抑郁症患者血清细胞因子、C-反应蛋白的水平变化及临床意义

目的探讨血清细胞因子白介素（IL）-6、IL-1B、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-a及C-反应蛋白（CRP）水平在抑郁症患者中的变化,以期对抑郁症的诊断有所帮助。方法分抑郁症组与同期健康体检者（对照组）,采用酶联免疫吸附法fEuSA）测定其血清IL-6、IL—1B、TNF—a水平,散射速率比浊法测定血清CRP水平。结果抑郁症患者血清IL-6（9．03±5．38）pg／ml、TNF—a（14．11±7．48）pg／ml及CRP（6．73±5．80）mg／L水平均明显高于对照组．差异均有统计学意义（t分别=3．12、2．45、2．88,P均〈0．05）;抑郁症患者血清IL-6与TNF—a水平具有相关性（r=-0．48,P〈0．05）。结论血清细胞因子IL-6、TNF—a及CRP水平升高可能与抑郁症发病有关。     

体外循环时间及主动脉阻断时间不同时再灌注后细胞因子的变化及其与心功能的关系

目的：探讨在体外循环时间和主动脉阻断时间不同时再灌注后细胞因子的变化及其与心功能的关系，方法：12条雄性杂种狼犬，按体外循环升主动脉阻断时间不同分为两组，组I（n=6):主动脉阻断25min，组Ⅱ（n=6)：主动脉阻断150min。分别于转流前和再灌注后180min抽取动脉血检测肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF－α）和白细胞介素6（IL－6）的水平，监测血流动力学，结果：再灌注后血浆TNF－α和IL－6与转流前比较组I无明显升高（P＞0．05），组II与转流前比较显著升高，转流后两组之间比较组II明显高于组I（P均＜0．05），终止体外循环后组I心功能无明显变化（P＞0．05），组II平均动脉压，心脏指数，每搏指数，左心室每搏作功指数均显著降低并低于组I（P＜0．01），TNF－α和IL－6与上述心功能指标呈明显的负相关，结论：长时间体外循环和主动脉阻断是造成再灌注后细胞因子升高的主要原因；而细胞因子升高与心功能障碍的发生明显相关。     

肾移植术后急性排斥反应中血清半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C和C-反应蛋白水平的变化及意义

目的探讨血清胱抑素C(Cys C)和C-反应蛋白(CRP)在肾移植术后急性排斥反应过程中的变化及意义。方法采用免疫速率散射比浊法分别检测80例健康人、86例肾移植患者术前、急性排斥反应组及肾功能稳定组血清Cys C和CRP的浓度。结果急性排斥反应组和肾功能稳定组血清Cys C和CRP水平均明显高于正常对照组。尽管与术前相比,二者血清Cys C和CRP水平均明显降低,但急性排斥反应组血清Cys C和CRP水平均明显高于肾功能稳定组。结论 Cys C和CRP可做为辅助诊断肾移植术后急性排斥反应发生的免疫生物学指标。     

体外循环术中高血糖对术后认知功能的影响

目的研究体外循环（CPB）心脏手术中高血糖症与术后认知功能障碍的关系。方法本院86例CPB下行心脏瓣膜置换术（CVR）或冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）的非糖尿病成年患者,在术前及术后6周用标准化神经系统检查进行认知功能评分,并在术中监测患者血糖水平,按照术中出现高血糖（〉200mg／dL）与否分为A、B两组,比较两组患者的术前术后认知功能评分,分析术中高血糖与术后认知功能障碍的关系。结果术中出现高血糖的患者,与术中未出现高血糖的患者比较,术后认知功能评分显著降低,认知功能障碍发生率明显增加（P〈0．01）。结论在接受体外循环手术的患者中,术中高血糖是术后出现认知功能障碍的独立毹险因素。     

慢性心力衰竭中细胞因子的变化及其临床意义

目的观察肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白介素6（IL-6）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）、转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）在慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者中的变化及其临床意义。方法抽取49例基础疾病为缺血性心脏病、扩张型心肌病及高血压性心脏病的CHF患者和30例健康体查者的血清,用酶联免疫检测法（ELISA）测定血清TNF－α、IL－6及TGF-β1浓度,用速率散射比浊法测定CRP浓度,超声心动图测定左室射血分数（LVEF）,并进行比较分析。结果CHF患者血清TNF-α、IL－6和CRP水平明显高于健康对照组（P〈0．01）,并与LVEF呈显著负相关（r＝－0．72,P〈0．01;r＝－0．78,P〈0．01;r＝－0．81,P〈0．01）。CHF患者血清TGF-β1水平明显低于健康对照组（P〈0．01）,并与LVEF呈显著正相关（r＝0．74,P〈0．01）。且心衰越重,上述变化越明显。结论CHF患者细胞因子网络失衡,炎性反应因子升高,抗炎因子降低,失衡的细胞因子网络参与了CHF的发生和发展。细胞因子的浓度可以作为CHF患者评估的参考指标。     

药物滥用者血清中细胞因子、NO含量变化与免疫功能损害关系的研究

目的探讨药物滥用者血清中细胞因子、NO含量变化及其与免疫功能损害的相互关系.方法采用放射免疫法检测50例药物滥用者血清中细胞因子、NO含量并与正常人比较.结果药物滥用者IL-1、IL-2和TNF含量明显低于正常人(P＜0.01),NO含量非常显著高于正常人(P＜0.001).结论药物滥用者细胞因子含量降低和NO含量升高可能是其免疫功能(特异性免疫和非特异性免疫)损害的主要原因.     

心脏术后循环功能的监测与护理

随着体外循环技术和心外科业务的迅速发展,心脏手术的广泛开展,其手术难度日益增大,对术后的监护技术的要求也不断提高.心脏手术后尤其是体外循环心内直视手术后,由于原有心脏疾患,心功能较差,加上手术创伤,循环功能的改变,病情变化快,因此术后严密监护循环功能,维持其稳定,直接关系到手术的成功率,是术后护理的重要环节之一.     

体外循环心脏直视手术80例术后血清钠离子浓度的变化及其临床意义

目的:研究体外循环心脏手术患者术后血清钠离子的变化及其临床意义.方法:对我院2008年5月至2009年5月80例体外循环手术患者术后血清钠离子浓度变化进行观察,其中男36例,女44例,平均年龄36.53岁;二尖瓣置换29例,二尖瓣主动脉瓣联合置换6例,房间隔缺损20例,室间隔缺损18例,房室隔缺损3例,法洛四联症4例.分别考察各例手术患者术前、术中、术后影响血清钠离子浓度变化的可能因素.结果:所有病例中术后低钠血症(血清钠<135 mmol/L)发生率为70%,低钠持续时间1～3 d者占7.5%,低钠4～9 d者占40%,低钠>9 d者占22.5%,手术过程对机体内分泌的影响、手术创伤与体外循环均有可能是导致术后低钠的原因.低钠血症的发生与主动脉阻断时间、患者年龄呈正相关.与术后多巴胺及硝普钠维持时间呈负相关,术后患者出院时间与低钠持续时间呈正相关.结论:体外循环心脏手术患者术后低钠血症发生比较常见,但具体原因及机制仍不清楚.低钠血症给术后患者的康复带来一定的影响,及时纠正低钠血症有利于患者早日康复、缩短住院时间.防治术后低钠必须引起临床重视.     

C-反应蛋白与急性前壁心肌梗死患者心电图ST段变化的关系

目的:观察急性前壁心肌梗死患者心电图ST段变化和C-反应蛋白水平之间的关系。方法:28例首次发病的急性前壁心肌梗死患者为观察对象,对其发病后第1,2,3,7d做12导联心电图和血清C-反应蛋白水平的检查,根据检查结果将患者分为两型。A型:ST段在电平线(基线)上;B型:ST段抬高伴或不伴T波倒置,并比较A,B两型患者的血清C-反应蛋白水平。结果:A型患者例数(愈后好者)随发病时间的延长而逐渐增多,急性前壁心肌梗死发病第1d有8例,第2d增加到15例,第3d为16例,到7d已达21例。B型患者例数则相应减少。A,B两型患者的血清水平在第1d和第7d相比差异无统计学意义,而在第2d和第3d差异有统计学意义。结论:急性前壁心肌梗死患者发病后第2d和第3d心电图ST段抬高与高C-反应蛋白水平密切相关。这对ST段抬高患者的预后有重要指导意义。     

急性冠脉综合征患者C-反应蛋白与冠状动脉狭窄程度的关系

目的　探讨C -反应蛋白 (CRP)预测急性冠脉综合征 (ACS)的价值以及CRP与ACS患者冠状动脉病变狭窄程度的关系。方法　用免疫速率散射比浊法测定 79例ACS患者血清CRP水平 ,并与 5 0例稳定型心绞痛 (SAP)患者进行对照 ;同时根据ACS患者冠状动脉造影结果 ,对冠状动脉病变的狭窄程度进行评分 ;用统计学方法分析ACS患者血清CRP水平与冠状动脉病变狭窄程度积分间的关系。结果　ACS组的对数转换CRP(logCRP)水平显著高于SAP组 (P <0 0 0 1) ;ACS组患者血清CRP水平与冠状动脉狭窄程度积分之间无相关性 (r =0 0 0 4 5 ,P >0 5 )。结论　CRP可作为预测ACS的指标之一 ;CRP水平不能反映ACS患者冠状动脉病变的严重程度     

Acute renal failure following cardiopulmonary bypass: a changing picture

Objective: To assess the incidence of acute renal failure (ARF) developing perioperatively in adult patients requiring cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (CPB) and to make comparisons with data from the same institution published earlier. Design: Prospective, observational. Setting: Tertiary referral centre for cardiopulmonary medicine. Patients and participants: All patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) who developed ARF perioperatively necessitating continuous veno-venous haemofiltration (CVVH) during the 24 months January 1997–December 1998. Interventions: None. Measurements and results: Of 2337 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery, 47 (2.0 %) needed CVVH. Patients were excluded from analysis who underwent cardiac transplantation (n = 4), pericardial surgery (n = 3) or insertion of a left ventricular assist device (n = 1). Of the remaining 39, 21 patients died in ICU (53.8 % mortality). Relatively more non-survivors suffered from diabetes, hypertension and preoperative renal dysfunction. A previous report from our Unit revealed that, in 1989–90, 2.7 % of all patients undergoing CPB required CVVH with an in-hospital mortality of 83 %. The current study population were older (65.3 vs 56.0 years in 1990), and more severely ill as evidenced by a higher percentage of patients requiring redo (30 % vs 8.6 % in 1990) and emergency (50 % vs 25.7 % in 1990) surgery. Conclusions: The need for CVVH following CPB may be diminishing despite increased risk factors. ARF-associated mortality in these circumstances is falling. Received: 10 September 1999 Final revision received: 18 January 2000 Accepted: 15 February 2000     

连续性肾脏替代治疗对急性肾功能衰竭患者血浆细胞因子的影响

目的探讨连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)对急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)患者血浆细胞因子的影响。方法对42例急性肾功能衰竭患者进行CRRT治疗,使用ELISA法检测治疗前和治疗后4、12、24、48 h血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、IL-8的浓度,并与同期健康人群做比较。结果 ARF患者TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8血浆浓度均显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01),4种细胞因子在CRRT治疗4 h开始后显著下降,12 h时浓度降至最低,24～48 h有不同程度的回升,但仍低于治疗前水平。结论 CRRT能有效清除ARF患者血浆细胞因子,从而阻断炎症反应。     

伴发肾功能不全的多器官功能障碍综合征患者的临床特征及预后

目的　探讨伴发肾功能不全的多脏器功能障碍综合征 (MODS)患者的临床特征及预后。方法　对一综合性ICU中 6 0例MODS患者的临床特征进行回顾性分析 ,并比较了入院时APACHEⅡ评分、序贯器官衰竭估计 (sequentialorganfailureassessment,SOFA)评分对预后的预测作用。结果　 6 0例MODS患者中发生肾功能不全 4 5例 (75 % ) ,未发生肾功能不全 15例 (2 5 % ) ,二组比较病死率无差异 ,但发生肾功能不全组器官衰竭个数、最大SOFA评分明显高于未发生肾功能不全组 (P <0 0 1)。在发生肾功能不全的患者中存活组与死亡组临床特征比较显示 ,两组在少尿、休克的存在、行机械通气治疗、器官衰竭的个数、入院后肾功能不全出现的时间、入院肾SOFA评分、肾最大SOFA评分及总最大SOFA评分差异有显著意义(P <0 0 5 )。少尿组与非少尿组患者临床特征比较显示少尿组患者病死率、器官衰谒个数、总最大SOAF评分、肾最大SOFA评分明显高于非少尿组 (P <0 0 1)。结论　在MODS中肾脏损害较普遍。伴发肾功能不全的MODS患者中影响预后的因素主要有少尿、休克的存在、行机械通气治疗、器官衰竭的个数、迟发的肾功能衰竭。SOAF评分对估计MODS患者的病情及预测预后具有良好的临床应用价值。     

Tubular proteinuria and enzymuria following open heart surgery

Objective We investigated the effect of cardiac surgery on a marker of tubular damage, an enzyme called neutral endopeptidase (NEP), and on a marker of tubular function, retinol binding protein (RBP). Markers of tubular damage or function are useful in the early detection of acute renal failure and help identify the risk factors for this disease. We also examined if colloid interfered with NEP measurement.Design A controlled prospective cohort study.Setting A teaching cardio-thoracic unit in London, England.Patients and participants Thirty-four patients underwent cardiac surgery. Eight patients waiting for cardiac surgery acted as controls.Interventions Twenty-five patients had coronary artery bypass graft, four patients had valve replacements, one patient had a coronary artery bypass graft with a valve replacement and one patient had a left ventricular aneurysm repair.Measurements and Results Neutral endopeptidase was measured in all the patients and controls. In separate subgroups RBP (n=5) and Gelofusine use (n=12) were recorded. Urine samples were collected pre-operatively, 3 h, 1 and 4 days post-operatively. NEP rose significantly (p<0.05) after cardiac surgery compared with the control population. RBP also rose significantly (p<0.05) after cardiac surgery. NEP correlated with RBP 3 h post-operatively (p<0.05, r²=0.97). There was no correlation between the amount of Gelofusine given and NEP excretion.Conclusion Excretion of NEP and RBP were both increased after cardiac surgery. Colloid did not affect the excretion of NEP, although in other studies it has affected the excretion of RBP. This may make NEP excretion a better index of acute and impending renal damage following cardiac surgery.Partial funding was obtained via a research vacation scholarship from the Wellcome Trust. (JB)Work was carried out at The Middlesex Hospital, London.     

连续性肾脏替代治疗在心脏术后MODS合并ARF中的应用

目的　探讨连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)在心脏术后多脏器功能障碍综合征(MODS)合并急性肾衰竭(ARF)中的疗效和预后。方法　将4 7例行CRRT治疗的心脏术后MODS合并ARF患者分为存活组(A组,2 6例)和死亡组(B组,2 1例) ,分别进行MODS评分、APACHEⅢ评分、术前心功能分级、体外循环时间、CRRT距ARF和尿量<0 .5ml·Kg-1·h-1时间、平均动脉压(MAP)、氧合指数、血尿素氮(BUN)和血肌酐(Scr)等指标的比较。结果　①治疗前B组受损的器官数明显多于A组(P <0 .0 5 ) ;②CRRT前B组MODS评分和APACHEⅢ评分显著高于A组(P <0 .0 5 ) ,CRRT治疗12h后,仅A组MODS评分和APACHEⅢ评分明显下降(P <0 .0 5 ) ;③CRRT治疗12h后,两组血尿素氮和血肌酐均明显降低,仅A组氧合指数增高(P <0 .0 5 ) ;④B组的CRRT距ARF和尿量<0 .5ml·Kg-1·h-1时间明显高于A组(P <0 .0 5 )。结论　心脏术后MODS器官损害数多的患者病死率高。将MODS评分与APACHEⅢ评分系统结合应用,能较精确地评定心脏术后MODS合并ARF患者病情的严重程度。CRRT是该类患者治疗的有效手段,但必须强调早期ARF诊断和及时CRRT治疗,行CRRT治疗越晚其预后越差,尽早行CRRT治疗,对改善患者的预后有积极作用。     

Small increases in the urinary excretion of glutathione S-transferase A1 and P1 after cardiac surgery are not associated with clinically relevant renal injury

Objective: Cardiac surgery is an important risk factor for the development of acute renal failure. Cytosolic enzymes glutathione S-transferase (GST) A1 and P1 are present selectively in proximal and distal tubular cells, respectively. We determined the extent and site of tubular injury and examined if GST excretion may predict a clinically relevant change in renal function. Design and setting: A prospective, observational study in 84 consecutive patients in the cardiac surgery intensive care unit of the University Medical Centre Nijmegen. Measurements and results: Urinary GST enzyme excretion was determined 0–4 h and 20–24 h after cardiac surgery by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data are expressed as median and 5–95% range. Urinary excretion of GSTA1 was increased: 1.25 g/mmol [0.31–10.20] creatinine at t =0–4 h ( p <0.0001, compared with controls; 0.25 [0.1–0.8]) and returned to normal values at t =20–24 h. Excretion of GSTP1 was 2.11 g/mmol [0.52–17.82] creatinine ( p <0.0001) at t =0–4 h and remained significantly elevated: 0.84 [0.30–16.86] at t =20–24 h ( p =0.01) compared with controls (0.5 [0.2–1.1]). The ten patients with the highest urinary excretion of GSTA1 or GSTP1 did not demonstrate a different plasma creatinine level on postoperative day 3, compared with the ten patients with the lowest urinary excretion of GSTA1 or GSTP1. Conclusion : Uncomplicated cardiac surgery results in a statistically significant increase in the urinary excretion of GSTA1 and GSTP1 as compared with healthy controls, indicating proximal and distal tubular damage. However, this small increase in urinary excretion of GSTs is not associated with clinically relevant renal injury.P. Pickkers is a recipient of a Clinical Fellowship grant of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (ZonMw). J.J.A.E. and L.T.G.J.v.E. equally contributed to the writing of this paper     

连续性高容量血液滤过对重症急性肾功能衰竭患者外周血细胞因子的影响

目的 研究连续性高容量血液滤过(CHVHF)对重症急性肾衰患者外周血TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2R、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8、IL-l0的影响。方法 18例重症急性肾衰(ARF)患者使用Baxter BM25机器及F40型聚砜膜滤器行CHVHF治疗9—10h／d。置换液流量为400-500m1／h，均以前稀释方式输入。在治疗前和治疗后2、4、6、8和10h(或结束时)取血检测TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-2R、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8、IL-l0的浓度。结果 18例重症ARF患者存活13例，其中10例肾功能完全恢复。治疗后血浆促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-2R以及IL-8水平均逐渐降低，并以治疗后6—8h降低最为显著。然而．在CHVHF治疗8—10h，均有不同程度地回升，但仍均显著低于CHVHF治疗前水平。血浆抗炎细胞因子IL-4、IL-6及IL-l0在CHVHF治疗后也逐步降低，以治疗后2—4h降低最显著，随后均逐渐升高，并维持至治疗后10h。结论 使用60型血滤器行CHVHF可清除多种细胞因子，其清除作用具有饱和效应，适时更换血滤器可能有助于增加这些炎性细胞因子的清除。     

外科术后患者呼吸功能不全的危险因素分析及预防

目的 探讨外科术后患者发生呼吸功能不全的危险因素及其预防.方法 选择皖北煤电集团总医院2009年10月至2011年5月外科术后留观我科的患者62例,其中心胸外科术后25例,腹部外科术后37例.62例患者中12例（占19.4%）术后出现呼吸功能不全,出现呼吸功能不全的12例患者中心胸外科术后患者8例（占67%）,腹部外科术后患者4例（占33%）.将12例发生呼吸功能不全的患者设为研究组,余50例为对照组.分析患者年龄、吸烟史、术前肺功能评估、合并慢性阻塞性肺病、手术部位及手术方式等因素.结果 研究组高龄 （＞65岁）、长期吸烟（吸烟指数〉400）、合并慢性阻塞性肺病、术前肺功能下降（FEV1/FVC〈0.7）、体外循环等的比例高于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论 高龄、长期吸烟、合并慢性阻塞性肺病、术前肺功能下降、体外循环等是外科术后患者发生呼吸功能不全的主要危险因素.     

Negotiating renal dysfunction when treating patients with heart failure

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most prevalent comorbidities in HF, and no specific treatment is still available for the so-called cardiorenal syndrome.

Areas covered: The aim of this review is to describe the interaction of heart and kidney function and the consequences of cardiorenal syndrome, focusing on the use of available therapeutics.

Expert commentary: The presence of CKD has been associated with adverse outcomes in HF regardless of ejection fraction. On the other hand, cardiovascular events are the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among CKD patients, reflecting the close pathophysiological crosstalk between these organs. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the development of cardiorenal syndrome, including hemodynamic, neurohormonal and inflammatory mediators. The management of several HF drugs is a challenge in the presence of CKD mainly due to blunted diuretic response and increased risk of worsening of kidney function. Therefore, finding a balance between the optimization of cardiac and renal outcomes is a real negotiation in the everyday clinical practice.     

不同急性肾损伤分期的MODS患者连续肾脏替代治疗预后分析

目的探讨RIFLE标准的急性肾损伤(AKI)分期与连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)的多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者预后的关系。方法回顾性分析第四军医大学西京医院肾脏病科2004年以来行连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗的240例MODS患者,按RIFLE标准分为AKIⅠ期、Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期,对比分析不同AKI分期患者的医院死亡率和器官衰竭数,并将CVVH治疗前和治疗24h后的APACHEII评分、SOFA评分、平均动脉压(MAP)、氧合指数、血尿素氮(BUN)和血肌酐(Scr)等指标进行比较。结果①全部患者死亡率为38.75%,AKIⅢ期患者医院死亡率高于AKIⅠ期和Ⅱ期患者(P<0.05)。②随着AKI分期的加重,患者器官衰竭数增加(P=0.001)。发生脏器衰竭≥4个的患者医院死亡率明显高于脏器衰竭数≤3个的患者,(75.5%vs13.4%,P<0.05)。③CVVH治疗24h后,患者MAP、氧合指数、BUN和Scr均明显改善;APACHE II评分和SOFA评分在AKII期和II期患者显著降低,在AKI III期患者中则变化无显著性。结论CVVH是防治MODS合并重症ARF患者的有效手段,RILFE标准对AKI早期诊断和判断预后有指导意义。必须强调CVVH时机的选择,早期(AKIⅠ期和Ⅱ期)行CVVH可以明显改善MODS患者的预后。