儿童骨髓增生异常综合征28例临床分析

目的：探讨儿童骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)的临床特点、诊断及治疗。方法：回顾性分析2006年1月至2012年3月确诊的28例MDS患儿的临床症状、体征、实验室检查、治疗及疾病转归。结果：患儿临床表现主要为贫血（96%）、出血（68%）、发热（68%）或肝脾肿大（61%）。3例（11%）患儿分别转变为急性单核细胞白血病（M5）、红白血病（M6）、急性巨核细胞白血病（M7）,转为白血病的时间为1~2个月。患儿骨髓增生程度以活跃和明显活跃为主,病态造血以一系和二系病态为主;铁代谢存在明显紊乱;染色体异常核型检出率为45%,以数量异常为主;T细胞、B细胞、NK细胞总数减低,Th细胞表达减低,Ts细胞表达增高,Th /Ts比值倒置。8例患儿确诊后即放弃治疗;8例仅予对症支持治疗,其中1例失访,1例疾病稳定,6例疾病进展;诱导分化和刺激骨髓造血各1例,均发生疾病进展;10例行化疗,其中2例单药化疗,骨髓均无缓解,另8例联合化疗,其中4例骨髓部分缓解或完全缓解。结论：儿童MDS具有临床表现不典型、转为白血病风险高的特点;骨髓增生程度以活跃为主;病态造血以一系和二系病态为主;染色体畸变以数量异常为主;铁代谢明显紊乱,细胞免疫异常。多药联合化疗可延缓病程。     

小儿骨髓增生异常综合征17例临床分析

为进一步探讨小儿骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）的临床特点,对近5年诊断17例小儿MDS进行分析,其中RA1例,RAEB7例,RAEB-r5例,CMML4例,外周均有一系或一系以上血细胞减少,骨骼各细胞系统均有不同程度病态造血。本文对小儿低增生型MDS、CMML的分型诊断进行讨论,并提出淋巴细胞病态造血可能是小儿MDS的特点之一。     

伴有染色体1p36缺失的高危神经母细胞瘤自体造血干细胞移植巩固治疗的近期疗效分析

目的总结和分析伴有染色体1p36缺失的高危神经母细胞瘤(HR-NB)的临床特征,分析这些患儿经过自体造血干细胞移植巩固治疗后的近期疗效,为进一步提高HR-NB生存率提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析2014年4月-2016年4月,北京儿童医院血液肿瘤中心收治的HR-NB患儿的临床资料。HR-NB诊断标准、临床分期、治疗方案和疗效标准均根据北京儿童医院HR-NB方案(BCH-HR-NB-2007),入组患儿为同时伴有染色体1 p36缺失,且均经过系统治疗和随访的HR-NB。随访至2016年12月31日。结果入组患儿共11例(男4例,女7例),平均年龄43个月,临床分期均为INSS-Ⅳ。肿瘤原发于后纵隔3例,腹膜后或肾上腺8例。骨髓转移11例,骨骼转移10例,均为多发骨转移,远处淋巴结转移6例,肝脏等内脏转移5例,中枢转移2例。伴有N-myc基因扩增4例。全部患儿术前化疗4~5个疗程,回输干细胞计数为(2.62~10.68)×10~6/kg,中位随访时间14.9(9~32)个月。4例患儿复发或进展,其中1例停维甲酸3个月后骨髓复发,放弃治疗后死亡;另3例分别于干细胞回输后第3、5和6个月,维持治疗中肿瘤进展,2例放弃后死亡,1例仍在治疗中。余7例患儿处于肿瘤稳定状态。结论伴有染色体1 p36缺失的HR-NB患儿,骨髓和骨骼转移率极高,约1/3同时伴有N-myc基因扩增。自体造血干细胞移植巩固治疗后3~6个月内,仍然容易出现肿瘤进展。提示肿瘤恶性程度高,很容易进展或复发,在干细胞移植巩固治疗后维持治疗期间仍需要增加全身治疗的强度。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病124例遗传学异常分析

目的探讨儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病（ALL）的遗传学特征。方法采用流式细胞仪检测免疫分型,染色体R带或G带显带技术进行染色体核型分析,多重聚合酶链反应（多重PCR）方法同时筛选29种急性白血病常见的染色体易位。结果112例患儿进行染色体检查,异常核型中包括〉47的超二倍体36例,亚二倍体14例,染色体易位13例。对116例ALL患儿进行了多重聚合酶链反应检测。B系ALL中检测到：TEL-AML1融合基因13例、MLL相关基因13例,E2A-PBX1融合基因4例、E2A-HLF融合基因4例、BCR-ABL融合基因3例、TLS-ERG融合基因2例,HOX11融合基因32例。7例T系ALL中检测到SIL-TAL1D融合基因4例。结论本组病例多重PCR的融合基因检出率为50％;染色体异常检出率为60％。多重PCR检出的融合基因加上染色体核型分析检出的畸变,使ALL患儿的遗传学异常的检出率达到77％。全面准确的细胞遗传学检查是ALL诊断、分型和预后评估的可靠依据。     

3例费城染色体阳性急性髓系白血病临床和实验室分析

目的探讨费城染色体(Ph染色体)阳性急性髓系白血病患儿的临床、形态学、免疫学和细胞遗传学特点。方法对3例有完整资料可供分析的Ph染色体阳性急性髓系白血病患儿进行形态学、细胞遗传学、免疫学和分子生物学检查,并对其治疗效果进行观察。结果 3例均为急性粒单细胞白血病(M4)患儿。细胞遗传学检查均为单纯t(9;22)异常;免疫表型显示2例伴淋系抗原表达。经治疗,1例于血液学缓解后3个月复发,并于第6个月死亡;1例于诱导缓解阶段,出现骨髓抑制,发生严重感染,最终放弃治疗;1例经常规化疗获得缓解后进行了异基因造血干细胞移植,现已无病存活4个月。结论Ph染色体阳性急性髓系白血病是有别于慢性粒细胞白血病的一组高度复杂的异质性疾病,具有独特的临床和血液学特点,临床疗效和预后极差。     

幼年型粒单核细胞白血病的临床和治疗

目的探索幼年型粒单核细胞白血病(JMML)的早期临床、实验室特点,以提高诊断水平和治疗的有效性。方法分析17例JMML患儿的临床特征、外周血常规、单核细胞计数、血涂片,骨髓活检和/或骨髓穿刺的形态学和分子生物学,胎儿血红蛋白(HbF)和病毒抗原检测,诊断及治疗问题。结果17例患儿的年龄分布:2个月～5岁4个月,中位年龄14个月。临床表现:88.2%出现发热、面色苍白、咳嗽,76.5%胸片示支气管肺炎,皮肤出现丘疹58.8%,所有病例肝脾均肿大,其中≥5 cm者占52.9%,淋巴结肿大(浅表和深部)占82.4%。实验室:17例患儿外周血白细胞数中位值32.9×109/L、单核细胞绝对值中位值3.9×109/L,14/17例外周血涂片见髓系前体细胞,中位值28%,7例红系有病态造血,血红蛋白中位值88 g/L,血小板计数中位值33×109/L。骨髓活检和/或骨髓穿刺:原始、早幼粒/原幼单细胞数在5%～20%;14例作骨髓细胞免疫学检测,12例的免疫表型为MPO 、CD117 及其他的髓系标记,2例免疫表型为MPO-、CD14 、CD33 ;14例进行细胞遗传分析,其中4例染色体单体改变依次为-8, 8q 、-6, 6q 、-20、-8;分子生物学检测bcr-abl基因阴性。HbF增高(中位值33%),病毒学检测EBV-IgM阳性7例、CMV-IgM阳性6例。结论JMML发病年龄以2岁以内多见,占60%。最初的诊断可类似ITP、病毒感染。JMML有效治疗很少,在缺乏相合供体情况下可选择联合化疗和诱导分化治疗。     

范可尼贫血基因亚型的研究

目的 探讨范可尼贫血（Fancni anemia,FA)的诊断及其基因亚型,方法 将1997年和1998年我科收治的3例FA患儿的临床表现、诊断及基因亚型进行研究。分别对3例FA患儿的外周血淋巴细胞进行了丝裂霉素C（MMC）诱导的染色体断裂试验。用细胞融合和互补分析方法。检测FA患儿基因亚型。结果 3例患儿临床表现主要为进行性面色苍白,体格发育落后,伴先天畸形;外周血象示三系减少;骨髓象均符合再生障碍性贫血改变,外周血淋巴细胞经MMC诱导染色体断裂率、畸变率及每个畸变细胞的染色体平均断裂率均明显增高,确诊为FA;经细胞融合和互补分析方法检测3例FA患儿均为FA-A亚型基因缺陷。结论 3例FA患儿的外周血淋巴细胞均对MMC异常敏感;FA的发病机制可能为DNA损伤所致;基因亚型检测可为基因治疗提供依据。     

186例矮小症患者遗传学检测结果分析

目的 探讨儿童矮小症的遗传学病因。方法 选取2017年1月—2020年10月因生长缓慢就诊的矮小症患儿为研究对象。行矮小相关基因的全外显子测序,对发现的可能的染色体片段拷贝数变异者进一步完善基因芯片检查,比较基因检测阳性与阴性组之间临床表型差异。结果 共纳入186例矮小症患儿,中位年龄7.3(5.1～9.1)岁,男103例、女83例。共检测出69例阳性结果,阳性检出率37.1%。其中54例通过全外显子基因测序诊断,15例通过染色体微阵列分析诊断。二元logistic回归分析显示,特殊面容和骨骼发育异常是儿童矮小症基因检测结果阳性发生的预测因素(P均<0.05)。结论 全外显子测序是检测儿童矮小症遗传病因的有效技术手段,伴有特殊面容和/或骨骼发育异常的患儿更可能检测到遗传病因。     

儿童神经母细胞瘤染色体分析

目的总结55例神经母细胞瘤（NB）患儿的染色体结果,分析与临床特点及近期治疗效果的关系,提高对伴有染色体异常NB的认识。方法回顾性分析55例NB患儿的临床资料,包括分期分组、肿瘤标记物、染色体结果、治疗方案及近期预后情况。结果55例NB患儿中有4例存在17q获得（7％）,1例患儿同时存在17q获得及1 p缺失（2％）,余50例（91％）患儿染色体检查均正常。伴有染色体异常的5例患儿肿瘤标记物在病初均有不同程度的增高,而且血神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）高于染色体正常组;5例染色体异常患儿均为Ⅳ期、高危组,均伴有MYCN基因获得,其中1例在治疗过程中失访,余4例中有2例肿瘤进展,1例死亡,1例经化疗联合手术切除及自体造血干细胞移植,门诊随访33个月疾病稳定。结论结果提示染色体1 p缺失和17q获得可能是NB的预后不良因素,染色体异常在NB的诊断及预后评估中具有一定临床指导意义。但本研究中的异常染色体检出率偏低,考虑与常规检测的误差有关,方法学有待进一步改进。     

骨髓衰竭性疾病的诊断与治疗

骨髓衰竭性疾病是一组以造血功能不良为主的疾病,其临床表现复杂多样,包括先天性和获得性二大类。典型的临床症状和畸形体征见于部分遗传性骨髓衰竭综合征(IBMFS),其诊断需要结合实验室检查及特异的基因突变测定。先天性和获得性骨髓衰竭的治疗方法差异较大,免疫抑制治疗是获得性再生障碍性贫血(AA)的主要治疗方法之一,而对IBMFS无效。造血干细胞移植是治疗IBMFS和获得性AA的有效方法。IBMFS对药物耐受较差,移植前预处理方案应减弱。现对先天性和获得性二大类骨髓衰竭性疾病综述如下。     

Underlying undiagnosed inherited marrow failure syndromes among children with cancer

To study the prevalence of pediatric cancer patients who have underlying inherited bone marrow failure syndrome (IBMFS), we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of newly diagnosed pediatric cancer patients at The Hospital for Sick Children from June 2009 to May 2010, focusing on clinical, laboratory, and treatment‐related findings which may indicate underlying IBMFS. We found five (1.8%) patients out of 276 who had two or more findings suggestive of IBMFS. We conclude that a small fraction of patients with cancer have clinical features that indicate investigations to rule out underlying IBMFSs. A prospective study is needed to determine their prevalence.     

Monosomy 7/del (7q) in inherited bone marrow failure syndromes: A systematic review

Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) are rare cancer predisposition syndromes with an especially high risk of transformation to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and/or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We performed a retrospective systematic review of reported MDS/AML arising in the eight most common IBMFS to determine the frequency and outcome of chromosome 7 abnormalities. We identified 738 MDS/AML cases of 4,293 individuals. Monosomy 7 or del (7q) occurred in ～17%. Greater understanding of the roles played by sequential acquisition of genetic and cytogenetic changes will provide insights into myeloid leukemogenesis and improve the surveillance and hopefully outcomes for individuals with IBMFS.     

Diagnosis and management of childhood aplastic anaemia

Aplastic anaemia (AA) is a rare and heterogeneous disorder. AA results in pancytopenia and a hypocellular bone marrow in the absence of an abnormal infiltrate, major dysplasia or marrow fibrosis. In children, most cases are idiopathic and caused by T lymphocyte-mediated destruction of haemopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC's). Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) account for around 20% of cases and have to be excluded. This can be challenging but has specific implications for management. Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only definitive curative treatment for AA. For patients less than 35 years old with severe aplastic anaemia (SAA), a matched sibling donor (MSD) haematopoietic stem cell transplant is the treatment of choice. For those lacking such a donor, immunosuppressive therapy (IST) with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and ciclosporin has historically been initial treatment. Improved outcomes following matched unrelated donors (MUD) transplantation has led to UK guidelines recommending upfront MUD HSCT in children and young adults where a suitable donor can be quickly identified. Recent advances in the treatment of patients with AA have shown that horse ATG with cyclosporine remains the current standard IST. The thrombopoietin receptor agonist eltrombopag has significant activity as a single agent and in combination with IST as initial treatment and in refractory patients. For patients with IBMFS, transplantation remains the only curative procedure.     

Breast cancer in a case of Shwachman Diamond syndrome

Shwachman Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a rare inherited bone marrow failure syndrome (IBMFS) characterized by neutropenia, exocrine pancreatic dysfunction, and cancer predisposition. Patients are at risk for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) but, unlike other IBMFS, there have been no reported cases of solid tumors. We report a novel case of a solid tumor in a patient with SDS and biallelic mutations in the Shwachman Bodian Diamond Syndrome gene (SBDS). Whether the development of breast cancer in this patient is due to SDS or an isolated case due to unknown factors requires further study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 945–946. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

遗传性骨髓衰竭综合征的研究进展

遗传性骨髓衰竭综合征是一组先天性疾病.其发病机制尚不完全明确,目前已发现部分致病基因,而且初步掌握了其诊断和治疗方法.此类疾病的诊断多依据典型的临床表现及相关实验室检查.随着基因检测的开展,致病基因检测正成为确诊该类疾病的主要方法.目前造血干细胞移植是唯一可能治愈本疾病的方法,支持和对症治疗在延缓和改善病情方面至关重要,基因治疗尚不成熟,其他治疗手段均在不断探索中.     

CURRENT DIAGNOSIS OF INHERITED BONE MARROW FAILURE SYNDROMES

Prompt and accurate diagnosis is required for optimal treatment and genetic counseling of patients with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS). However, the diverse clinical picture of these syndromes and their rareness is often associated with diagnostic difficulties. Recently, an improved diagnostic approach is possible by the cloning of many of the causative genes. Fanconi anemia (FA) patients belong to at least 12 complementation groups, of which 11 genes have been cloned. An approach combining an induced chromosomal breakage test, detection of FANCD2-L by Western blot analysis, complementation group analysis, and detailed mutation analysis enables unraveling the causative mutation in the majority of patients. With the use of such strategies, genotype/phenotype correlations in FA are evolving. In dyskeratosis congenita mutations in DCK1, TERC, and TERT genes have been identified, but mutations have been found in less than half of these patients. In patients with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, mutations in the SBDS gene were found in approximately 90% of patients. In Diamond-Blackfan anemia the RSP19 gene is mutated in 20–25% of patients. Heterozygote ELA2 mutations are found in 60–80% of severe congenital neutropenia patients. All patients with congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia have mutations in the thrombopoietin receptor gene c-Mpl.     

Current diagnosis of inherited bone marrow failure syndromes

Prompt and accurate diagnosis is required for optimal treatment and genetic counseling of patients with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS). However, the diverse clinical picture of these syndromes and their rareness is often associated with diagnostic difficulties. Recently, an improved diagnostic approach is possible by the cloning of many of the causative genes. Fanconi anemia (FA) patients belong to at least 12 complementation groups, of which 11 genes have been cloned. An approach combining an induced chromosomal breakage test, detection of FANCD2-L by Western blot analysis, complementation group analysis, and detailed mutation analysis enables unraveling the causative mutation in the majority of patients. With the use of such strategies, genotype/phenotype correlations in FA are evolving. In dyskeratosis congenita mutations in DCK1, TERC, and TERT genes have been identified, but mutations have been found in less than half of these patients. In patients with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, mutations in the SBDS gene were found in approximately 90% of patients. In Diamond-Blackfan anemia the RSP19 gene is mutated in 20-25% of patients. Heterozygote ELA2 mutations are found in 60-80% of severe congenital neutropenia patients. All patients with congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia have mutations in the thrombopoietin receptor gene c-Mpl.     

Main causes of aplastic anemia misdiagnosed as immune thrombocytopenia in children北大核心CSCD

目的归纳曾被误诊为免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)的50例儿童再生障碍性贫血(再障)的主要原因和鉴别诊断经验,以供临床参考。方法参照儿童再障和ITP诊断标准,回顾性分析2007年1月至2020年12月上海市同济医院儿科收治的外院误诊病例的病初资料和本院复诊检测结果,归纳误诊原因和鉴别诊断要点。结果在同期收治的165例儿童再障中,共有50例(30.3%)曾被误诊为ITP。分析归纳主要误诊原因为:1.临床表现不符合"典型ITP",未按照国际指南标准行必要的骨髓检查以明确诊断,共22/50例。2.骨髓检测结果解读有误。在28例初诊行骨髓涂片检查者中,6例(21%)骨髓显示典型再障骨髓象,但仍被诊断为ITP。3.骨髓涂片结果不典型者,未行骨髓活检以助诊断(15/28例,54%)。4.初诊时符合ITP诊断标准,但经糖皮质激素等治疗无效后,未行必要复查以核实诊断(7/28例,25%)。结论临床应严格参照执行相关疾病诊断标准,以避免经验性错误。诊断ITP需要慎重,尤其是临床表现不典型,或一线药物无效者,必须进行骨髓检查(必要时行骨髓活检),并按诊断标准正确解读检测结果,以避免临床误诊或漏诊。     

Immunocytochemical detection of neuroblastoma cells infiltrating clinical bone marrow samples

To evaluate the feasibility and clinical usefulness of immunocytochemical detection of bone marrow metastases in neuroblastoma, we studied bone marrow samples from patients undergoing intensive therapy, followed in the majority of cases by autologous bone marrow rescue. Two monoclonal antibodies were used in an indirect immunoenzymatic assay to test 384 samples collected from multiple bone marrow sites during 79 staging procedures in 48 patients. Of 578 immunocytochemical tests, 59 (10%) yielded non-evaluable results. Analysis by individual bone marrow sites showed an agreement between cytological and immunocytochemical examinations in 276 of 309 (89%) evaluable tests with 5 A7 and in 179 of 210 (85%) with UJ 13 A. Infiltration by neuroblastoma cells was reported in 9% of samples by cytology, in 6% by immunochemistry with 5 A7 and in 16% with 13 A. Analysis of results by staging demonstrated agreement between cytological examination and immunocytochemical detection with both monoclonal antibodies in 60 of 75 (80%) evaluable stagings. Bone marrow metastasis was detected by cytology in 22% of stagings, by immunochemistry with 5 A7 in 23%, with UJ 13 A in 25%. Detailed analysis of discordant results revealed that they were related partly to bone marrow sampling variability associated with focal and minimal metastasis of neuroblastoma cells. These data suggest the clinical usefulness of immunocytochemical detection as a complementary test to cytological examination for accurate evaluation of bone marrow infiltration in patients with disseminated neuroblastoma.Abbreviations IC immunocytochemical detection - BM bone marrow - Mabs monoclonal antibodies - CE cytological examination - NBL neuroblastoma - staging staging procedure Presented in part at the 19th meeting of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology, Jerusalem, 13–18 September 1987     

Diagnosis and clinical associations of zinc depletion following bone marrow transplantation

Following the emergence of biochemical zinc deficiency after bone marrow transplantation, the clinical value of plasma alkaline phosphatase activity as an early indicator of biochemical zinc depletion was investigated in this group of patients. Serial measurements of plasma zinc and alkaline phosphatase activities in 28 consecutive children (median age 8.7 years; 16 males) undergoing bone marrow transplantation were carried out and clinical associations recorded. A significant fall in plasma zinc occurred after the bone marrow transplant, and 19 children developed biochemical zinc deficiency (Zn < 11 mumol/l) at a median of 7 days following the transplant. Zinc depletion was more common in younger patients and in children with diarrhoea. A positive correlation was found between plasma zinc and alkaline phosphatase activities. Zinc depleted patients had more febrile episodes of longer duration and were more likely to have a positive blood culture. Haemopoetic recovery was not affected by zinc deficiency. Following zinc supplementation, alkaline phosphatase showed a significant increase. The sensitivity of a low alkaline phosphatase as a screening test for biochemical zinc deficiency was 83%, with a specificity of 86%. Low alkaline phosphatase activity following bone marrow transplant is an indication for zinc supplements.