Energy Achievement Rate Is an Independent Factor Associated with Intensive Care Unit Mortality in High-Nutritional-Risk Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Requiring Prolonged Prone Positioning Therapy

Early enteral nutrition (EN) and a nutrition target >60% are recommended for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), even for those with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Prolonged prone positioning (PP) therapy (>48 h) is the rescue therapy of ARDS, but it may worsen the feeding status because it requires the heavy sedation and total paralysis of patients. Our previous studies demonstrated that energy achievement rate (EAR) >65% was a good prognostic factor in ICU. However, its impact on the mortality of patients with ARDS requiring prolonged PP therapy remains unclear. We retrospectively analyzed 79 patients with high nutritional risk (modified nutrition risk in the critically ill; mNUTRIC score ≥5); and identified factors associated with ICU mortality by using a Cox regression model. Through univariate analysis, mNUTRIC score, comorbid with malignancy, actual energy intake, and EAR (%) were associated with ICU mortality. By multivariate analysis, EAR (%) was a strong predictive factor of ICU mortality (HR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.07–0.56). EAR >65% was associated with lower 14-day, 28-day, and ICU mortality after adjustment for confounding factors. We suggest early EN and increase EAR >65% may benefit patients with ARDS who required prolonged PP therapy.     

When early enteral feeding is not possible in critically ill patients: results of a multicenter observational study

Background: Early enteral nutrition (EN) is the preferred strategy for feeding the critically ill; however, it is not always possible to initiate EN within the recommended 24 to 48 hours. When these situations arise, controversy exists whether to start feeding early via the parenteral route or to delay feeding until EN can be provided. Methods: A multicenter, international, observational study examined nutrition practices in intensive care units (ICUs). Eligible patients were critically ill patients with a medical diagnosis who remained in the ICU for >72 hours and received EN >48 hours after admission. Data were collected on site, including patient characteristics, daily nutrition practices, and outcomes at 60 days. Nutrition and clinical outcomes were compared between 3 groups of patients: (1) early parenteral nutrition (PN) (<48 hours after admission) and late EN (>48 hours after admission), (2) late PN and late EN, and (3) late EN and no PN. Results: Of the 703 patients who met our inclusion criteria, 541 (77.0%) medical patients received late EN and no PN. In patients receiving late EN and PN, 83 (11.8%) received early PN and 79 (11.2%) received late PN. Adequacy of calories and protein from total nutrition was highest in the early PN group (74.1% ± 21.2% and 71.5% ± 24.9%, respectively) and lowest in the late EN group (42.9% ± 21.2% and 38.7% ± 21.6%) (P < .001). The proportion of patients dead or remaining in hospital was significantly higher for early PN compared with late EN and PN (unadjusted hazard ratio for early PN = 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.37–0.83, P = .015). However, this difference did not remain significant (P = .65) after adjustment for baseline characteristics. Conclusions: The results suggest that initiating PN early, when it is not possible to feed enterally early, may improve provision of calories and protein but is not associated with better clinical outcomes compared with late EN or PN.     

Nutrition Therapy in Critically Ill Patients Following Cardiac Surgery: Defining and Improving Practice

Background: Malnutrition is a predictor of poor outcome following cardiac surgery. We define nutrition therapy after cardiac surgery to identify opportunities for improvement. Methods: International prospective studies in 2007–2009, 2011, and 2013 were combined. Sites provided institutional and patient characteristics from intensive care unit (ICU) admission to ICU discharge for a maximum of 12 days. Patients had valvular, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, or combined procedures and were mechanically ventilated and staying in the ICU for ≥3 days. Results: There were 787 patients from 144 ICUs. In total, 120 patients (15.2%) had valvular surgery, 145 patients (18.4%) had CABG, and 522 patients (66.3%) underwent a combined procedure. Overall, 60.1% of patients received artificial nutrition support. For these patients, 78% received enteral nutrition (EN) alone, 17% received a combination of EN and parenteral nutrition (PN), and 5% received PN alone. The remaining 314 patients (40%) received no nutrition. The mean (SD) time from ICU admission to EN initiation was 2.3 (1.8) days. The adequacy of calories was 32.4% ± 31.9% from EN and PN and 25.5% ± 27.9% for patients receiving only EN. In EN patients, 57% received promotility agents and 20% received small bowel feeding. There was no significant relationship between increased energy or protein provision and 60‐day mortality. Conclusion: Postoperative cardiac surgery patients who stay in the ICU for 3 or more days are at high risk for inadequate nutrition therapy. Further studies are required to determine if targeted nutrition therapy may alter clinical outcomes.     

Nutrition therapy for the critically ill surgical patient: we need to do better!

Background: To identify opportunities for quality improvement, the nutrition adequacy of critically ill surgical patients, in contrast to medical patients, is described. Methods: International, prospective, and observational studies conducted in 2007 and 2008 in 269 intensive care units (ICUs) were combined for purposes of this analysis. Sites provided institutional and patient characteristics and nutrition data from ICU admission to ICU discharge for maximum of 12 days. Medical and surgical patients staying in ICU at least 3 days were compared. Results: A total of 5497 mechanically ventilated adult patients were enrolled; 37.7% had surgical ICU admission diagnosis. Surgical patients were less likely to receive enteral nutrition (EN) (54.6% vs 77.8%) and more likely to receive parenteral nutrition (PN) (13.9% vs 4.4%) (P < .0001). Among patients initiating EN in ICU, surgical patients started EN 21.0 hours later on average (57.8 vs 36.8 hours, P < .0001). Consequently, surgical patients received less of their prescribed calories from EN (33.4% vs 49.6%, P < .0001) or from all nutrition sources (45.8% vs 56.1%, P < .0001). These differences remained after adjustment for patient and site characteristics. Patients undergoing cardiovascular and gastrointestinal surgery were more likely to use PN, were less likely to use EN, started EN later, and had lower total nutrition and EN adequacy rates compared with other surgical patients. Use of feeding and/or glycemic control protocols was associated with increased nutrition adequacy. Conclusions: Surgical patients receive less nutrition than medical patients. Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal surgery patients are at highest risk of iatrogenic malnutrition. Strategies to improve nutrition performance, including use of protocols, are needed.     

Effect of Early Nutritional Support on Clinical Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Single-Center Retrospective Study

The initial nutritional delivery policy for patients with sepsis admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) has not been fully elucidated. We aimed to determine whether an initial adequate nutrition supply and route of nutrition delivery during the first week of sepsis onset improve clinical outcomes of critically ill patients with sepsis. We reviewed adult patients with sepsis and septic shock in the ICU in a single tertiary teaching hospital between 31 November 2013 and 20 May 2017. Poisson log-linear and Cox regressions were performed to assess the relationships between clinical outcomes and sex, modified nutrition risk in the critically ill score, sequential organ failure assessment score, route of nutrition delivery, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation score, and daily energy and protein delivery during the first week of sepsis onset. In total, 834 patients were included. Patients who had a higher protein intake during the first week of sepsis onset had a lower in-hospital mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.39–0.78; p = 0.001). A higher energy intake was associated with a lower 30-day mortality (adjusted HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90–0.98; p = 0.003). The route of nutrition delivery was not associated with 1-year mortality in the group which was underfed; however, in patients who met > 70% of their nutritional requirement, enteral feeding (EN) with supplemental parenteral nutrition (PN) was superior to only EN (p = 0.016) or PN (p = 0.042). In patients with sepsis and septic shock, a high daily average protein intake may lower in-hospital mortality, and a high energy intake may lower the 30-day mortality, especially in those with a high modified nutrition risk in the critically ill scores. In patients who receive adequate energy, EN with supplemental PN may be better than only EN or PN, but not in underfed patients.     

Enteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis: a survey of practices in canadian intensive care units.

INTRODUCTION: Enteral nutrition (EN) is becoming the standard of care for the artificial nutrition support of the patient with severe acute pancreatitis. This study was designed to describe nutrition support practices for acute pancreatitis in Canadian intensive care units (ICUs) and to identify any barriers to the provision of EN in this patient population. METHODS: After an initial letter of invitation, a survey was sent to all Canadian ICUs with a census of > or = 8 beds. At each center, the critical care dietitian was asked 13 questions about usual practice of providing nutrition support to critically ill patients with acute pancreatitis. RESULTS: Out of 62 ICUs successfully contacted through the initial letter that met entry criteria, responses were obtained from 54 (87%). EN was provided to patients with pancreatitis routinely in 13% (7/54) of units, occasionally in 72% (39/54), and never in 15% (8/54) of the ICUs. Technical difficulty obtaining small bowel access, reported by 38 units (72%), and lack of physician support for EN, as noted in 25 units (47%), were identified as the most common barriers to EN in this population. Enteral access was most commonly obtained via the nasojejunal route. The time frame from ICU admission to initiation of EN (when provided) differed widely between centers, varying from up to 24 hours to 48 hours in 22 units (48% of 46 ICUs), 3 to 5 days in 19 units (41%), and >5 days in 5 units (11%). Supplemental parenteral nutrition (PN) was commonly added to EN, routinely at 8 centers (18% of 45 ICUs) and only occasionally in another 20 units (44%). The duration of supplemental PN when used in conjunction with EN was <7 days in 83% (24/29) of the ICUs. When EN was not initiated, PN was used in all but one ICU. CONCLUSION: Although EN is being commonly provided to patients with acute pancreatitis, PN use remains prominent in many ICUs across Canada. Technical difficulty obtaining small bowel access and lack of physician support seem to be the most common barriers impeding use of EN.     

早期肠内营养支持对ARDS患者的免疫功能影响

目的观察早期肠内营养支持对ARDS患者的免疫功能影响以及对最终死亡率的影响.方法ARDS患者在开始机械通气分为肠内营养组和对照组,肠内营养组在机械通气当天即通过鼻胃管或鼻肠管给予鼻饲合成营养素,对照组则延迟至7天以后应用肠内营养.然后统计各项指标情况.结果治疗两周后及存活者出院时观察组与对照组相比在总蛋白、淋巴细胞数量、以及CD3和CD4水平均有明显升高,而CD8变化不大.肠内营养组与对照组相比在机械通气时间(平均12.8±2.1天、17.6±3.6天)、住ICU时间(平均21.5±4.6天、31.5±3.4天)均明显缩短.两组最终病死率有明显差异,肠内营养组为27.8%,对照组为35.7%.两组营养支持相关并发症发生率无明显差异.结论早期肠内营养支持可提高ARDS患者的免疫功能,提高总蛋白水平,降低最终病死率,缩短机械通气时间和住ICU时间,从而降低患者的医疗费用.     

Nutrition Therapy for the Critically Ill Surgical Patient With Aortic Aneurysmal Rupture

Background: Our goal is to define nutrition therapy in critically ill patients after surgical repair of acute ruptured or dissecting aortic aneurysm to identify opportunities for quality improvement. Methods: International, prospective studies in 2007–2009 and 2011 were combined. Sites provided institutional and patient characteristics including from intensive care units (ICUs) admission to ICU discharge for a maximum of 12 days. We selected patients with aortic aneurysmal rupture or acute dissection staying in the ICU for ≥ 3 days. Results: There were 104 eligible patients from 72 distinct ICUs analyzed. Overall, 86.5% received artificial nutrition. There were 50.0% patients who received enteral nutrition (EN) only, 29.8% patients received a combination of EN and parenteral nutrition (PN), 6.7% patients received PN only, and 13.5% did not receive any nutrition. The mean time from admission to initiation of EN was 3.0 days (SD ± 2.4 days). The adequacy of calories from nutrition support was 46.8% (range 0%‐111%) with a mean of 10.0 kcal/kg/day. Of the total of 83 patients who received EN, 53 patients (63.8%) had interruption of EN. The reasons included fasting, intolerance, patients deemed too sick for enteral feeding, and loss of enteral feeding route. For patients with gastrointestinal intolerance, 3/30 patients (10%) received small bowel feeding and 23/30 patients (76.7%) of patients received motility agents. Conclusion: Postoperative critically ill patients with aortic aneurysmal rupture or acute dissection are at high risk for inadequate nutrition therapy, and there may be inadequate utilization of strategies to improve nutrition uptake.     

Artificial Nutritional Support in Cancer Patients after Esophagectomy: 11 Years of Experience

Esophageal cancer represents a high-risk group of patients. This study determines the association of artificial nutrition with morbidity, mortality, and survival and studies clinical situations that determine the choice between enteral (EN) and parenteral support (PN). This retrospective single-center study compared 2 periods: 1) treatment centered in surgical process with discretionary demand of support, and 2) elective therapeutic and nutritional interventions were systematized. Risks factors that determined use of PN and survival were included in 4 multivariate regression models: 2 logistic, 1 multinomial, and a survival Cox analysis. Significance determined with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 95%; inclusion criteria was P < 0.1. During an 11-yr period, 175 patients were studied. Artificial nutrition consisted of 45 jejunostomy EN, 28 PN, and 102 both. Risk factors that conditioned PN were first period (OR: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.13–5.14), stay in intensive care unit (ICU) >3 days (OR: 1.70; 95% CI: 0.93–3.71), and surgical reintervention (OR: 3.83; 95% CI: 0.94–16.95). Risk factors associated with mortality were first period (OR: 22.7; 95% CI: 2.31–172.05), respiratory infection (OR: 11.23; 95% CI: 2.33–55.5) and coloplasty surgery (OR: 13.16; 95% CI: 2.11–83.33). Longer survival was associated with second period (OR: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.38–4.05) and lower neoplasm staging (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.21–1.69). A multidisciplinary management that includes nutritional support of esophagectomized patients is 1 of the factors that improves survival. Protocol implies greater use of EN; PN remains an important nutritional therapy.     

Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated,critically ill adult patients

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to develop evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support (ie, enteral and parenteral nutrition) in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults. OPTIONS: The following interventions were systematically reviewed for inclusion in the guidelines: enteral nutrition (EN) versus parenteral nutrition (PN), early versus late EN, dose of EN, composition of EN (protein, carbohydrates, lipids, immune-enhancing additives), strategies to optimize delivery of EN and minimize risks (ie, rate of advancement, checking residuals, use of bedside algorithms, motility agents, small bowel versus gastric feedings, elevation of the head of the bed, closed delivery systems, probiotics, bolus administration), enteral nutrition in combination with supplemental PN, use of PN versus standard care in patients with an intact gastrointestinal tract, dose of PN and composition of PN (protein, carbohydrates, IV lipids, additives, vitamins, trace elements, immune enhancing substances), and the use of intensive insulin therapy. OUTCOMES: The outcomes considered were mortality (intensive care unit [ICU], hospital, and long-term), length of stay (ICU and hospital), quality of life, and specific complications. EVIDENCE: We systematically searched MEDLINE and CINAHL (cumulative index to nursing and allied health), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials that evaluated any form of nutrition support in critically ill adults. We also searched reference lists and personal files, considering all articles published or unpublished available by August 2002. Each included study was critically appraised in duplicate using a standard scoring system. VALUES: For each intervention, we considered the validity of the randomized trials or meta-analyses, the effect size and its associated confidence intervals, the homogeneity of trial results, safety, feasibility, and the economic consequences. The context for discussion was mechanically ventilated patients in Canadian ICUs. BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS: The major potential benefit from implementing these guidelines is improved clinical outcomes of critically ill patients (reduced mortality and ICU stay). Potential harms of implementing these guidelines include increased complications and costs related to the suggested interventions. SUMMARIES OF EVIDENCE AND RECOMMENDATIONS: When considering nutrition support in critically ill patients, we strongly recommend that EN be used in preference to PN. We recommend the use of a standard, polymeric enteral formula that is initiated within 24 to 48 hours after admission to ICU, that patients be cared for in the semirecumbent position, and that arginine-containing enteral products not be used. Strategies to optimize delivery of EN (starting at the target rate, use of a feeding protocol using a higher threshold of gastric residuals volumes, use of motility agents, and use of small bowel feeding) and minimize the risks of EN (elevation of the head of the bed) should be considered. Use of products with fish oils, borage oils, and antioxidants should be considered for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. A glutamine-enriched formula should be considered for patients with severe burns and trauma. When initiating EN, we strongly recommend that PN not be used in combination with EN. When PN is used, we recommend that it be supplemented with glutamine, where available. Strategies that maximize the benefit and minimize the risks of PN (hypocaloric dose, withholding lipids, and the use of intensive insulin therapy to achieve tight glycemic control) should be considered. There are insufficient data to generate recommendations in the following areas: use of indirect calorimetry; optimal pH of EN; supplementation with trace elements, antioxidants, or fiber; optimal mix of fats and carbohydrates; use of closed feeding systems; continuous versus bolus feedings; use of probiotics; type of lipids; and mode of lipid delivery. VALIDATION: This guideline was peer-reviewed and endorsed by official representatives of the Canadian Critical Care Society, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Dietitians of Canada, Canadian Association of Critical Care Nurses, and the Canadian Society for Clinical Nutrition. SPONSORS: This guideline is a joint venture of the Canadian Critical Care Society, the Canadian Critical Trials Group, the Canadian Society for Clinical Nutrition, and Dietitians of Canada. The Canadian Critical Care Society and the Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Diabetes of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research provided funding for development of this guideline.     

肠内营养支持在急性重症胰腺炎中的应用

目的：探讨肠内营养（ＥＮ）在急性重症胰腺炎（ＡＳＰ）中应用和安全性有效性。方法：以近年来的ＡＳＰ作实验组,与既往的ＡＳＰ治疗结果作对比,观察住院天数,各种并发症,死亡率和费用的差异。结果：实验组平均住院天数,ＡＲＤＳ和其它感染性并发症均低于对照组,死亡率明显下降,治疗总费用显著减少。结论：ＥＮ在急性重症胰腺炎中的应用是安全有效的,值得提倡。     

Nutrition support in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review of the literature

BACKGROUND: Failure to use the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in patients with acute pancreatitis may exacerbate the stress response and disease severity, leading to greater incidence of complications and prolonged hospitalization. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum route for nutrition support, whether nutrition therapy is better than no artificial nutrition support, whether specific additives to enteral or parenteral therapy can further enhance their efficacy, and whether methodologic differences in delivery of enteral nutrition (EN) influence tolerance. METHODS: A computerized search was performed of MEDLINE, Cochrane database, EMBASE, and reference lists of pertinent review articles for prospective randomized trials in adult patients with acute pancreatitis that evaluated interventions with nutrition therapy. Primary outcome data and surrogate endpoint parameters (for nutrition indices, stress markers, and measures of the inflammatory/immune response) were extracted in duplicate independently. Where appropriate, meta-analysis was performed by random-effects model. RESULTS: From 119 articles screened, 27 randomized controlled trials were included and analyzed. In patients admitted for acute pancreatitis, meta-analysis of 7 trials showed that use of EN was associated with a significant reduction in infectious morbidity (risk ratio [RR] = 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29 - 0.74; p = .001) and hospital length of stay (LOS; weighted mean difference [WMD] = -3.94; 95% CI, -5.86 to -2.02; p < .0001), a trend toward reduced organ failure (RR = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.28-1.27; p = .18), with no effect on mortality (RR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.43-1.79; p = .72) when compared with use of parenteral nutrition (PN). Results from individual studies suggest that EN in comparison to PN reduces oxidative stress, hastens resolution of the disease process, and costs less. Insufficient data exist to determine whether EN improves outcome over standard therapy (no artificial nutrition support) in patients admitted for acute pancreatitis. However, in those patients requiring surgery for complications of acute pancreatitis, meta-analysis of 2 trials indicates that provision of EN postoperatively may reduce mortality (RR = 0.26; 95% CI, 0.06 - 1.09; p = .06) compared with standard therapy. PN provided early within 24 hours of admission was shown to worsen outcome, whereas PN provided later after full-volume resuscitation appeared to improve outcome when compared with standard therapy. In early individual studies, specific supplements added to EN, such as arginine, glutamine, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and probiotics, may be associated with a positive impact on patient outcome in acute pancreatitis, compared with EN alone without the supplements, but studies are too few to make strong treatment recommendations. Supplementation of PN with parenteral glutamine was shown to reduce oxidative stress and improve patient outcome (reduced duration of nutrition therapy and decreased hospital LOS) compared with PN alone in patients with acute pancreatis. A wide range of tolerance to EN exists, irrespective of known influences such as mode (continuous vs bolus) and level of infusion within the GI tract (gastric vs postpyloric). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with acute severe pancreatitis should begin EN early because such therapy modulates the stress response, promotes more rapid resolution of the disease process, and results in better outcome. In this sense, EN is the preferred route and has eclipsed PN as the new "gold standard" of nutrition therapy. When PN is used, it should be initiated after 5 days. The favorable effect of both EN and PN on patient outcome may be further enhanced by supplementation with modulators of inflammation and systemic immunity. Individual variability allows for a wide range of tolerance to EN, even in severe pancreatitis.     

不同比例肠内营养支持对重型颅脑损伤病人临床结局的影响

目的:探讨不同比例肠内营养支持对重型颅脑损伤病人营养状况、器官功能、并发症发生及病死率的影响。方法:选择2014年9月至2016年6月收治的符合入组标准的94例重型颅脑损伤病人为研究对象。根据EN占联合肠内外营养支持比例,将病人随机分为50%EN组、75%EN组及TEN组(100%EN)。分析各组营养状况指标、血生化指标、并发症发生和治疗效果等情况的差异。结果:营养支持第7天时,50%EN与75%EN组病人的总蛋白、白蛋白水平显著高于TEN组(P0.05)。75%EN组及TEN组病人的院内感染发生率均低于50%EN组(P0.05)。75%EN组病人的总住院时间、ICU10天住院费用显著低于其他两组,具有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:75%EN比例在肠内外营养支持的应用对重型颅脑损伤病人不但可以提供充足的营养物质,而且能减少感染并发症的发生,缩短ICU住院时间及降低住院费用,在临床应用上具有重要意义。     

肠外联合肠内序贯营养降低重症卒中病人肺部感染及上消化道出血风险

目的 :通过对缺血性卒中危重病人急性期采取不同营养支持方案的对照研究,探讨卒中危重病人急性期合理的营养支持策略。方法 :采用前瞻性研究方法,将50例急性卒中病人按照随机单盲原则分为入院发病24 h内给与单纯肠内营养组及肠内营养联合肠外营养组。比较两组间肺部感染、胃潴留、上消化道出血、低血糖及高血糖的发生率。以20 d转出ICU为终点事件,Kaplan-Meier法比较分析两组之间差异。结果 :肠外营养联合肠内营养(PN+EN)组和肠内营养(EN)组在高血糖和低血糖发生率上无差异(P0.05),EN组胃潴留及上消化道出血、腹泻及肺炎发生率明显高于PN+EN组(P0.01)。结论 :危重卒中病人急性期采取肠外联合肠内序贯营养可降低肺部感染、胃潴留及上消化道出血等并发症,可能缩短ICU住院时程。     

Early Exposure to Recommended Calorie Delivery in the Intensive Care Unit Is Associated With Increased Mortality in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Background: The Intensive Nutrition in Acute Lung Injury: Clinical Trial (INTACT), designed to evaluate outcomes of calorie delivery from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) diagnosis through hospital discharge, was stopped due to higher mortality in the intervention group. Post hoc analysis found timing and dose of calorie delivery influenced mortality. The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to determine if early vs late calorie exposure changed the hazard of death among a larger sample of patients with ARDS. Methods: Adult patients who met the eligibility criteria for INTACT but did not participate were included. Daily calorie delivery was collected from the date INTACT eligibility was determined to extubation or death. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model the relationship between hazard of hospital death with average calorie exposure received over increasing study days and after day 7. Results: A total of 298 patients were included; overall mortality was 33%. Among patients who remained intubated at 1 week (n = 202), higher kcal/kg received from intensive care unit (ICU) days 1–6 increased hazards of subsequent death on days 7+ (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.06); kcal/kg received after ICU day 7 decreased the hazards of death on day 7+ (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.33–0.84). Conclusions: Higher calorie exposure between ICU days 1 and 7 was associated with higher subsequent hazard of mortality, and provision of high‐calorie exposure after day 8 decreased the hazards of death.     

Does enteral nutrition compared to parenteral nutrition result in better outcomes in critically ill adult patients? A systematic review of the literature

OBJECTIVE: Nutritional support is part of the standard of care for the critically ill adult patient. In the average patient in the intensive care unit who has no contraindications to enteral nutrition (EN) or parenteral nutrition (PN), the choice of route for nutritional support may be influenced by several factors. Because EN and PN are associated with risks and benefits, we systematically reviewed and critically appraised the literature to compare EN with PN the critically ill patient. METHODS: We searched computerized bibliographic databases, personal files, and relevant reference lists to identify potentially eligible studies. Only randomized clinical trials that compared EN with PN in critically ill patients with respect to clinically important outcomes were included in this review. In an independent fashion, relevant data on the methodology and outcomes of primary studies were abstracted in duplicate. The studies were subsequently aggregated statistically. RESULTS: There were 13 studies that met the inclusion criteria and, hence, were included in our meta-analysis. The use of EN as opposed to PN was associated with a significant decrease in infectious complications (relative risk = 0.64, 95% confidence interval = 0.47 to 0.87, P = 0.004) but not with any difference in mortality rate (relative risk = 1.08, 95% confidence interval = 0.70 to 1.65, P = 0.7). There was no difference in the number of days on a ventilator or length of stay in the hospital between groups receiving EN or PN (Standardized Mean Difference [SMD] = 0.07, 95% confidence interval = -0.2 to 0.33, P = 0.6). PN was associated with a higher incidence of hyperglycemia. Data that compared days on a ventilator and the development of diarrhea in patients who received EN versus PN were inconclusive. In the EN and PN groups, complications with enteral and parenteral access were seen. Four studies documented cost savings with EN as opposed to PN. CONCLUSION: The use of EN as opposed to PN results in an important decrease in the incidence of infectious complications in the critically ill and may be less costly. EN should be the first choice for nutritional support in the critically ill.     

早期肠内营养对重症急性胰腺炎患者临床预后的随机对照研究

[目的]了解早期肠内营养对重症急性胰腺炎患者预后的影响。[方法]采用随机对照试验设计。纳入符合重症急性胰腺炎诊断标准的患者40例。分为研究组和对照组。研究组由鼻空肠营养管给以氨基酸型肠内营养,对照组经锁骨下中心静脉置管输注输入肠外营养。两组均达到非蛋白热卡(20±2)kcal/kgd-1,氮0.2g/kgd-1(氨基酸1.5g/kg)的喂养目标。营养支持在患者入组后12h内开始。[结果]研究组20例患者入组,19例完成研究;对照组20例,均完成研究。两组患者之间的住院期间死亡率比较,未发现差异有统计学意义,但在完成研究的患者间的分析,发现研究组死亡率有下降趋势。患者的胰腺感染发生率和手术率,研究组显著低于对照组。研究组的住院时间[(24.1±5.3)dvs.(34.5±9.3)d,t=-2.615,P﹤0.0001)],住ICU时间[(14.6±8.7)dvs.(25.7±11.9)d,t=-4.197,P﹤0.01]显著少于对照组。[结论]早期肠内营养可显著改善重症急性胰腺炎患者的临床结局。     

危重症病人肠内与肠外营养支持的对比观察

目的:对比研究危重症病人EN与PN支持的效果.方法:将48例危重症病人随机分为EN组和PN组,对比观察营养支持后两组病人的Hb、PA、血清总蛋白(TP)、ALB等营养指标以及腹泻、腹胀、胃肠道出血、肝功能损害、高血糖等并发症的发生率.结果:经EN支持后,病人的Hb、TP和PA明显升高(P<0.05);而PN组与营养支持前比较,病人各指标无显著性差异.PN组并发症的发生率高于EN组.结论:EN支持可较好地改善病人的营养状况,并发症少,是危重症病人较好的营养支持方式.     

不同营养方式对呼吸科老年重症患者呼吸肌力及临床预后的影响

目的 比较不同营养方式对呼吸科老年重症患者呼吸肌力和临床结局的影响.方法 采用随机数字表法,将147例呼吸科老年重症患者按入院先后顺序随机分为肠内(EN)肠外(PN)混合营养组,EN组和PN组,每组49例,观察营养支持前后患者能量代谢指标和呼吸肌力的变化情况及短期结局.结果 营养支持后第7天,各组患者的血浆白蛋白(ALB)、血红蛋白(Hb)、肌酐(Cr)水平和氮平衡均较营养支持前明显升高(P均＜0.01),血尿素氮(BUN)水平较营养支持前明显下降(P＜0.01);混合营养组ALB、Hb、Cr和氮平衡升高幅度均明显高于EN组和PN组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),BUN下降幅度明显高于EN组(P＜0.05).混合营养组(P=0.021)和EN组(P=0.011)的最大吸气压水平明显高于营养支持前,混合营养组的气道阻断压水平明显低于营养支持前(P=0.025).PN组患者感染性并发症及非感染性并发症发生率明显高于EN组 (P=0.002,P=0.017)和混合营养组(P=0.005,P=0.004),EN组患者的胃潴留发生率明显高于PN组(P=0.035).混合营养组患者的脱机时间、呼吸重症监护病房停留时间、住院时间与20 d死亡率均明显小于EN组和PN组(P均＜0.05).结论 EN与PN联用改善呼吸科老年重症患者营养状况和呼吸肌力的效果明显优于单用EN和PN,其短期临床结局也好于单用EN和PN.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the influences of different routes of nutrition on the outcome and respiratory muscle strength of elderly patients in respiratory intensive care unit (RICU). Methods Totally 147 elderly patients in RICU were equally randomized into combined nutrition group ( combinination of parenteral nutrition and enteral nutrition), total enteral nutrition (EN) group, and total parenteral nutrition (PN) group. The changes of energy metabolism, respiratory muscle strength, and short-term outcome were observed or determined.Results Plasma albumin (ALB), hemoglobin (Hb), creatinine (Cr) levels, and nitrogen balance significantly increased in all group 7 days later ( all P ＜ 0. 01 ), while blood urea nitrogen (BUN) significantly decreased ( P ＜0.01 ). The increase of ALB, Hb, Cr levels, and nitrogen balance were significantly more remarkable than that in EN group and PN group (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). The decrease of BUN level in the combined nutrition group was significantly more remarkable than that in EN group ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). After nutritional support, the maximum inspiratory pressure in the combined nutrition group (P =0. 021 ) and EN group (P = 0. 011 ) became significantly higher, and occlusion pressure at 0.1 second inspiration level in the combined nutrition group became significantly lower ( P =0. 025). The incidences of infectious and non-infectious complications in PN group were significantly higher than those in EN group (P = 0. 002 and 0. 017, respectively) and combined nutrition group ( P = 0. 005 and 0. 004, respectively). Gastric retention was more common in EN group than that in PN group ( P = 0. 035). The weaning time,length of RICU stay, length of hospital stay and 20-day-mortality were significantly decreased in the combined nutrition group than those in the other two groups ( all P ＜ 0. 05 ). Conclusion The effectiveness of the combined application of PN and EN is superior to PN or EN alone in improving nutritional status and respiratory muscle strength as well as in improving the short-term outcome in elderly patients in RICU..