膝关节骨关节炎患者等长、等速向心和等速离心测试的比较观察

目的 评价膝关节骨关节炎（OA）患者患侧及健侧膝伸肌和屈肌在等长、等速向心和等速离心收缩时的功能特性及相互间的关系。方法 应用Biodex System 3型等速测试系统对54例单侧膝OA患者进行患侧和健侧膝伸肌和屈肌的等长、等速向心及等速离心肌力测试。结果 膝OA患者患侧膝关节伸肌和屈肌在不同收缩模式下的肌力均较健侧显著下降（P＜0．05），特别是在低速向心和低速离心收缩状态时的降低幅度尤为显著；同时患者的膝关节屈／伸肌肌力（H／Q）比值和动态控制率均提示其患侧肢体存在肌力平衡异常。结论 在对膝OA患者肌肉功能进行评定时，应选用等速肌力测试并同时分析其H／Q比值及动态控制率，只有这样才能对患者的肌肉状况作出全面而客观的评定。     

膝骨关节炎患者膝屈伸肌群等速肌力及其与功能的相关性

目的观察膝关节骨关节炎(KOA)患者膝屈伸肌群等速肌力变化及其与膝关节功能的关系。方法23 例双侧KOA患者及14 名正常人进行膝屈伸肌等速肌力检查、五次坐-起试验(FTSST)、静态平衡测试、步态分析。KOA组还完成疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)及WOMAC骨关节炎指数评定。结果KOA组伸肌及屈肌峰力矩、峰力矩均值、平均功率、单次最佳做功及总功主患侧均小于对侧(P<0.05);峰力矩屈肌/伸肌(H/Q)百分比主患侧大于对侧(P<0.05)。组间比较,伸肌所有观察指标、屈肌平均功率KOA组均小于正常对照组(P<0.05);峰力矩H/Q 百分比KOA组大于正常对照组(P<0.05)。KOA组伸肌等速肌力峰力矩与FTSST、步行速度、步行距离、跌倒指数、VAS 评分、WOMAC-疼痛评分之间存在相关性(P<0.05),屈肌等速肌力峰力矩与FTSST、步态参数、跌倒指数、VAS评分、WOMAC评分之间无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论KOA患者伸肌及屈肌等速肌力主患侧较对侧减弱,伸肌等速肌力较正常人减弱,膝伸屈肌肌力变化不同步。KOA患者伸肌等速肌力峰力矩与膝关节疼痛、功能之间存在相关性。     

膝骨性关节炎患者膝屈伸肌力与其功能的相关性研究

目的；研究膝关节炎患者膝屈伸肌力与其下肢功能的相关性。方法：运用Ｃｙｂｅｘ６０００型等速测力系统对３８名膝关节骨关节炎健侧膝及患侧膝进行肌力测试，并对患者下肢日常活动能力及疼痛程度进行评定。结果表明：患侧膝屈肌和伸肌的峰力矩、力矩加速学能、作功量和平均功率与健侧膝相比显著降低，且屈伸肌肌力的减退与下肢活动能力下降，以及患膝疼痛程度有显著相关性。结论：对膝关节骨关节炎患者不但应注重患膝疼痛的治疗，而     

半月板切除术后等速肌力测试及评价

目的：研究半月板切除术后影响膝关节功能恢复的因素，膝屈伸肌在保持膝关节稳定性中的作用。方法：采用Ｃｙｂｅｘ３３０等速运动测试仪，对２８例半月板切除术后患者的双膝屈伸肌进行等速肌力测试并结合双膝关节Ｘ线片检查进行评定。结果：半月板切除术后仍有关节功能紊乱的患者双膝屈伸肌力均下降，尤其是患侧伸膝肌减弱更明显，患侧膝与健侧膝比较差异有非常显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｘ线片检查患膝有退行性骨关节炎改变。结论：半月板切除术后影响膝关节功能恢复的原因主要有膝屈伸肌力下降，退行性骨关节炎等。提高半月板切除术后膝屈伸肌力，对维持膝关节的稳定性，防止后期继发症有重要作用     

膝骨关节炎患者股内侧肌、股直肌和股外侧肌间的协调性

目的应用表面肌电图和等速肌力测定方法比较膝骨关节炎患者与正常人股内侧肌、股直肌和股外侧肌间的协调性改变。方法34例膝骨关节炎患者和34名膝关节健康者在膝关节屈曲10°、60°、100°等长伸膝和等速60°/s、180°/s伸膝运动测试模式下,进行股内侧肌(VM)、股直肌(RF)和股外侧肌(VL)的表面肌电图和股四头肌肌力的评测,包括肌肉激活启动顺序和VM/VL神经肌电比值。结果与正常人对比,膝骨关节炎患者在等速180°/s伸膝运动时VM相对于VL启动延迟（P＜0.05）;在膝屈10°等长伸膝运动时,VM/VL神经肌电比值降低（P＜0.05）。结论膝骨关节炎患者患侧股四头肌的协调性减退。     

单侧膝关节骨性关节炎患者全膝关节置换术前膝关节屈伸肌力的等速测试研究

目的：通过对将行单侧全膝关节置换术（TKR）的骨性关节炎（OA）患者患侧、健侧膝关节肌力及同年龄组健康者膝关节肌力的测试研究,找出三者的关系,为围手术期膝关节功能康复提出指导意见。方法：以18例准备进行单侧TKR的患者为观察组进行健侧、患侧膝关节等速向心肌力测试,以峰力矩（PT）、峰力矩/体重（PT/BW）、单次最大做功和屈/伸肌肌力比值（H/Q）为观察指标,并以15例健康者为对照组进行相同测试。结果：在低速（60°/S）和高速（180°/S）测试中,观察组患侧膝关节伸肌峰力矩（PT）、峰力矩体重比（PT/BW）、单次最大做功均较健侧显著下降（P〈0.05）,患侧膝关节屈肌各观察指标中除单次最大做功在高速测试中较健侧显著下降（P〈0.05）外,其余指标均与健侧比较没有显著性差异（P〉0.05）;健侧膝关节除H/Q比值在低速测试时没有显著性差异外（P〉0.05）,其余各观察指标均较对照组膝关节有显著下降（P〈0.01）。结论：患者健、患侧膝关节肌肉功能均比健康人差,患侧膝关节肌肉功能的下降以伸肌最为显著,提示TKR患者围手术期功能训练患侧应以伸肌训练为主,同时兼顾健侧肢体屈伸肌训练。     

早期膝关节骨关节炎的关节源性肌肉软弱

目的：了解早期膝关节骨关节炎的关节源性肌肉软弱的特性。方法：１４例发病１个月内的单侧膝关节骨关节炎患者的等速肌力参数的自身对照研究。结果：患侧屈伸膝等速肌力参数处于低位,其中大部分明显弱于健侧。结论：早期膝关节骨关节炎即表现出屈伸膝肌群的肌肉软弱,由于萎缩因素少,这种肌肉软弱应该主要是关节源性肌肉抑制的后果。     

分米波理疗结合股四头肌肌力训练治疗老年人膝关节骨关节炎

目的　探讨分米波理疗结合股四头肌肌力强化训练对老年人膝关节骨关节炎的疗效。方法　将76例老年膝关节骨关节炎患者随机分为实验组和对照组 ,每组 38例。实验组采用分米波理疗结合股四头肌肌力训练 ,对照组应用综合物理疗法治疗。对患膝治疗前和治疗 4周后的日常活动 (ADL)能力 ,疼痛程度及伸直位最大负荷量进行评定。结果　实验组在缓解疼痛 ,改善膝关节ADL能力方面较对照组明显增强 (P <0 0 1)。结论　分米波理疗结合股四头肌肌力强化训练治疗老年膝关节骨关节炎 ,可获得较满意的治疗效果。     

超声波结合股四头肌肌力训练治疗老年膝关节骨关节炎

目的探讨超声波结合股四头肌肌力增强训练对老年膝关节骨关节炎的疗效. 方法将76例老年膝关节骨关节炎患者随机分为实验组和对照组,每组38例.实验组采用超声波结合股四头肌肌力训练,对照组应用综合物理疗法治疗.对患膝治疗前和治疗4周后的日常活动(ADL)能力、疼痛程度及伸直位最大负荷量进行评定. 结果实验组在缓解疼痛、改善膝关节ADL能力方面略优于对照组(P>0.05),但其股四头肌肌力较治疗前及对照组明显增强(P<0.01). 结论超声波结合股四头肌肌力强化训练治疗老年膝关节骨关节炎,可获得较满意的治疗结果.     

老年脑卒中患者慢性期康复效果调查:日本综合医院康复门诊与日间医院患者肢体功能比较

背景:有研究表明日间医院的康复服务与综合医院康复门诊比较,患者的功能和生活质量方面差异无显著性意义,但两者间有关脑卒中患者慢性期肢体功能的差异及其影响因素却少有报道.目的:比较日本老年脑卒中患者慢性期分别在综合医院康复门诊和日间医院康复期间的肢体功能差异,分析影响功能差异的相关因素,以便改进老年脑卒中患者康复方案.方法:分别对医院门诊和日间医院进行康复训练的老年脑卒中患者119例(年龄60～75岁)实施为期1年的调查分析,比较两组入选时和1年后的肢体功能指标的差异,包括健侧和偏瘫侧的股四头肌肌力、患侧膝关节伸展和踝关节背屈的关节活动度和10 m步行时间.采用逐步回归分析确定影响肢体功能指标变化的显著因素.结果与结论:医院门诊组患者肢体健侧和偏瘫侧股四头肌肌力在入选时和1年后均大于日间医院组(P＜0.05),而两组的10 m步行时间差异均无显著性意义.医院门诊组在入选时患者患侧膝关节伸展和踝关节背屈关节活动度均小于日间医院组(P＜0.05),而1年后两组以上指标比较差异无显著性意义.逐步回归分析结果显示入选时健侧和偏瘫侧股四头肌肌力、患侧膝关节伸展和踝关节背屈关节活动度是其各自功能指标变化的显著影响因素,而偏瘫侧膝关节伸展、踝关节背屈的关节活动度越受限的患者,训练的效果越好.因此,日间医院组需要采取针对性的肌力增强或维持训练和膝关节活动度训练.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.