Comprehensive rhinoplasty technique to correct the bilateral cleft lip nasal deformity using conchal composite grafts.

INTRODUCTION: Anatomical abnormalities and heterogeneous tissue deficiencies of the bilateral cleft lip nasal deformity challenges the cranio-maxillofacial plastic surgeon to create a functional, yet aesthetically pleasing nose. The authors propose a comprehensive rhinoplasty technique to correct the bilateral cleft lip nasal deformity using composite conchal grafts. PATIENTS: Five children with bilateral cleft lip nasal deformities had nasal reconstruction using conchal composite grafts, averaging 5 years in age at time of surgery. Patient follow-up averaged 21 months. METHODS: An open tip rhinoplasty was performed using a 'V' shaped columellar incision. The conchal composite graft was obtained from the lateral aspect of the ear and was used to reconstruct the lateral alar mucosal defects. Conchal cartilage was used as a columellar strut. The columellar skin was closed in a 'V-Y' fashion, giving greater columellar length. RESULTS: Visual inspection confirmed that the cleft lip nasal deformity was improved in all patients. There were no postoperative complications. All patients had complete composite graft take with minimal donor site morbidity and deformity. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive rhinoplasty technique improves the abnormalities found in bilateral cleft lip nasal deformity by using the successful aspects of other methods and introducing the composite conchal graft.     

牙槽突植骨同期髂软骨移植治疗单侧唇腭裂术后鼻畸形

目的:介绍牙槽突植骨同期髂软骨移植治疗单侧唇腭裂术后鼻畸形的方法。方法:2003年3月～2004年3月,12例单侧唇腭裂术后严重鼻畸形患者在牙槽突植骨术的同时行鼻成形术,并切取部分髂软骨雕刻成"L"形,作为隆鼻支架移植于鼻背和鼻小柱处。所有患者术前、术后测量了鼻尖突度、鼻小柱高度、鼻孔横径、鼻孔纵径、鼻小柱偏斜度和鼻唇角,并拍摄面部照片。应用配对 t 检验对数据进行了比较。结果:术后患者鼻孔对称,鼻尖挺拔,鼻外形有了明显改观,术后鼻外形各项数值较术前有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:髂软骨移植可为患侧鼻翼软骨提供额外的支持,可用以治疗唇腭裂术后鼻畸形。     

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??Objective    To classify the patients with facial asymmetry deformities by cluster analysis. Methods    Totally 44 patients with facial asymmetry deformity were selected from July 2008 to July 2013 in School and Hospital of Stomatology?? China Medical University?? the measuring data of three-dimensional craniofacial CT scan were used for statistical analysis?? and patients with asymmetry deformities were divided into several categories by cluster analysis. Results    The 44 patients were divided into three categories according to the measurement value of jaws and teeth by clustering analysis. The first category included 16 patients?? whose deformities showed that maxilla was in symmetry but the mandibular body translated horizontally??the second category included 17 patients??whose deformities showed that the bilateral ramus were asymmetrical and the maxilla didn’t rotate accordingly?? the third category included 11 patients?? whose maxilla and mandible showed overall rotational movement. This category deformity showed serious asymmetry and was familiar with hemifacial atrophy. Conclusion    Facial asymmetry can be divided into 3 categories based on the symmetry of body of the mandible and mandibular ramus and whether the maxilla has rotation. It is important for diagnosis and classification of facial asymmetry?? preoperative designing and communication among doctors.     

颜面部不对称畸形患者头颅结构的三维测量和聚类分析

目的    尝试采用聚类分析方法对颜面部不对称畸形患者进行分类。方法    对2008年7月至2013年7月到中国医科大学口腔医学院口腔颌面外科就诊的44例颜面部不对称畸形患者的头颅三维CT数据测量值进行统计学研究,通过聚类分析方法将这些患者进行分类。结果    44例患者根据颌骨及牙齿的测量指标值聚类分析,可分成三大类。第一类16例,占36.4%,为上颌骨基本对称,下颌骨体部水平方向平移,双侧下颌升支与正中矢状面成角对称;第二类25例,占38.6%,为下颌骨双侧升支及下颌骨体部发育不对称,上颌骨未随之发生明显的旋转;第三类11例,占25%,为上下颌骨均整体旋转移动。结论    可以依据下颌骨体部、下颌骨升支是否对称,上颌骨是否随之发生明显的旋转把颜面部不对称畸形分成三类,便于颜面部不对称畸形的分类诊断、手术设计,有利于对此类疾病的进一步研究和学者间的交流。     

Use of the mandibular ramus as a donor site for onlay bone grafting

Cortical bone grafts harvested from the posterior mandible offer several advantages for bone augmentation prior to implant placement. These grafts maintain their dense quality and exhibit minimal resorption upon incorporation. Considerable amounts of bone can be harvested from this area for use as an onlay graft. In addition, the ramus area has some inherent advantages over other donor sites. This article describes the indications and surgical technique for harvesting bone from the ramus region.     

Reconstruction of saddle nose deformity with three-dimensional costal cartilage graft

Saddle nose deformity is characterized by depression of the nasal bone and the cartilage dorsum associated with a collapse in the upper lateral and alar cartilages. Etiopathogenesis usually involves trauma or invasive excision of the bone and cartilage. Surgical treatment for functional and aesthetic recovery relies on the use of grafts. Options for grafting include autogenous tissue such as bone or cartilage and alloplastic augmentation. Nine patients with saddle nose deformity underwent surgical reconstruction with autogenous costal cartilage. The deformity was the result of trauma in seven patients and secondary to surgery in two patients. Cartilage obtained from the sixth and seventh ribs was used as the graft material to compensate for the low nasal dorsum. Cartilage was used as a single unit and shaped to cover the nasal dorsum and the lateral nasal walls completely. The upper lateral cartilages were fixed to shaped cartilage graft. Additional cartilage grafts into the columella and septum were also placed in all patients. Functional and aesthetic outcome was satisfactory in all patients. As a result, using costal cartilage graft, a single unit allowed more predictable and reliable reconstruction of the saddle nose deformity than the conventional dorsal grafts.     

66例双侧唇裂功能性整复的临床疗效观察

目的 探讨改良Mulliken法功能性修复双侧唇裂的临床效果。方法 选取66例双侧唇裂患者,应用改良Mulliken法进行唇裂整复,术中在前唇设计窄的“领带”型人中结构;解剖复位侧唇口轮匝肌,重建口轮匝肌环;利用侧唇唇红组织重建唇珠。同期初步矫正鼻畸形,延长鼻小柱。结果 术后经0.5~2 a随访,所有患者无“三等份上唇”不良外观,超过80%（54/66）的患者上唇唇弓形态恢复自然,左右对称,人中宽度与正常相似。唇红丰满,唇珠大小适度,无口哨畸形,动静态外形良好。鼻底宽度正常、鼻孔形态对称,鼻小柱高度较术前延长,鼻尖形态基本满意。结论 利用改良Mulliken法功能性修复双侧唇裂,能有效纠正鼻唇畸形,临床效果良好,值得推广使用。     

Medpor in maxillofacial deformities: report of three cases

Objective  This paper deals with the usefulness and versatility of the porous high-density polyethylene implants for correction of various facial deformities as an augmentation and an onlay graft material with its advantages. Materials and methods  Prefabricated porous high-density polyethylene implants were used in three patients (post-trauma facial deformity, Goldenhar syndrome, nasal deformity in cleft patient) for secondary reconstruction of orbital floor, depressed nose and supra-orbital ridge, augmentation of hypoplastic mandible and depressed nasal dorsum under general anaesthesia. Results  Good esthetic results were achieved in all the three patients treated with porous high-density polyethylene implants with no complications. Conclusion  Porous high-density polyethylene alloplastic implant is an excellent biomaterial for reconstruction of various facial deformities with many advantages over autogenous and other alloplastic materials.     

Partial-thickness cortical bone graft from the mandibular ramus: a non-invasive harvesting technique

BACKGROUND: The conventional method of harvesting full cortical bone from the mandibular ramus was reported to have associated complications ranging from postoperative pain and swelling to impaired inferior alveolar nerve function. METHODS: A modified ramal bone harvesting technique is described in which partial cortical-type bone is harvested from the mandibular ramus and used for an autogenous bone graft. RESULTS: Partial-thickness cortical bone was harvested without paresthesia while reducing postoperative discomfort and complications. Sufficient bone was obtained for ridge augmentation and eventual implant placement. CONCLUSION: Non-invasive partial cortical ramal bone harvesting is a reproducible and predictable technique for preventing nerve damage while providing sufficient block bone needed for a dental implant.     

单侧唇裂术后继发鼻畸形的影响因素分析

目的：研究单侧唇裂术后继发鼻畸形的影响因素。方法：收集2005年1月—2006年12月就诊于中国医科大学口腔医院的单侧唇裂术后患者150例,拍摄患者正位、侧位和仰位照片,根据鼻尖、鼻翼、鼻小柱、鼻中隔、鼻背和骨组织畸形程度,对150例患者单侧唇裂术后继发鼻畸形的严重程度进行评价,分为轻度、中度、重度组,筛选性别、患侧、年龄、原有唇裂畸形严重程度、唇裂整复术术式、一期鼻整形术、牙槽突裂和上颌骨发育等因素,应用SPSS13.0软件包分析单侧唇裂术后继发鼻畸形形成中的影响因素。结果：鼻畸形严重程度分组符合评价一致率50%以上患者143例,轻度鼻畸形33例,中度鼻畸形65例,重度鼻畸形45例。性别和患侧对唇裂术后继发鼻畸形无显著影响（P〉0.05）,对唇裂术后继发鼻畸形有影响的因素为年龄（P=0.019）、唇裂严重程度（P=0.000）、唇裂整复术式（P=0.000）、一期鼻整形术（P=0.000）、上颌骨发育（P=0.000）和牙槽突裂（P=0.000）。结论：年龄、原有唇裂畸形的严重程度、唇裂术式选择、一期鼻整形术、上颌骨的发育程度及牙槽突裂是唇裂术后鼻畸形的影响因素。二期鼻整形术前,必须去除上述因素的影响,才能获得理想的术后效果。     

Repairing the cleft lip nasal deformity.

OBJECTIVE: The repair of the cleft lip nose and nasal deformity remains a challenging endeavor for reconstructive surgeons. Psychosocially, this complex, multifaceted deformity significantly stigmatizes the patient. Numerous techniques have been advocated by multiple authors for the treatment and reconstruction of these deformities, usually requiring serial staged reconstructions. METHOD: Described is our technique for early primary repair of the cleft lip nasal deformity. The use of multiple suspension sutures to repair the nasal defect facilitates the repair of even very wide cleft lips. CONCLUSIONS: These maneuvers provide an aesthetic and functional repair of the nasal defect in conjunction with the lip repair. Long-term results have minimized the need for surgical revision.     

下颌前突患者下颌支厚度的CT测量

目的:应用CT描述下颌前突患者下颌小舌平面下颌支的形态,并与正常对照组进行比较。方法:35例实施下颌支矢状劈开术的骨性Ⅲ类下颌前突患者,20例对照组患者接受螺旋CT扫描,在下颌小舌平面上测量下颌支的厚度、下颌管内径、下颌管外壁到颊侧骨皮质之间骨髓腔的宽度、颊舌侧骨皮质的厚度。采用SPSS13.0软件包对测量结果进行统计学分析,以独立样本t检验比较2组间各项测量值之间的差异。结果:下颌支的厚度分别为实验组8.42mm,对照组9.65mm,下颌管外壁到颊侧骨皮质之间的宽度实验组为1.58mm,对照组为2.39mm。2组下颌支厚度之间存在统计学差异(t=-4.612,Ρ<0.001),实验组显著小于对照组,颊侧下颌管外壁到颊侧骨皮质之间骨髓腔的宽度在2组之间也存在统计学差异(t=-5.434,Ρ<0.001)。结论:与对照组相比,下颌前突患者下颌支的厚度更薄,下颌管外壁到颊侧骨皮质之间骨髓腔的宽度更小。     

Fixation of the split calvarial graft in nasal reconstruction

Reconstruction of nasal contour where skeletal support is deficient or absent has usually been achieved using autogenous bone. Membranous bone taken from the cranium is clearly superior to rib or iliac crest when used as autografting material to the craniofacial skeleton. Conventionally, the bone graft is rigidly fixated to the recipient nasal bone with either metal plate-screw systems or Kirschner wires. Reported here are the results of a single biodegradable screw fixation of the split calvarial graft that is used for nasal reconstruction. Ten patients with moderate to severe saddle nose deformity underwent reconstruction using the open rhinoplasty approach. The graft was harvested from the outer cortex of the parietal bone, shaped, and secured in place with a single bioresorbable screw. No significant resorption has been observed in the grafts and a favorable aesthetic result was achieved in all of the cases. Described modification in fixation of the bone graft in nasal reconstruction avoids some of the disadvantages of permanent materials while preserving the advantages of rigid fixation.     

Salvage of calvarial bone graft using acellular dermal matrix in nasal reconstruction and secondary rhinoplasty for frontonasal dysplasia

Frontonasal dysplasia is a severe malformation composed of cranial, ophthalmic, nasal, upper lip, and palatal deformities. Reconstruction in these patients requires complex craniofacial efforts. A 19-year-old woman with frontonasal dysplasia was treated at our institution where she had undergone multiple prior reconstructive surgeries including facial bipartition and cantilevered calvarial bone graft for nasal reconstruction. She later presented with a palpable bone graft prominence, associated contour deformity, and an area of overlying paper-thin skin at the nasal tip. Although there was no ulceration, the threat of graft extrusion required immediate attention. The prominent bone graft tip was debrided, and the overlying soft tissue envelope was augmented using acellular dermal matrix. No surgical complication was encountered. The patient had successful salvage of the bone graft and a pleasing aesthetic outcome at 9 months of follow-up. The use of acellular dermal matrix has proven to be beneficial in the correction of nasal contour deformities given its soft, natural appearance, availability, affordability, and safety. Its use also avoids further donor site morbidity. We suggest acellular dermal matrix as a graft material in revision rhinoplasties for cases of acquired nasal contour deformity and threatened bone graft extrusion. This is the first report known to the authors using acellular dermal matrix during staged nasal reconstruction in a patient experiencing frontonasal dysplasia.     

腓骨肌(皮)瓣平行折叠结合人工关节重建下颌骨缺损

目的:采用腓骨肌(皮)瓣平行折叠技术改善单段腓骨重建下颌骨所致的高度不足,并结合人工关节重建下颌骨大型缺损。方法:对13例下颌骨大型节段性缺损患者,采用腓骨肌(皮)瓣平行折叠技术重建。术前均采用CAD/CAM技术制作个体化头模、设计腓骨修复的位置及高度。根据缺损部位,分别采用下颌体平行折叠或部分平行折叠,对缺损累及下颌体、下颌支及髁突者,则结合人工关节一并修复。结果:移植腓骨肌(皮)瓣全部成活,下肢供区无并发症。面部外形满意,开口度2.5～3.5cm,重建下颌骨的高度低于健侧,在-0.3～1.5cm之间,平均0.47cm,种植义齿与余留牙咬合关系正常、发音清晰。复查全景片及三维CT,显示腓骨骨段的位置和高度与术前设计一致,髁突或人工关节位于关节窝内。结论:腓骨肌(皮)瓣平行折叠技术及结合人工关节为重建半侧下颌骨大型缺损,以及增加其高度提供了一种较为简单可行、效果良好的修复手段。建议在主要承担咀嚼功能的颏部和体部行平行折叠植骨,在非承担咀嚼功能的下颌支,则使用人工材料。     

Surgical correction of residual facial deformity following treatment of acromegaly

The features and treatment of acromegaly are described and emphasis placed on the apparent failure of the bone deformities to regress. A method of one stage correction of such residual facial deformity is described and illustrated in a patient with deformities of the mandible, frontal, zygomatic and nasal bones, nine years after hypophysectomy.     

Bone grafting to the maxillary sinus from the lateral side of the mandible

Patients who were unable to have an implant of the maxilla without a bone graft were operated on by a modified sinus lift method, under local anaesthesia. Cortical bone grafts, harvested from the lateral side of the mandible, were forced horizontally into a slot, made in the lateral sinus wall after a mucosal sinus lift. The immediate stabilization of the graft permitted the dense packing of the space below the horizontal graft with bone chips, which probably contributed to the fast healing of the bone. We saw eight patients (10 sites) for long-term follow-up. Two or three Br?nemark standard implants were inserted into the grafted area 3 months postoperatively. The abutments were connected 5 to 6 months after implantation. We have now adopted this modified method as the standard for bone grafting to the maxillary sinus in both of our maxillofacial centres.     

Orbital wall reconstruction with bone grafts from the outer cortex of the mandible

AIM: The purpose of the study was to assess the efficacy of bone grafting from the mandibular outer cortex for reconstructing the orbital walls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bone grafting was performed in 75 patients. The site the transplants were harvested from were: A: mental region, B: area posterior to the mental foramen, C: ramus region. In order to obtain the appropriate curvature for the orbital floor, proper selection of the donor area is required. The bony defect size was confirmed pre-operatively from 3D-CT data. Bone, characteristically 2-3 mm thick, was harvested from each area and grafted into the blow-out fractures. RESULTS: Out of the 75 patients 13 cases underwent reconstruction using mandibular outer cortex bone from area A, 8 from area B, and 54 from area C. The maximum size available for harvest from area C was 7 x 4 cm; material from this area could also be used for the repair of both medial and inferior orbital wall defects if necessary. CONCLUSION: Bone harvest from the mandible affords several advantages including (1) ease of harvest, (2) ease of trimming, (3) appropriate size and curvature, (4) absence of functional disability, (5) no secondary deformity, (6) no visible scars, (7) post-operative immobilization not necessary, (8) absence of post-operative difficulties with respect to breathing and walking and (9) major complications are rare.     

Nasal reconstruction with double-layer tensor fascia lata-wrapped diced rib cartilage in a patient with severe dorsal collapse

For patients with large dorsal defects due to posttraumatic deformities, rib cartilage or calvarial bone is used for reconstruction. Problems such as graft contour, distortion, limited amounts, and donor morbidity continue to exist for cartilage and bone grafts. To overcome the limitations of such grafts, many authors have used diced cartilage wrapped with fascia. However, diced cartilage wrapped with fascia is not suitable for structural support in cases of dorsal nasal collapse. We describe a technique using a dorsal structural graft for a 28-year-old man who had severe dorsal nasal collapse after a traffic collision. For enhancement of strength, we harvested a thick segment of the tensor fascia lata and applied 2 layers. A large amount of rib cartilage was inserted between the thick fascia layers. The tensor fascia lata wrapped with diced cartilage graft for dorsal augmentation is fraught with structural graft, similar to bone or cartilage grafts. This semirigid technique may be another option for dorsal structural support of severe nose deformities.     

Mandible distraction using internal device: mathematical analysis of the results

For many years, surgeons have sought a method to treat severe facial deformities without using bone grafts and extensive surgery. Distraction osteogenesis offers this promise. The technique used in mandibular hypoplasia follows the basic principles proposed by Ilizarov which states that the device must be elongated 1 mm per day to create optimal bone production. Despite the widespread implementation of this recommendation to include the 1-mm/day separation, doubt still exists as to whether this is the optimal treatment regimen.Intraoral devices with percutaneous activator pins were used in 16 patients with hypoplastic mandibles. The results of distraction were documented by panorex and cephalogram of the mandible. The length of the ramus as well as multiple mandible dimensions and facial angles were measured. The panorex and cephalogram of the mandible were effective in demonstrating the significant increase in length of the mandible and ramus, as well as the entire mandible, but there was no correlation between the stretching obtained by the distraction device and that measured by the radiographic studies. The S-N-B angle was the only facial angle in which there is a statistically significant increase measured and this appeared to be related to a mandible rotation. It is concluded that the mandible distraction (using an intraoral device and an external activator pin) was effective in increasing the ramus length and both the panorex and the cephalogram were effective in demonstrating this morphologic change. There was no correlation between the clinical result and the radiographic studies demonstrating that the clinical judgment still has a significant role in controlling mandible distraction.