脑血流自动调节下限的无创测定方法研究

目的探讨脑血流自动调节下限(LLCA)的无创测定方法。方法选择青年健康志愿者32人,用经颅超声多普勒仪、无创血压监测仪监测和记录大脑中动脉的血流流速、桡动脉血压,用常规法和傅立叶变换法分别测定两组临界关闭压(CCP)和LLCA值。结果用常规法测定CCP有4例为负值,这4例经傅立叶变换法测定均为正值。常规法测定的LLCA值为(66.76±9.14)mmHg,傅立叶变换法测定的LLCA值为(60.79±10.12)mmHg,两者比较有显著性差异。结论临床无创测定LLCA宜用傅立叶变换法。     

实验性高血压对脑血流自动调节功能影响的动态观察

目的　动态观察高血压对脑血流自动调节下限的影响 ,及其与脑血管病理形态改变的关系。方法　选用 80只易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠 (RHRSP) ,在术后不同的时间点 ,利用临界关闭压测定脑血流自动调节下限 (LLCA) ,并动脉插管测定血压和定量分析脑血管的形态变化 ,分别与正常血压对照组 (80只 )的结果进行比较。结果　RHRSP组的LLCA术后第 6周开始升高 ,第 10周后明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,基本稳定于 110mmHg左右。多元回归分析发现 ,LLCA的升高主要与平均动脉压呈正相关 (r=0 96 8,P <0 0 5 ) ,与脑内微动脉的中膜厚度呈正相关 (r=0 94 0 ,P <0 0 5 )。并且LLCA的变化在平均动脉压改变的中间过程最明显 ,而于平均动脉压轻度和重度升高时变化不大 ,呈“S”形改变 (R2 =0 970 1,P <0 0 5 )。结论　高血压LLCA上移主要与平均动脉压有关 ,是脑内微动脉中膜增厚的体现 ,于血压升高中期改变最为明显。     

脑血管反应性检测方法的临床评价

目的对二氧化碳吸入、屏气及过度换气等3种不同的脑血管反应性检测方法进行比较,拟为临床应用探索一种有效且简便的方法。方法70例健康体格检查者通过经颅多普勒(TCD)超声技术常规检测颅底及颈部各动脉,然后分别进行二氧化碳吸入试验、过度换气试验和屏气试验,记录试验前后双侧大脑中动脉血流速度变化数据和趋势,检测脑血管反应性。结果吸入二氧化碳后,大脑中动脉平均血流速度明显加快,增加率为(44.86±10.18)%;过度换气时,平均血流速度明显减慢,于过度换气20～30s后降至平台期,平均下降率为(33.63±8.62)%,直至过度通气结束血流速度无明显变化。70例受试者平均屏气时间为(41.66±9.51)s,其中男性屏气时间(42.05±9.23)s,女性(40.63±10.47)s,男女之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);屏气后大脑中动脉平均血流速度明显加快,增加率为(46.53±11.83)%;平均屏气指数为1.16±0.37;屏气后血流速度增加率和屏气指数之间呈高度正相关(r=0.865,P<0.01);当屏气时间>30s时,无论采用屏气后血流速度增加率或屏气指数作为分析指标,均可准确地反映脑血管反应性变化。对二氧化碳吸入试验、过度换气试验及屏气试验3种不同方法进行比较显示,过度换气试验与二氧化碳吸入试验、屏气试验间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);而二氧化碳吸入试验与屏气试验之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论二氧化碳吸入试验、屏气试验和过度换气试验均可有效地评价脑血管反应性,其中以屏气试验评价脑血管反应性更为简便。     

临界关闭压对于正常大鼠脑血流自动调节的作用

目的 探讨正常大鼠脑血流自动调节范围内和超出自动调节范围后,临界关闭压（critical closing pressure,CCP）对脑血流的调控作用。 方法 健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为升压组和降压组各70只,除去手术失败的动物,完整采集数据升压 组69只,降压组54只。分别以10～15 mmHg为一级逐步升高、降低血压,同步记录大鼠大脑中动脉血 流速度（cerebral blood flow velocity,CBFV）和有创血压,绘制自动调节曲线,并按照CCP理论计算CCP 和血管面积阻力指数（resistance area product,RAP）,分析血流动力参数之间,以及血流动力学参数 与血压变化间的关系。 结果 动脉血压升高或降低过程中,正常大鼠的脑血流自动调节上、下限分别为（148.12±7.49）mmHg、 （62.96±3.34）mmHg。脑血流自动调节范围内,CBFV随动脉血压改变轻微,超出自动调节范围后,CBFV 随动脉血压升高明显增加（r =0.896,P =0.000）,或随动脉血压降低明显减小（r =0.945,P＜0.001）。 CCP变化恰好与CBFV相反,自动调节范围内随动脉血压改变明显,与平均动脉压呈明显正相关（升压 r =0.967、降压r =0.969,P均＜0.001）,超出自动调节范围后改变量明显减小。RAP也有CCP的类似趋势, 但数值变化量不是很明显,只有降压过程自动调节范围内的改变量明显大于超出自动调节范围后。 结论 大鼠脑血流调控过程中,自动调节有效范围内,脑血流的稳定与CCP和RAP密切相关,尤其是 CCP。微动脉血管紧张度和微动脉直径变化共同参与了脑血流的调控。     

超声测定缺氧缺血性脑病新生患儿脑中动脉血流水平及其与病情严重程度的关系

目的 探讨超声测定缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)新生患儿大脑中动脉(MCA)血流水平及其与病情严重程度的关系。方法 选取2014年6月-2017年6月本院确诊治疗的HIE新生患儿100例,依据病情严重程度分为轻度组(n=70例)和重度组(n=30例),同期选取健康新生儿30例作为对照组,所有新生儿均给予超声测定MCA的收缩期峰值流速(Vs)、舒张末期流速(Vd)、阻力指数(RI)水平,并采用新生儿神经行为评分法(NBNA)评估神经行为。结果 在MCA的Vs、Vd水平和NBNA评分方面重度组明显低于轻度组,轻度组明显低于对照组(P<0.05); 在MCA的RI水平方面重度组明显高于轻度组,轻度组明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,Vs、Vd水平与NBNA评分呈正相关(r=0.702,0.714,P<0.001),RI水平与NBNA评分呈负相关(r=-0.754,P<0.001)。结论 MCA的血流(Vs、Vd、RI)水平与新生儿HIE的发生及其病情严重程度有关,早期检测其水平可作为评估和指导HIE诊治的重要参考指标。     

经颅多普勒超声结合二氧化碳试验评价颈内动脉狭窄患者的脑血管反应

目的:检测颈内动脉(intracranial artery,ICA)狭窄患者的脑血管反应性(CVR),探讨其狭窄程度与脑血管反应性之间的关系,以期为临床治疗及预防提供依据.方法:对不同程度ICA狭窄患者,采用德国DWL型经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检测仪,结合二氧化碳试验分别测得过度换气、吸入CO2气体、屏气后的大脑中动脉(MCA)的脑血流速度以计算CVR.结果:①病例组中ICA-MCA狭窄患者通过过度换气、吸入CO2气体、屏气后MCA的最大速度变化率、平均速度变化率均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);②病例组轻、中、高度ICA狭窄或者闭塞ICA-MCA狭窄患者吸入CO2气体后各组MCA血流速度增加率依次减低,并且两两比较,P＜0.05,差异有显著意义.ICA-MCA狭窄患者由于血管狭窄、闭塞、血流受阻使CVR功能降低,狭窄程度越重,CVR功能越差,发生低灌注的危险性越大.结论:经颅多普勒超声检测CVR可行,可作为评估CVR的简便手段之一.     

急性脑梗死患者事件相关电位及其与认知功能的相关性

目的分析脑梗死患者的事件相关电位与认知障碍的关系。方法应用简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)和相关事件电位(ERP)的检测,分析脑梗死患者的认知功能变化与P300的关系。结果脑梗死组MMSE评分低于正常对照组(P<0.01),P300潜伏期高于正常对照组,振幅低于正常对照组(P<0.05)。脑梗死组P300潜伏期与年龄(r=0.477,P<0.05)成正相关,与学历(r=-0.516,P<0.05)、MMSE(r=-0.549,P<0.05)、功能独立性评定量表(FIM)认知项呈负相关(r=-0.584,P<0.01),而与抑郁、性别、神经功能缺损评分、MBI、既往史评分、伴发病评分等因素不相关。结论听觉P300潜伏期可以客观反映急性脑梗死患者的认知功能障碍。     

脑卒中急性期患者血清Leptin水平及其相关性研究

目的 研究脑卒中急性期患者血清Leptin(瘦素)水平及与血压、血清胰岛素、血糖、血脂的关系。方法用放射免疫分析法测定183例急性脑血管病患者血清Leptin水平,其中脑梗死119例(男65例,女54例),脑出血64例(男41例,女23例),并同时测定空腹血糖、血清胰岛素、血脂,且与137例健康体检者进行对照。结果 男性脑梗死及脑出血患者的Leptin水平高于男性对照组(P<0.01),且以男性脑出血患者增高更明显。女性脑出血组的Leptin水平高于女性对照组(P<0.01)。脑出血急性期患者血清Leptin水平与血糖呈正相关(r=0.48,P<0.01),与血清胰岛素呈正相关(r=0.58,P<0.01),与血压呈正相关(r=0.37,P<0.05),与高密度脂蛋白呈负相关(r=-0.38,P<0.01)。急性脑梗死患者血清Leptin水平与血清胰岛素呈正相关(r=0.47,P<0.01),与高密度脂蛋白呈负相关(r=-0.30,P<0.05。结论 急性脑血管病患者血清Leptin水平升高,是神经内分泌功能紊乱的表现,是脑出血急性期患者的危险因素之一。     

脑卒中患者发生睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征状况及其与体质量的关系

目的探讨脑卒中患者发生睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(SAHS)的状况及其与体质量的关系。方法应用便携式睡眠呼吸监测仪对68例脑卒中并有睡眠打鼾的患者进行监测,记录患者睡眠中血氧饱和度<90%占整个记录时间的百分比(TS90%)、呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)和氧减饱和指数(ODI);并对各指标与患者的体质量指数(BMI)进行相关性分析。结果本组患者中,睡眠呼吸正常15例(22.1%);SAHS者53例(77.9%),其中轻度30例(44.1%),中度7例(10.3%),重度16例(23.5%)。AHI与ODI、睡眠呼吸暂停程度及BMI呈正相关(r=0.907,r=0.944,r=0.315;均P<0.01);TS90%与AHI、ODI和BMI及呼吸暂停程度呈正相关(r=0.685,r=0.769,r=0.383,r=0.673;均P<0.01);睡眠呼吸暂停程度与BMI呈正相关(r=0.317,P=0.008)。结论伴有睡眠打鼾的脑卒中患者SAHS的发生率较高,导致夜间出现低氧饱和度;其睡眠呼吸暂停程度与体质量有明显关系。     

抑郁症患者家属的社会支持及家庭功能研究

目的:探讨抑郁症患者家属感知的的社会支持和家庭功能特征。方法:采用社会支持量表(MSPSS)和家庭功能量表(FAD)对50例抑郁症患者的家属(抑郁症患者家属组)及50名正常人(对照组)进行调查。结果:①抑郁症患者家属组MSPSS评分中的社会支持总分(45.1±11.8)分明显高于正常对照组(25.5±9.7)分,两组间比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05);②抑郁症患者家属组的FAD评定除情感卷入维度外,其他5个维度(问题解决、交流、角色、情感反应、行为控制)和总体功能均在不健康家庭功能范围之内;并与社会支持均呈正相关[问题解决(r=0.228,P<0.05),交流(r=0.250,P<0.05),角色(r=0.209,P<0.05),情感反应(r=0.291,P<0.01),行为控制(r=0.289,P<0.01)和总体功能(r=0.217,P<0.05)]。结论:抑郁症患者家属体验到社会支持程度较低,家庭功能有缺陷;社会支持可能影响到家庭功能。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.