Cancer Prevalence in Aichi,Japan for 2012: Estimates Based on Incidence and Survival Data from Population-Based Cancer Registry

Background: Cancer is the leading cause of death among both men and women in Japan. Monitoring cancer prevalence is important because prevalence data play a critical role in the development and implementation of health policy. We estimated cancer prevalence in 2012 based on cancer incidence and 5-year survival rate in Aichi Prefecture using data from a population-based cancer registry, the Aichi Cancer Registry, which covers 7.4 million people. Methods: The annual number of incident cases between 2008 and 2012 was used. Survival data of patients diagnosed in 2006–2008 and followed up until the end of 2012 were selected for survival analysis. Cancer prevalence was estimated from incidence and year-specific survival probabilities. Cancer prevalence was stratified by sex, cancer site (25 major cancers), and age group at diagnosis. Results: The estimated prevalence for all cancers in 2012 was 68,013 cases among men, 52,490 cases among women, with 120,503 cases for both sexes. Colorectal cancer was the most incident cancer with 6,654 cases, accounting for 16.0% of overall incident cases, followed by stomach cancer with 5,749 cases (13.8%) and lung cancer with 5,593 cases (13.4%). Prostate cancer was the most prevalent among men, accounting for 21.5%, followed by colorectal and stomach cancers. Breast cancer was the most prevalent among women, accounting for 28.6%, followed by colorectal, stomach, and uterine cancers. Conclusion: This study provides cancer prevalence data that could serve as useful essential information for local governments in cancer management, to carry out more practical and reasonable countermeasures for cancer.     

上海市区泌尿系统恶性肿瘤相对生存率分析

目的:分析1988～1995年上海市区泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的生存情况,观察其趋势.方法:根据上海市肿瘤登记处积累的肿瘤登记病例和随访资料,采用寿命表法和Hakulinen氏法计算相对生存率,并比较前后两个时期(4年)结果.结果:上海市区1988～1995年男性膀胱癌、肾癌、前列腺癌5年相对生存率分别为57.4%、49.9%、36.5%,女性膀胱癌、肾癌5年相对生存率分别为47.6%、53.5%;其中男性膀胱癌的生存率高于女性,但肾癌相反.不同时间段分析结果显示:1988～1991年男性膀胱癌、肾癌、前列腺癌5年相对生存率分别从53.7%、41.6%、38.0%上升至1992～1995年的57.2%、50.6%、39.1%;女性膀胱癌5年相对生存率从41.8%上升至44.7%,而女性肾癌5年相对生存率从48.0%降至47.3%.结论:上海市区泌尿系统恶性肿瘤生存率基本呈现上升趋势,但仅男性肾癌和前列腺癌的变化有统计学意义.     

Lung cancer prognostic factors from the Aichi Cancer Registry

Lung cancer prognostic factors have been evaluated on the basis of three-year survival rates for 2,830 lung cancer patients diagnosed between 1983 and 1986 and reported to the Aichi Cancer Registry. In the univariate analyses, the former in each pair of following factors showed a significantly better prognosis than the latter: early vs. late stage of disease, surgically-treated vs. non-surgically-treated cases, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma vs. large cell and small cell carcinoma, cases detected by screening vs. others, young vs. old patients, females vs. males, non-smokers vs. smokers. The association of prognosis with these factors, other than smoking and histological type, remained statistically significant throughout multivariate analysis. When analyzed according to histological type, disease stage was the most important prognostic factor, across all histological types, and surgery was the second most important prognostic factor, except in cases of small cell carcinoma. Sex and method of detection were significantly associated with survival rates in adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma, and the association with smoking was of borderline significance for adenocarcinoma.     

Lung Cancer Survival with Current Therapies and New Targeted Treatments: A Comprehensive Update from the Srinagarind Hospital-Based Cancer Registry from (2013 to 2017)

Background: Lung cancer (LC) is a common malignancy and leading cause of cancer death worldwide and in Thailand. An update on LC survival factors after diagnosis at Srinagarind Hospital is needed. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, and the data were sourced from the Srinagarind Hospital-Based Cancer Registry. All LC cases were diagnosed between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2017, and followed up until November 30, 2019. Cases of LC (ICD-O-3) numbered 2,149, but only those with coding C34.0-C34.9 were included. The survival rate was estimated using Kaplan-Meier, while the Log-rank test was used to estimate survival. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models. Results: The 2,149 patients had a total follow-up of 269.6 person-years. Overall, 1,867 patients died during the study, for a corresponding case-fatality mortality rate of 86.0 per 100 person-years. The respective 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rate was 31.2 % (95% CI; 29.21 to 33.15%), 12.9 % (95%CI: 11.49 to 14.45), and 10.2% (95%CI: 8.74 to 11.70). After patient diagnosis, the median survival time was 0.46 years (5.51 months) (95% CI: 0.42 to 0.50). Targeted therapy was associated with longer survival than non-targeted therapy (p-value < 0.001). After adjusting for sex, TNM stage, and histologic type, multivariable analysis of the entire cohort identified chemotherapy as an independent predictor of improved survival (adjusted HR= 0.48; 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.55; P < 0.001), and that sex, TNM stage, and histologic type were associated with survival. Conclusion: The study confirmed that sex, stage of disease, histology, and chemotherapy are associated with survival of LC. Primary prevention and screening for early detection improve survival. Further investigations into factors affecting survival of LC in Northeast Thailand should focus on targeted therapy.     

Estimation of Cancer Incidences in Aichi Prefecture: Use of a Model Area with Good Quality Registry Data

In Japan, local government is responsible for organization of population-based cancer registries and the quality ‍of the registration remains modest, mainly due to dependence on voluntary-based operations without legal obligations. ‍Aichi Prefecture cancer registry covers a large population, estimated at 7 million, and its quality has yet to reach the ‍level required internationally. The derived cancer incidences for Aichi Prefecture therefore tend to be underestimated. ‍In the present study we set up a model area, located in the central part of Aichi Prefecture, with a good quality of ‍registry data, covering a reasonable population, including both urban and rural areas. Our model area has typical ‍demographic features of Aichi Prefecture. ‍The materials were data on cancer incidence and deaths during the period of 1996-2000 in this model area of ‍Aichi prefecture, with a population of approximately one million, under the jurisdiction of three public health ‍centers, covering nine municipalities. The percentage of death certificated notified (DCN) cases for all sites was ‍around 14% and the incidence/death ratio was around 1.9. Estimated age-adjusted incidence rates were found to be ‍256.0 (per 100,000) for males and 177.6 for females, these values being 10~15 % higher than those generated using ‍data for the whole prefecture, and quite close to incidence rates in Japan estimated from the highest quality of data ‍available. It is suggested that the cancer incidence in the Aichi prefecture is indeed being underestimated and that ‍the actual figures may be closer to the estimates provided here. ‍     

Population-based Cancer Survival in Sites in Viet Nam.

Background: Very few population-based cancer survival studies have been performed in Viet Nam. The aim of the present study was to estimate observed and relative cancer survival rates in populations of Phu Tho, Hanoi and Hue city. Methods: A retrospective-cohort study was performed for all 12 districts of Phu Tho province (semi-highland area in the north), eight districts of Hanoi city (Capital) and four districts of Hue city in central area). Seven indicators were collected for each case of cancer death: name, age, sex, date of the first diagnosis having cancer, date of death, the cause of death and full address. Two steps were done. Firstly, we collected name, age, sex, date of death, the cause of death and full address; secondly, we collected date of the first diagnosis having cancer by a household visit by trained interviewer. Survival time was calculated from the date of death minus the date of diagnosis for each case of cancer. Observed survival rates for 1-year, 2-years, 3-years, 4-years and 5-years were estimated by the form of survival number multiplied by 100 then corrected for the registered number of cancer cases. For relative survival rates, the observed survival rates were corrected for the general population survival rate. Results: Males and females combined, for all cancer sites, 1-year, 2-year, 3-year, 4-year and 5-year observed and relative survival rates were 23.8%-23.9%, 8.5%-8.5%, 3.8%-3.8%, 2.6%-2.6%, 1.7%-1.7%, respectively. The highest one-year relative cancer survival rate was seen in the capital, Hanoi city (49,8%), followed by Hue city in the central area (24,7%), and the lowest in Phu Tho, north-semi-highland (21.8%). Conclusions: The better cancer survival in Hanoi than in Phu Tho province, as well as the results overall, point to a need for greater efforts in early detection and treatment, especially in rural areas.     

Cancer Incidence and Mortality: District Cancer Registry,Trivandrum, South India

Background: Cancer is emerging as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low and middle-income countries. Cancer registry figures help for planning and delivery of health services. This paper provided the first results of cancer incidence and mortality [Crude (CR) and age-standardized (ASR)] rates (world-standard population) of Trivandrum district, South India and compared with other registries under the network of National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP), Government of India. Materials and Methods: Trivandrum district cancer registry encompasses a population of 3.3 million, compiles data from nearly 75 sources (hospitals and diagnostic laboratories) and included under the NCRP in 2012. During 2012-2014, registry recorded 15,649 incident cases and 5667 deaths. Proportion of microscopic diagnosis was 85% and ‘Death certificate only’ was 8%. Results: Total cancer incidence (CRs) rates were 161 and 154 (ASR: 142.2 and 126) and mortality rates were 66 and 49 (ASR: 54 and 37) per 105 males and females respectively. Common cancers in males were lung (ASR:19), oral cavity (ASR:15), colo-rectum (ASR:11.2), prostate (ASR:10.2) and lymphoma (ASR:7) and in females, breast (ASR:36), thyroid (ASR:13.4), cervix-uteri (ASR:7.3), ovary (ASR:7) and colo-rectum (ASR:7). Nationally, the highest CRs for breast, prostate, colo-rectum, corpus-uteri and urinary bladder cancers and low incidence of cervix-uteri cancer were observed in Trivandrum. Conclusion: Cancer incidence (CR) in Trivandrum was the highest in both genders in India (except Aizwal). This is mainly due to the highest life-expectancy in Kerala. Also, an epidemiologic transition in cancer pattern is taking place and is changing to more similar to "western" jurisdictions.     

Comparison between Overall,Cause-specific,and Relative Survival Rates Based on Data from a Population-based Cancer Registry

Three kinds of survival rates are generally used depending on the purpose of the investigation: overall,cause-specific, and relative. The differences among these 3 survival rates are derived from their respectiveformulas; however, reports based on actual cancer registry data are few because of incomplete information andshort follow-up duration recorded on cancer registration. The aim of this study was to numerically and visuallycompare these 3 survival rates on the basis of data from the Nagasaki Prefecture Cancer Registry. Subjectswere patients diagnosed with cancer and registered in the registry between 1999 and 2003. We calculated theproportion of cause of death and 5-year survival rates. For lung, liver, or advanced stage cancers, the proportionsof cancer-related death were high and the differences in survival rates were small. For prostate or early stagecancers, the proportions of death from other causes were high and the differences in survival rates were large.We concluded that the differences among the 3 survival rates increased when the proportion of death from othercauses increased     

Outcomes of Treatment,Survival Rates,and Factors related to Survival of Stage III Lung Cancer Patients Treated at Srinagarind Hospital,Faculty of Medicine,Khon Kaen University,Thailand

Background: Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Stage III lung cancer (Stage III-LC) is characterized by local metastasis. The treatments for LC differ at each stage, while for stage IIIA and IIIB treatment various approaches have been tried with uncertain results. We determined the survival time of Stage III-LC patient and compared survival among multiple factors. Methods: Data were collected from the Srinagarind Hospital-Based Cancer Registry (2014 - 2019). 324 patients from Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, were followed up until December 31, 2021. The survival rate was estimated using Kaplan-Meier and the Log-rank test. In addition, hazard ratios (HR) and the 95% CI were estimated using Cox regression. Results: Of the 324 Stage III-LC patients, the total follow-up time was 447.3 person-years, and 288 cases died during the study, for a mortality rate of 64.4 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 57.40-72.27). The respective 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rate was 44.1% (95% CI: 38.67-49.45), 16.2 (95% CI: 12.34-20.51), and 9.3 (95% CI: 6.14-13.31). The median survival time was 0.84 years (10.1 months) (95% CI: 0.73-1.00). After adjusting for sex and stage of disease, sequential chemoradiotherapy (SC) represented the most independent predictor of the risk of death (adjusted HR= 1.58; 95% CI: 1.41-2.18). Females had a mortality risk of 0.74-fold compared to males (adjusted HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.57-0.95). Stage of disease and stages IIIB and III (unknown and undefined) had a respective 1.33-fold (adjusted HR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.00-1.84) and 1.48-fold (adjusted HR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.09-2.00) risk of death compared to stage IIIA. Conclusion: Sex, stage of disease, and SC were related to stage III-LC survival, so physicians should emphasize combination therapy. Further research should focus on combination therapy and survival among Stage III-LC patients.     

中国癌症基金会在癌症防控中的作用

中国癌症基金会主要通过参与中央财政转移支付项目和中央财政支持社会组织参与社会服务项目、举办癌症防治公益活动及科普宣传,以及开展癌症患者援助项目等方面推动我国癌症防治事业的发展。全文概述中国癌症基金会的宗旨、业务范围以及成立30年来在我国癌症防控中的作用。     

Survival for lung cancer in northern Italy

From the population covered by the Lombardy Cancer Registry (northern Italy), all 2,259 lung cancer patients diagnosed from 1976 to 1981 were followed through 30 November 1989. The length of follow-up ranged from eight to 13 years. A special investigation on long-term survivors showed that a negligible proportion (0.01 percent) of errors occur in determining life status when an active follow-up is adopted. Age, stage, and histotype were found to be statistically significant, independent, prognostic factors in multivariate analysis both by the Cox model and by a model considering the relative survival. Observed survival was 29 percent at one year after diagnosis, 13 percent at two years, eight percent at three years, five percent at five years and two percent at 10 years. Survival decreased with age, but the youngest patients of both sexes showed lower survival compared with immediately subsequent ages. Among morphologically confirmed tumors, epidermoid carcinomas and adenocarcinomas showed the highest survival (38 percent and 33 percent at one year, respectively); small cell carcinomas showed the poorest prognosis (one-year survival, 23 percent). Beyond the second year after diagnosis, differences between histotypes became slighter. Survival according to stage showed a decreasing pattern from limited to advanced tumors, one-year figures being 41 percent for localized tumors, 27 percent for regional metastasis, and three percent for distant metastasis. Relative survival in Varese was compared with that reported by other cancer registries in Western countries: the variability noted could be related to different modalities of registration and to different distribution of clinical and demographic factors.     

Incidence of Smoking-Related Second Primary Cancers After Lung Cancer in Germany: An Analysis of Nationwide Cancer Registry Data

IntroductionApproximately 80% of lung cancer cases in Germany are attributable to smoking. Patients with a lung cancer diagnosis may remain at increased risk of developing smoking-related second primary cancers (SPCs).MethodsAnonymous data from 11 population-based cancer registries covering approximately 50% of the German population were pooled for the analysis. Included patients were diagnosed with having an index lung cancer between 2002 and 2013, aged 30 to 99 years old at diagnosis, and survived for at least 6 months. We calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs)—stratified by age, sex, region, and period—comparing the incidence of smoking-related and other SPCs to the general population.ResultsOf the 135,589 lung cancer survivors (68.2% male; mean follow-up 30.8 mo) analyzed, 5298 developed an SPC. In males, the risk was particularly high for SPCs of the larynx (SIR = 3.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.14–4.34), pharynx (3.17, 2.61–3.81), and oral cavity (2.86, 2.38–3.41). For females, SIRs were notably elevated for the esophagus (4.66, 3.15–6.66), oral cavity (3.14, 2.03–4.63), and urinary tract (2.68, 2.04–3.45). When combining all smoking-related cancer sites, SIR was 1.41 in males (95% CI: 1.36–1.47) and 1.81 in females (95% CI: 1.68–1.94). We observed that males had a 1.46-fold (95% CI: 1.37–1.56) and females a 1.33-fold (95% CI: 1.20–1.47) increased risk for smoking-related compared with other cancers.ConclusionsPatients with primary lung cancer were at increased risk for developing a smoking-related SPC. Therefore, the advantages of increased patient surveillance and the benefits of smoking cessation strategies should be considered.     

Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Central Myanmar: Report of Nay Pyi Taw Population-Based Cancer Registry

Background: Cancer is a major public health problem in Myanmar, and cancer registration activities are currently underway through both hospital-based and population-based approaches. So far, there are no population-based cancer incidence and mortality estimates in the country. Methods: According to the 2014 census, the total population of Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory was 1,160,242 within the area of 70,571 km2. Nay Pyi Taw Cancer Registry team collected data of new cancer cases both actively and passively from all data sources in the region. The data were registered, updated, cross-checked, quality-assured, and analyzed in CanReg5. The results were presented as the number of cases by site, sex, and age, cumulative risk (CR), crude rate, age-specific, and age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) per 100,000. Results: Total 5,952 new cancer cases and 1874 cancer deaths were recorded among the population of the Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory between 2013 and 2017. The age-standardized incidence rate for all cancer sites excluding non-melanoma skin cancers in males was 125.9 and 107.3 for females. For both sexes combined, the most common cancers were lung (14%), breast (11.4%), liver (10.2%), mouth and pharynx (8.5%), and stomach cancers (7.8%). In males, the most common were lung (18.1%), liver (14.8%), mouth and pharynx (13%), stomach (8.9%) and colon, rectum, and anus (7.4%) cancers. In females, these were breast (21.2%), cervix (13.0%), lung (10.3%), stomach (6.9%) and colon, rectum, and anus (6.3%) cancers. The most common cancer deaths were caused by liver (20.8%), lung (15.7%), mouth and pharynx (9.3%), stomach (7.5%), and Colon, rectum, and anus (6.8%) cancers. Conclusion: The findings in this study are salient and have potential to serve as important information for the National Cancer Control Program to formulate prevention and control strategies.     

A Population-Based Study of Incidence and Survival of 1588 Thymic Malignancies: Results From the California Cancer Registry

BackgroundThymic malignancies are rare and there are limited contemporary population-based epidemiological studies for this uncommon cancer.Patients and MethodsAdults aged 20 years and older diagnosed with thymic malignancies between 1988 and 2015 were identified from the California Cancer Registry (n = 1588). Trends in age-adjusted incidence rates were examined overall and according to race/ethnicity, and the proportion diagnosed according to stage was evaluated over time. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS), and Fine and Gray competing risks regression for cause-specific survival (CSS).ResultsAge-adjusted incidence increased on average 2.08% per year over the study period (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30%-2.86%; P < .0001), with an incidence of 0.277 cases per 100,000 in 2015. Incidence was highest among Asian/Pacific Islander and non-Hispanic black individuals. The proportion of unknown stage at diagnosis declined as localized diagnoses increased over time. Compared with patients with thymoma, those with thymic carcinoma had significantly worse OS (HR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.33-2.01; P < .0001) and CSS (subdistribution HR, 2.99; 95% CI, 2.29-3.91; P < .0001). Advanced stage at diagnosis was also associated with worse survival. Surgical intervention was associated with better prognosis for patients with localized (HR, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.02-0.30; P = .0002) or regional disease (HR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.06-0.34; P < .0001).ConclusionThymic malignancy incidence is increasing in California. There was incidence variation across race/ethnicity, which warrants future study. These findings provide contemporary insight into the incidence and prognostic factors of thymic malignancies.     

Survival and Mortality in Prostatic Cancer: A Study Based on the Swedish cancer register

A total of 44 300 cases of prostatic cancer, comprising 99% of all newly diagnosed living cases reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry in 1960 through 1978 constituted a cohort followed up for 1-19 years. Survival rates were adjusted for expected mortality in the general population and were expressed as relative survival (RS). RS for the total cohort after 5, 10 and 20 years was 51, 34 and 17% respectively, with an annual excess death rate of about 8% which persisted also after long-term observation. RS was similar in age groups between 45 and 74 years, whereas among patients older than 74 years at diagnosis approximately 10% lower RS appeared early and was persistent. RS improved for patients diagnosed at consecutive 5-year periods. Thus, the high mortality rate in old age groups and the low long-term RS contradicted the concept that biologically inactive tumours constitute a significant proportion of prostatic cancers diagnosed in clinical practice.