYFRA21-1和NSE水平的临床价值。方法:采用放射免疫分析测定了179例肺癌、48例肺良性病变和51例正常对照组的血清TSGF、CEA、CYFRA21-1和NSE的水平。结果:在NSCLC中,37例I～II期鳞癌血清中TSGF、CEA和NSE水平与肺良性病变无明显差异(P均>0.05),32例I～II期腺癌血清中NSE也与肺良性病变无明显差异(P>0.05);其余,NSCLC和SCLC血清中TSGF、CEA、CY-FRA21-1和NSE水平明显增高,均与肺良性病变具有明显差异(P<0.05～0.01),从总体而言,随着病变的严重程度增加,肺癌标志物水平也增高。51例正常对照组血清TSGF、CEA、CYFRA21-1和NSE水平分别为(64.1±14.8)U/ml,(3.51±1.1)ng/ml,(2.6±1.4)ng/ml和(5.1±3.6)ng/ml。结论:肺癌的诊断中,以血清CY-FRA21-1测定为最佳,其次为TSGF和CEA,最差NSE,故肺癌标志物的联检是诊断肺癌的最佳选择。     

血清NSE、CYFRA21-1、CEA和CA50联检诊断肺癌及其与肺癌病理分型的关系

目的：分析肺癌及肺部良性疾病患者血清CEA、NSE、CYFRA21-1的水平变化及其与肺癌病理组织类型的关系,探讨其在肺癌诊断中的价值。方法：检测89例初治肺癌和37例良性肺病患者血清NSE、CYFRA21-1、CEA和CA50的水平。NSE采用免疫放射分析（IRMA）,CYFRA21-1和CA50采用放射免疫分析（RIA）,CEA采用化学发光免疫分析。结果：肺癌组各肿瘤标志物血清水平皆显著高于肺部良性疾病组（P〈0.05）;NSE＋CYFRA21-1＋CEA联检对肺癌诊断的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为87.6%、86.5%和87.3%,灵敏度和准确性明显大于各标志物单项检测（P〈0.05）;肺癌肿瘤标志物血清水平和灵敏度与病理类型有关,灵敏度：血清CEA以腺癌最高（73.9%）,血清NSE以小细胞肺癌（SCLC）最高（75.0%）,血清CYFRA21-1以鳞癌最高（80.6%）,血清CA50对各病理类型肺癌皆不高（20.5%～39.5%）。结论：NSE、CYFRA21-1、CEA肿瘤标志物检测有利于指导肺癌的病理分型,联检明显提高了对肺癌诊断的灵敏度。     

联合检测血清中CYFRA21-1、NSE对肺癌诊断的价值

目的探讨联合检测血清中肿瘤标记物CYFRA21-1、NSE对肺癌早期诊断、病情监测及疗效判定的价值。方法将肺癌患者分为非小细胞肺癌组(NSCLC)和小细胞肺癌组(SCLC),以健康人及肺部良性病变患者(BLD)为对照组。静脉取血,采用免疫放射法(IRMA)、放射免疫法(RIA)分别检测血清CYFRA21-1和NSE。结果血清CYFRA21-1水平在NSCLC组明显高于SCLC和BLD组(P<0.01),其对NSCLC诊断的阳性率显著高于SCLC组(58.1%vs16.7%,P<0.01)。NSE则在SCLC组明显高于NSCLC和BLD组(P<0.01),其对SCLC诊断的阳性率为66.7%,显著高于NSCLC组24.3%(P<0.01)。血清CYFRA21-1、NSE联合检测与各单项指标相比,可将肺癌诊断的敏感度、特异度和阳性率分别提高到79.1%、91.7%和85.0%(P<0.01)。此外,在NSCLC组,血清CYFRA21-1含量变化与肿瘤分期呈正相关,且与患者病情的变化有相关性。结论联合检测血清中CYFRA21-1、NSE水平可明显提高肺癌早期诊断的阳性率,从而提高肺癌的早期诊断。临床上动态监测血清CYFRA21-1水平对NSCLC的进程及疗效判断有一定的价值。     

联合检测血清中CYFRA21-1、NSE对肺癌诊断的价值

目的 探讨联合检测血清中肿瘤标记物CYFRA21-1、NSE对肺癌早期诊断、病情监测及疗效判定的价值.方法 将肺癌患者分为非小细胞肺癌组(NSCLC)和小细胞肺癌组(SCLC),以健康人及肺部良性病变患者(BLD)为对照组.静脉取血,采用免疫放射法(IRMA)、放射免疫法(RIA)分别检测血清CYFRA21-1和NSE.结果 血清CYFRA21-1水平在NSCLC组明显高于SCLC和BLD组(P＜0.01),其对NSCLC诊断的阳性率显著高于SCLC组(58.1%vs 16.7%,P＜0.01).NSE则在SCLC组明显高于NSCLC和BLD组(P＜0.01),其对SCLC诊断的阳性率为66.7%,显著高于NSCLC组24.3%(P＜0.01).血清CYFRA21-1、NSE联合检测与各单项指标相比,可将肺癌诊断的敏感度、特异度和阳性率分别提高到79.1%、91.7%和85.0%(P＜0.01).此外,在NSCLC组,血清CYFRA21-1含量变化与肿瘤分期呈正相关,且与患者病情的变化有相关性.结论 联合检测血清中CYFRA21-1、NSE水平可明显提高肺癌早期诊断的阳性率,从而提高肺癌的早期诊断.临床上动态监测血清CYFRA21-1水平对NSCLC的进程及疗效判断有一定的价值.     

血清NSE、ProGRP、CEA、SCCA和CYFRA21-1联检在肺癌诊断中的意义

目的:探讨胃泌素释放肽前体(progastrin-releasing peptide,ProGRP)、神经特异性烯醇化酶(neuronspecific enolase,NSE)、癌胚抗原(carcino-embryonic antigen,CEA)、鳞状细胞癌抗原(squamous cell carcinomaantigen,SCCA)及细胞角蛋白19(CYFRA21-1)在肺癌诊断中的价值和临床意义。方法:分别采用化学发光法或电化学发光法检测14例肺部良性疾病、12例小细胞肺癌、29例非小细胞肺癌患者血清ProGRP、NSE、CEA、SCCA、CYFRA21-1含量。结果:NSE、ProGRP对SCLC诊断的敏感性分别为66.7%、83.3%,且NSE与ProGRP具有很好的相关性,CYFRA21-1对鳞癌诊断的敏感性为63.6%,CEA对腺癌诊断的敏感性为64.3%。SCLC组ProGRP、NSE水平均显著高于NSCLC组、肺良性疾病组,差异有统计学意义。NSCLC组,CYFRA21-1水平显著高于其余两组,差异有统计学意义。ProGRP、NSE联检对SCLC的检出率可达91.7%,CYFRA21-1、SCCA、CEA联检对腺癌、鳞癌的检出率分别为71.4%、72.7%。结论:ProGRP及ProGRP+NSE是SCLC诊断的较好指标,CYFRA21-1、CEA分别对鳞癌、腺癌具有一定的诊断价值。     

血清NSE、CEA、CYFRA21-1联检对肺癌的诊断价值

目的:探讨联检血清肿瘤标志物神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、细胞角蛋白19片段(CYFRA21-1)对肺癌的诊断价值.方法:采用电化学发光法检测102例肺癌患者和50例良性肺病患者血清NSE、CEA、CYFRA21-1的含量.结果:肺癌患者血清NSE、CEA、CYFRA21-1水平均明显高于良性肺病患者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).三种血清标志物的分布有明显的病理倾向性.NSE在小细胞癌中表达水平较高,其敏感性为59.4%; CEA在腺癌中表达水平较高,其敏感性为61.5%;而CYFRA21-1则在鳞癌中表达水平较高,其敏感性为64.5%.联检可提高检测肺癌的敏感性.结论:三种血清肿瘤标志物对于肺癌的辅助诊断有一定的临床意义,联检NSE、CEA和CYFRA21-1可以提高肺癌的诊断敏感性,为肺癌的早期诊断、病理分型提供可靠的依据.     

血清和肺泡灌洗液中肿瘤标志物检测对肺癌的诊断价值分析

目的：分析血清和肺泡灌洗液中肿瘤标志物对肺癌的诊断价值,研究其表达水平与肺癌的相关性及用于肺癌诊断的可行性。方法：应用流式细胞术检测40例肺癌组和肺良性病变组hnRNPA2/B1的表达情况;同时用化学发光免疫法检测血清肿瘤标志物CEA、NSE、CYFRA21-1和SCCAg的含量。结果：hnRNPA2/B1在肺癌组与肺良性病变组表达率分别为86.01%±32.48%和32.1%±10.02%,差异显著（P〈0.01）。肺癌组hnRNPA2/B1检测阳性率为85%,40例肺癌组样本肿瘤标志物CEA、NSE、CYFRA21-1、SCCAg联检阳性率52.5%,肺泡灌洗液中hnRNPA2/B1的阳性检出率明显高于CEA、NSE、CYFRA21-1及SCCAg四项肿瘤标志物的联检。结论：血清CEA、NSE、CYFRA21-1及SCCAg四项肿瘤标志物联检肺泡灌洗液脱落细胞内hnRN-PA2/B1对肺癌辅助诊断有较大的临床应用价值。     

MSCT联合血清肿瘤标志物对肺癌诊断中价值

目的:分析MSCT成像辅助血清肿瘤标志物(CYFRA 21-1、NSE、CEA)在肺癌诊断中的应用.方法:选取2020年1月至2022年4月本院收治的肺癌患者68例(研究组),另选取本院同期收治的肺部良性疾病患者55例(对照组),对比两组患者CT征象及CYFRA 21-1、NSE、CEA水平差异,分析MSCT联合血清肿瘤标志物检查对肺癌的诊断效能.结果:观察组患者毛刺征、分叶征、空泡状征、胸膜凹陷征、病灶不规则、边界模糊占比明显高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE表达水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);MSCT联合CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE对肺癌的诊断准确性、特异性、敏感性分别为100.00％、91.17％、86.76％,明显高于四者单独检测(P<0.05).结论:MSCT联合CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE检测可提高对肺癌的诊断效能,对临床诊疗具有重要参考价值.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.     

海洛因成瘾与学习记忆

海洛因成瘾是我国发病最高,危害最大的一种成瘾性疾病,而其中枢机制则是解决临床预防和治疗的关键,至今仍不清楚。既往工作表明,学习记忆功能在海洛因成瘾的中枢机制中居于重要的中心环节。本文在总结既往海洛因成瘾研究工作基础上联系学习记忆功能,试图从系统整合层次分析相关领域研究工作的不足和今后工作的发展方向。