注意缺陷多动障碍儿童执行功能特征

目的:探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童执行功能的特征。方法:采用Stroop效应、视觉和听觉Go/No-Go反应、倒背数字、延缓期的空间位置记忆广度、伦敦塔任务和连线测验分别测试40例ADHD儿童和25例正常对照组儿童的反应抑制、语音工作记忆、视空间工作记忆、计划能力和定势转移能力。结果:1.ADHD儿童完成字义与字色相矛盾的字色命名时间较正常对照组儿童明显延长(P﹤0.05)。2.ADHD儿童完成视觉和听觉的Go/No-Go反应所犯错误数均较正常对照组儿童明显增多(P﹤0.01)。3.ADHD儿童倒背数字分数和延缓期的空间位置记忆广度均较正常对照组儿童明显低(P﹤0.01)。4.ADHD儿童完成两步、四步和五步伦敦塔任务的时间均较正常对照组儿童明显延长、犯错误数明显增多(P﹤0.05);而完成四步、五步伦敦塔任务的最初计划时间则较正常对照组儿童明显缩短(P﹤0.01)。5.ADHD儿童完成连线测验甲式的时间和犯错误数与正常对照组儿童无显著性差异(P﹥0.05),而完成乙式所需时间则较正常对照组儿童明显延长、犯错误数较正常对照组儿童明显增多(P﹤0.05)。结论:ADHD儿童存在反应抑制、语音工作记忆、视空间工作记忆、计划能力和定势转移能力等多项执行功能的缺陷。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童父母的执行功能生态学特征

目的:探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童父母执行功能生态学特征。方法:选取147名符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)诊断标准的注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的父母亲,130名无注意缺陷多动障碍及其他神经疾患的正常儿童的年龄、受教育年限匹配的父母亲,让其分别填写执行功能行为评定量表成人问卷(自评和他评)(BRIEF-A),比较两组对象执行功能。结果:ADHD组父母BRIEF-A自评、他评量表,在执行总分、行为管理指数和元认知管理指数及其所属的抑制、转换、情绪控制、自我监控、启动、工作记忆、计划和组织因子方面,均明显低于对照组(均P<0.05);而父母自评的任务监控因子两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:注意缺陷多动障碍患儿父母的执行功能存在一定的缺陷。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的工作记忆损害特征

目的:探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童工作记忆功能特征。方法:本研究为横断面研究。根据美国精神疾病诊断和统计手册第4版(DSM-IV),对符合ADHD诊断标准的未经治疗的100名门诊患儿及年龄、性别相匹配的100名正常儿童分别采用韦氏儿童智力测验量表中国修订本(C-WISC)及其中的顺背数字(反映言语存贮、加工)、倒背数字(反映言语存贮、加工、中央执行)、Corsi木块和空间n-Back任务(反映视空间存贮和中央执行)进行言语及空间工作记忆测试。结果:ADHD组儿童在顺背数字最高位数及总得分、倒背数字最高位数及总得分、Corsi木块最多木块数及总得分均低于对照组儿童,空间2-Back任务反应时短于对照组儿童(均P0.05)。结论:ADHD儿童存在工作记忆功能缺陷,此缺陷涉及言语环路、视空间存贮系统及中央执行。     

注意缺陷多动障碍共患抽动障碍儿童的执行功能

目的:探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)共患抽动障碍儿童的执行功能特点。方法:以性别、年龄、智商匹配的,符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)诊断标准的ADHD共患抽动障碍(ADHD+TD)、单纯ADHD及正常对照儿童各112例为研究对象,采用Rey复杂图形测试和连线测试及Stroop色词命名分别对其执行功能的工作记忆能力、定势转换能力、反应抑制能力进行评估。评估结果的组间比较采用多元方差分析,并对有统计学意义的指标进行事后检验两两比较。结果:两病例组的Rey复杂图形测试的延迟回忆结构分、即时细节分、延迟记忆细节分、Stroop4试错误数得分低于对照组,而数字字母连线时间,转换时间,Stroop2、4试耗时,字义干扰时的耗时均高于对照组(均P0.05)。在结构遗忘及细节遗忘方面,单纯ADHD组的得分均低于对照组,而ADHD共患TD组的得分与对照组相比差异无统计学意义;ADHD共患TD组及单纯ADHD组在所有任务指标上的差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:ADHD儿童在工作记忆、定势转换、反应抑制的执行功能层面上均存在明显的缺陷,共患抽动障碍可能并不会加重ADHD儿童的这些执行功能缺陷。     

成人注意缺陷多动障碍生态执行功能特点

目的:探讨成人注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)生态执行功能特点。方法:对41名符合Con-ners’成人ADHD诊断会谈(Conners’Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV,CAADID)中ADHD诊断标准的门诊患者和42名年龄、受教育年限与之匹配的正常对照,进行执行功能行为评定量表成人版(BRIEF-A)自评问卷评定。结果:成人期仍符合CAADID诊断标准的ADHD患者,其BRIEF-A自评问卷,经多重检验校正后行为管理指数和元认知指数两个维度得分均高于对照组(均P<0.01),抑制、感情控制、任务启动、任务监测4个因子得分也高于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论:ADHD成人患者生态执行功能可能存在缺陷。     

执行功能行为评定量表成人版自评问卷的信效度

目的:评价执行功能行为评定量表成人版(Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-A-dult Version,BRIEF-A)自评问卷在我国文化背景下的适用性。方法:纳入符合ICD-10诊断的精神分裂症31例、抑郁发作38例,及符合DSM-IV-TR诊断的成人注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit/hyperactivity dis-order,ADHD)40例,另外选取来自北京大学医学部的2002级临床班学生及其家长、北京大学第六医院的职工、北京市九一小学学生的父母共285人为正常对照组。用BRIEF-A自评问卷(包括总分GEC、行为管理指数BRI、元认知指数MI和抑制、转换、情感控制、自我监控、任务启动、工作记忆、计划、组织、任务监控9个因子)进行施测。随机选取40例正常对照间隔3周后再次完成BRIEF-A自评问卷,以评价自评问卷的重测信度;随机选取30例正常对照和38例患者完成执行功能失常量表自评问卷(Dysexecutive Ques-tionnaire,DEX),以评价自评问卷的量表效标效度;随机选取31例正常对照和30例成人ADHD患者完成Stroop色词干扰、连线测试、Rey复杂图形记忆任务、汉诺塔、言语流畅性任务评定,以评价自评问卷的神经心理测验效标效度。结果:(1)BRIEF-A自评问卷的GEC、BRI、MI重测相关系数分别为0.85、0.86、0.78,9个因子的相关系数在0.61～0.76之间(P0.01),GEC、BRI、MI的Cronbachα系数为0.86～0.92,各因子的Cronbachα系数为0.65～0.88(P0.01)。(2)BRIEF-A自评问卷的GEC、BRI、MI与DEX总分的相关系数分别为0.77、0.73、0.70,9个因子与DEX总分相关系数为0.39～0.78(P0.05)。抑制因子与Stroop第三试错误数、字义干扰时、数字字母连线测试转换时间呈正相关(r=-0.28～0.42,P0.05),MI与言语流畅性前一分钟正确数、后一分钟正确数、正确总数、数字字母连线的转换时间呈正相关(r=0.36～0.44,P0.05)。(3)与性别、年龄、受教育程度匹配的对照组相比,成人ADHD组(除转换、工作记忆、计划因子外)、精神分裂症组、抑郁发作组的GEC、BRI、MI和各因子原始平均分更高[如,总分成人ADHD组(1.76±0.33),对照组(1.55±0.29);P=0.004]。结论:执行功能行为评定量表成人版自评问卷具有良好的信效度,适用于我国精神疾病患者和正常人群。     

成人注意缺陷多动障碍患者的工作记忆特点

目的:探讨成人注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患者的工作记忆特点。方法:选取49例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)诊断标准的ADHD成人,以及44名性别、年龄、总智商相匹配的正常对照,进行不同任务负荷n-back任务,比较两组人群反应时(RT)、正确率和个体内反应时标准差(ISD)。结果:成人ADHD患者及正常对照被试在完成3种n-back任务时,其反应时和个体内反应时标准差均随工作记忆负荷增加而增大(P<0.01),而正确率随工作记忆负荷增加而减小,呈现等级变化规律;两组比较,在完成中等工作记忆负荷的1-back任务时,ADHD成人患者的反应时明显长于正常成人[(501.5±97.1)ms vs.(461.7±74.7)ms,P<0.05],且其变异性也大于对照组[(164.5±43.9)ms vs.(145.4±45.2)ms,P<0.05]。但两组在完成3个任务的正确率上未见统计学差异。结论:ADHD成人患者可能存在语言工作记忆能力损害,在中等记忆负荷任务上受损最严重,反应慢且其注意力波动大,这可能与其工作记忆容量下降整体输出不足及注意力维持能力差有关。     

高智商注意缺陷多动障碍男性儿童的生态学执行功能特点

目的:探讨高智商注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)男性儿童生态学执行功能特点。方法:对50名7～14岁符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)诊断标准的高智商(总智商≥120)ADHD男性儿童与50名年龄匹配的高智商正常男性儿童、723名一般人群男性儿童对照,用执行功能行为评定量表父母版(BRIEF)进行测评生态学执行功能。结果:高智商ADHD组的BRIEF评分,经多重检验校正后,抑制、转换、感情控制、任务启动、工作记忆、计划、组织、监控8个因子,行为管理指数、元认知指数2个维度得分及总分均高于高智商正常对照组和一般人群对照组[总分,(150±22)vs.(108±20),(104±21),P'0.05]。结论:本研究显示高智商ADHD男性患儿生态学执行功能在各层面均差于正常儿童。     

初诊ADHD儿童的执行功能研究

目的探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的执行功能特点。方法运用注意网络测试、数字广度及数字颜色连线实验分别对符合DSM-Ⅳ诊断标准的50例ADHD患儿(ADHD组)和50名健康儿童(HC组)进行执行功能研究。结果 ADHD组的注意网络测试(ANT)冲突监控网络效率[84.00(59.75,120.50)ms]低于HC组[70.50(63.00,78.00)ms],差异有统计学意义(z=-2.451,P=0.014);而两组的警觉、定向网络效率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。与HC组相比,ADHD组的数字倒背得分明显减低(3.80±0.70),完成数字颜色连线测验Ⅱ所需时间延长(197.34±73.37s),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。数字正背及连线测验Ⅰ结果差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ADHD患儿存在冲突监控、工作记忆及注意转换等方面的执行功能损害。     

成人ADHD患者静息脑电及其与生态执行功能的相关性

目的:探究成人注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患者的脑电特征及其与生态执行功能的关系。方法:选取成人ADHD患者33例及正常对照30例,用执行功能行为评定量表成人版(BRIEF-A)评估生态执行功能,并记录静息态脑电,分析不同频段脑电的绝对功率,探讨其与执行功能缺陷的相关性。结果:与正常对照相比,ADHD患者BRIEF-A各因子得分及其全脑θ波及中央区β绝对功率均高于对照组(均P<0.01);ADHD患者的工作记忆评分与其双侧额叶θ波绝对功率呈正相关(r=0.43、0.49,均P<0.05),情感控制评分与双侧中央区β波绝对功率呈正相关(r=0.43、0.49,均P<0.05)。结论:成人ADHD患者生态执行功能存在缺陷,其额叶θ波及中央区-顶叶β波功率增高可能分别参与其工作记忆缺陷及情感控制不良的神经病理学机制。     

大学生多动状态与学业成绩及焦虑关系的初探

目的 :研究大学生的多动与学业成绩和焦虑的关系。方法 :使用DSM -IV成年人注意力量表 ,SAS量表 ,对 10 4名大学生被试进行对照研究。结果 :在控制焦虑、性别等因素的条件下 ,多动组的学习成绩要显著低于对照组。结论 :提高大学生的学业成绩 ,应该控制多动的影响     

Risky driving in adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD

OBJECTIVE: To examine risky driving behaviors and negative driving outcomes in a large sample of adolescents and adults diagnosed in childhood with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) compared with demographically similar controls without ADHD. METHODS: 355 adolescents and young adults of the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study (PALS) (n = 203 probands; n = 152 controls) were administered the Young Adult Driving Questionnaire. Parent and self-report of current ADHD symptoms and conduct problems were tested as potential mediators of the association between childhood ADHD and negative driving outcomes. RESULTS: ADHD group differences, of small to medium effect size, were found for number of tickets and accidents, and hyperactivity-impulsivity at follow-up emerged as a significant mediator of this association. Current conduct problems were associated with both risky and alcohol-impaired driving. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood ADHD elevates risk for driving-related problems, especially when symptoms persist. Co-occurring conduct problems capture some of this risk.     

Hyperactive night and day? Actigraphy studies in adult ADHD: a baseline comparison and the effect of methylphenidate

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To investigate parameters of sleep, activity, and circadian rhythm, as well as the effects of methylphenidate on these variables, in adults with ADHD. DESIGN: 1) Baseline group comparison; 2) Double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over medication trial. SETTING: Data collection took place during daily lives of participants. PARTICIPANTS: 39 normal controls and 33 adults with ADHD for baseline comparisons; 31 adults with ADHD in medication trial. INTERVENTIONS: Treatment with placebo and methylphenidate during medication trial. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Actigraphy and sleep log data were collected for 7 consecutive nights and days to obtain baseline values for ADHD and normal controls. Repeated measurements during placebo and methylphenidate treatment were conducted for the ADHD group. Actigraphic sleep estimates showed that ADHD subjects took longer to fall asleep, had lower sleep efficiency, and had shorter within-night periods of uninterrupted sleep. These findings were consistent with subjective complaints. Actigraphic measures of ADHD subjects showed continuously elevated daytime activity levels, resulting in a 24-hour pattern that was more stable and less variable than in controls. Methylphenidate led to a later bedtime, later sleep onset, and reduction in sleep duration. However, number and total duration of nocturnal awakenings decreased, while mean duration of within-night periods of uninterrupted sleep increased, indicating more consolidated sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that sleep problems are inherent in adults with ADHD and that methylphenidate reduced total sleep time but improved sleep quality by consolidating sleep.     

成人ADHD患者脑电α功率不对称性与生态执行功能的相关性

目的:探究成人注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患者静息态脑电α绝对功率不对称性与生态执行功能的相关性。方法:选取成人ADHD患者49例及正常对照45例,用执行功能行为评定量表成人版(BRIEF-A)评估生态执行功能,并记录静息态脑电,分析不同脑区α绝对功率不对称性差异并探讨其与生态执行功能的相关性。结果:ADHD患者双侧额部、前额的α绝对功率不对称性低于正常对照(均P<0.05);成人ADHD在BRIEF-A自评问卷的行为管理指数和元认知指数维度得分均高于对照(均P<0.001);在正常对照中双侧额部(r=0.43,P<0.05)、前额(r=0.43,P<0.05)的α绝对功率不对称性与其自我监控评分呈现正相关,但成人ADHD患者未见此相关性(P>0.05)。结论:成人ADHD患者生态执行功能存在缺陷,额部α绝对功率不对称性与自我监控能力关联性的消失可能是其执行功能受损的神经电生理机制。     

Functional and psychosocial impairment in adults with undiagnosed ADHD

BACKGROUND: Identify a group of adults with 'undiagnosed' attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and compare their personal and family medical histories, psychosocial profiles, functional impairment and quality of life with non-ADHD controls. Additionally, compare adults with undiagnosed and diagnosed ADHD to investigate possible reasons why the undiagnosed avoid clinical detection. METHOD: ICD-9 codes for ADHD in administrative claims records and responses to a telephone-administered adult ADHD screener [the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS)] were used to classify approximately 21000 members of two large managed health-care plans as 'undiagnosed' (no coded diagnosis; ASRS positive) or 'non-ADHD' controls (no coded diagnosis; ASRS negative). Patients identified as 'undiagnosed' ADHD were compared with samples of non-ADHD controls and 'diagnosed' ADHD patients (ICD-9 coded ADHD diagnoses) on the basis of demographics, socio-economic status, past and present mental health conditions, and self-reported functional and psychosocial impairment and quality of life. RESULTS: A total of 752 'undiagnosed' ADHD subjects, 199 'non-ADHD' controls and 198 'diagnosed' ADHD subjects completed a telephone interview. Overall, the 'undiagnosed' ADHD cohort demonstrated higher rates of co-morbid illness and greater functional impairment than 'non-ADHD' controls, including significantly higher rates of current depression, and problem drinking, lower educational attainment, and greater emotional and interpersonal difficulties. 'Undiagnosed' ADHD subjects reported a different racial composition and lower educational attainment than 'diagnosed' ADHD subjects. CONCLUSION: Individuals with 'undiagnosed' ADHD manifest significantly greater functional and psychosocial impairment than those screening negative for the disorder, suggesting that ADHD poses a serious burden to adults even when clinically unrecognized.     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的空间注意非对称性/偏侧化异常

目的:探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的空间注意力的表现。方法:选取49名符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)中ADHD诊断标准的门诊患者,和49名性别与之匹配的正常对照,进行Landmark测验,比较两组人群的空间偏移指数。指数范围从-1(左侧偏移/右侧注意忽视)至+1(右侧偏移/左侧注意忽视)。结果:Landmark测验结果显示,ADHD组平均空间偏移指数为(0.249±0.073),正常对照组平均空间偏移指数为(-0.006±0.073),在控制了年龄因素的影响后,两组平均空间偏移指数差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。正常对照组表现出左侧注意偏移,而病例组则表现出左侧注意的忽视。进一步控制智商因素后,ADHD组有左侧注意忽视的趋势(P0.05)。结论:ADHD儿童可能存在空间注意的非对称性/偏侧化异常,提示ADHD可能存在右侧大脑半球的功能缺陷。     

Interference control, working memory, concept shifting, and verbal fluency in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

In this study, the authors aimed to examine 4 domains of executive functioning in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)--namely interference control, concept shifting, verbal fluency, and verbal working memory. Four groups of participants were included: (a) adults diagnosed with ADHD (ADHD-super(-); n = 20), (b) adults diagnosed with both ADHD and 1 or more comorbid disorder(s) (ADHD-super(+); n = 22), (c) adults referred for ADHD because of ADHD symptomatology but not diagnosed as such (non-ADHD; n = 34), and (d) healthy controls (n = 136). ADHD-related deficits (independent of comorbidity) were revealed for concept shifting and verbal working memory. In addition, the ADHD-super(+) and non-ADHD groups displayed deficits in terms of general processing speed. Given that these deficits were not found in the ADHD-super(-) group, the authors contend that these deficits are likely attributable to comorbidity rather than ADHD itself. Contrary to the authors' expectations, these findings do not correspond with the cognitive subtype hypothesis.     

A naturalistic study of the effects of pharmacotherapy on substance use disorders among ADHD adults

BACKGROUND: Studies of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show an elevated prevalence of substance use disorders (SUDs) and the substance abuse literature shows that ADHD is elevated in substance users. Some researchers postulate that stimulant treatment of ADHD increases the risk for SUD in ADHD patients but follow-up studies suggest treatment protects patients from subsequent SUDs. This report uses retrospective data to assess the impact of prior ADHD pharmacotherapy on SUDs in 206 ADHD adults (n=79 late-onset ADHD, n=127 full ADHD) grouped by lifetime history of ADHD treatment (no treatment, past treatment, current and past treatment). METHOD: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) data were used to establish abuse and dependence, and Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI) responses were used to establish prevalence of use, preference for cigarettes, alcohol and drugs of abuse, complications from use, and motivation for use (get high, change mood, sleep better). RESULTS: No differences were found in the prevalence of cigarette smoking, alcohol or drug abuse or dependence, as well as no significant differences in 1-month prevalence of any use or use more than 20 times. No differences were found in complications of drug or alcohol use across groups. Subjects with current treatment rated getting high as a motivating factor significantly more frequently than subjects in the past treatment group; this result lost significance when we included ADHD diagnostic category. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent across substances and ADHD diagnoses, and support the hypothesis that pharmacotherapy does not cause subsequent SUDs.