Detection of recent HIV-1 infections among men who have sex with men in Beijing during 2005–2006

Background Men who have sex with men （MSM） have become one of the most risky populations for HIV infection in China. Though several cross-sectional sero-prevalence studies have been conducted, the annual HIV incidence remains unknown in this population.
Methods We applied IgG-capture BED-enzyme immunoassay （BED-CEIA） to define the recent HIV-1 infections among MSM in Beijing in the years 2005 and 2006 and the annual HIV incidence was estimated.
Results Overall, 1067 MSM samples were collected, including 526 samples in the year 2005 and 541 in 2006. In 2005, of 17 HIV seropositive samples, 7 were identified as recent HIV-1 infections and the estimated HIV infection incidence was 2.9% per year （95% CI, 0.8%-5.0%）. In 2006, of 26 HIV seropositive samples, 9 were identified as recent HIV-1 infections and the estimated annual incidence was 3.6% （95% CI, 1.3%-5.9%）, which was 0.7% higher than that in 2005. Individuals engaging in male group sexual intercourse （5.17% vs 0.87%, P=0.019） and having receptive anal sexual intercourse more than five times （2.79% vs 0.33%, P=0.047） in the past 6 months significantly increase the risk of being infected by HIV-1.
Conclusions A high level of annual HIV-1 infection incidence was observed among MSM in Beijing for the consecutive years 2005 and 2006 with a continuous increasing trend. The rising incidence and related high risk behavior among MSM alarmed the health authorities and calls for more effective intervention strategies among this population.     

Epidemiology of stroke in urban and rural areas of the People''''s Republic of China:an analysis of stroke incidence rates in 1986

This paper reports the stroke incidence rates in the People's Republic of China(PRC)in 1986.A total of 5790864 people from 199 locations sampled from all parts of the PRC(Taiwanprovince excluded)were investigated and among them 6367 complete stroke cases were found.Theincidence rate was 109.95 per 100000 people and its 95% CI was 107.25～112.65/100000.The inci-dence rate adjusted using the population composition of the urban and rural areas of the PRCin 1986 was 110.58/100000.The incidence rate standardized by the direct method using thePRC population in 1982 was 84.07/100000,and the incidence rate standardized using theworld standard population was 115.87/100000.The incidence rates of the various provinces werecounted respectively,and the relationship between the incidence rates and the geographical locationswas analysed correlatively and regressively.Positive correlation and linear regression were found be-tween the incidence rotes and the latitudes and the longitudes,that is to say,the incidence rates in-creased gradually from the south to the north and decreased progressively from the east to the westin the PRC.The stroke incidence rates were higher in urban districts than in outskirts inbig cities.When the distribution of case number in months was analysed using the methods of thetest for trend and circular distribution,a peak significant in statistics was found in January althoughit was not very high.The stroke incidence rates rose gradualy with age,and the relationship be-tween the incidence rates and age could he fitted with the Logistic curve.     

抑郁症自杀未遂患者的2年随访研究

目的 了解抑郁症自杀未遂患者的预后及其影响因素.方法 收集56例首发抑郁症自杀未遂患者的2年随访资料,分析其疗效、服药依从性和社会功能等.结果 失访率35.71%,随访患者中63.89%恢复原来的工作或学业,77.78%服药完全依从.疗效指数为3.0±1.2,疗效指数与服药依从性呈负相关.结论 提高抑郁症自杀未遂患者的服药依从性有助于改善其预后. Abstract： Objective To explore the prognosis of first-episode depressive disorder with attempted suicide and the related factors. Methods Fifty-six patients with first-episode depressive disorder with attempted suicide were evaluated by curative effect, medication compliance and social function after 2 years follow-up. Results The missing ratio was 35.71%,63.89% of patients with follow-up recovered the job or got back to school, 77.78% were in completely compliance with the doctor's advice. EI was 3.0±1.2, the score of EI was negatively related with medication compliance. Conclusions High medication compliance of patients with first-episode depressive disorder with attempted suicide may help to improve the prognosis.     

Epidemiological features of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Beijing urban and suburb areas in 2003

To describe the epidemiologic features of an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） in urban and suburb areas in Beijing and to explore their differences between these two areas. Methods Data of SARS cases were collected from daily notification of China Ministry of Health and a database of infectious diseases was established by the Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control （BCDC）. All the data were put into dataset files by Microsoft Exeel-2000 and analyzed with SPSS version 10.0 software. Results The respective urban incidence and mortality rate were 29.06 and 2.21 per 100 000, while the case fatality rate was 7.62%. In contrast, the respective suburb incidence and mortality rate were 10.61 and 0.78 per 100 000, and the case fatality rate was 7.32%. No significant differences were found in demographic characteristics between the urban and suburb areas. Conclusion Beijing urban area suffered a more serious SARS epidemic than the suburb area in 2003.     

TWENTY-THREE YEAR''S RESEARCH ON PREVENTION OF CERVICAL CANTCER

Preventive mass screening was conducted every l-2 years in 42 textile factories from 1958- 80 in Shanghai. A total of 846,104 examinations was made, and the percentage of women ex- amined was 70-90%. In 23 years the age- standardized prevalence rate was lowered by 97.6%. 520 cases of cervical cancer were fonnd, among them 465 patients are still alive. The 10-year survival rate (life-table method) was 93.1%, and the 20-year, 86.1%. There were rio stage IV, III and II cases in recent 18, 8 and 7 years, respectively. In the past 8 years, all 45 cases except one were of subclinical type. The average incidence rate of cervical cancer ranked 5th among all malignant cases at these factories, whereas the mortality rate came down to the last. The prevalence rate of cervical cancer in the ≥40 year old group was over 3 times higher than in the <40 year old group. During the 23 years the median age of cervical cancer patients was postponed by 8.7 years. The disease has not been discovered in <40 year old women in the last 3 years. Carcinoma in-situ was not detected in the <40 year old group in the last 8 years. The prevalence rate of cervical atypical hyperplasia in the ≥40. year old group was 7.5 times higher than in the group. of <48 years. Therefore women ≥40 years, old are the high risk group in our series.     

A randomized controlled trial comparing total glucosides of paeony capsule and compound glycyrrhizin tablet for alopecia areata

Objective:To observe the efficacy and safety of total glucosides of paeony capsule(TGPC)in patients with mild and moderate alopecia areata.Methods:A total of 86 outpatients were randomly allocated into two groups of TGPC(treatment,44 cases)and compound glycyrrhizin tablet(control,42 cases).The treatment group was given oral TGPC,three times daily and 600 mg per time;the control group was given oral compound glycyrrhizin tablets,three times daily and 50 mg per time.In addition,both groups were given 10 mg of vitamin B2 and tapped the bold patches with massage.The treatment course was three months for both groups.Peripheral blood T-cell subsets(CD3~+CD4~+,CD3~+CD8~+,Th,Ts,Th/Ts)of 10 patients randomly selected from each group respectively were tested before and after three months of treatment.The effectiveness and adverse reaction of all cases were observed each month.The safety was evaluated according to the incidence rate of adverse reaction. Results:In the treatment group,the cured and markedly effective rate was 36.36%(16/44),50.00%(22/44)and 68.18%(30/44)at the end of first,second and third month of treatment,respectively,and the incidence rate of adverse reaction was 13.64%(6/44).In the control group,the cured and markedly effective rate was 38.10% (16/42),57.14%(24/42)and 71.43%(30/42),respectively,and the incidence rate of adverse reaction was 16.67%(7/42).The cured and markedly effective rate and the incidence rate of adverse reaction were similar in both groups(P>0.05).TGPC and compound glycyrrhizin tablet can inhibit CD3~+CD4~+ and CD3~+CD8~+,and decrease the ratio of Th/Ts(P<0.05).Conclusion:TGPC is effective and safe in the treatment of alopecia areata.     

Estimation Study of New Cancer Cases and Deaths in Wuwei,Hexi Corridor Region,China, 2018

Population-based cancer registration data were collected to estimate the cancer incidence and mortality in Wuwei, Hexi Corridor Region, China in 2018. We used the 2011-2013datato predict the number of new cases and deaths in 2018 and the 2003-2013data to analyze trends in cancer incidence and mortality. The goal is to enable cancer prevention and control directions. Our results indicated that stomach cancer is the most common cancer. For all cancers combined, the incidence and mortality rates showed significantly increasing trends (+2.63% per year; P<0.05 and+1.9% per year; P <0.05). This study revealed a significant cancer burden among the population of this area. Cancer screening and prevention should be performed after an epidemiological study of the cause of the cancer is completed.     

THE SEX RATIO OF SUICIDE RETES IN CHINA

Suicide is the leading cause of non-natural deaths in China. Femalesuicide rates are higher than male rates, and the rural suicide rate is 2.8times higher than the urban rate. In 16568 cases of suicide, the male to fe-mle ratios observed were 0.92and 0.81 in urban and rural areas, repectively.The male to female ratio of the suicide rates in China is close to that of     

Role of platelet activating factor in pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome

The acute respiratory distress syndrome （ARDS） is defined by noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and acute respiratory failure in the seriously ill patients. It represents the serious pulmonary response to a broad range of severe injuries occurring either directly to the lung or as the consequence of injury or inflammation at other sites in the body. With the great advance in the treatment of serious diseases such as severe trauma, shock and sepsis, many patients do not die of original diseases but develop ARDS, which makes the incidence of ARDS increase. Results from a recent thorough epidemiological study conducted in Seattle suggested ARDS incidence figure of 59 cases per 100000 inhabitants/year.[第一段]     

An Epidemiological Investigation on the Efficacy of Tubal Ligation in Henan Province

An analysis was made of the data from a retrospective epidemiological study of 8766 cases of tubaf tigation performed between 1978 and 1983. Life-tabte statistcal analysis showed a cumutative pregnancy rate of 0.40 / 100 women in the first year, 1.07 / 100 women in the sixth year after tubal ligation. The incidence of complications was 2.66%, among which infection was the first in order. The results of multiple stepwise diseriminant analysis showed that the main factors af[ecting the operations were. the type of operation, and the hospital where the operation was performed. Premeroy rate after Madlener‘s operation was significantly higher than that after Pomeroy, modified Pomerov and Uchida operations. Signfieantlv higher pregnaney rate was observed in cases operated in hospitals below the county level than in those performed above cotatty level. The results of investigation indicated that tubal tigation is a safe, reliable, life-long cotraceptive measure.     

Psychiatric illness in the medical profession: incidence in relation to sex and field of practice.

The overall incidence of psychiatric illness among the physicians of British Columbia during 1970-74 was 1.27% per year. The overall suicide rate was more than 36.5/100 000. Incidence was not dependent on sex or age. The two specialties with the highest incidence--ophthalmology and psychiatry--had previously been demonstrated to have significantly high rates of suicide. The highest incidence was among psychiatric residents; in other resident groups collectively the incidence was at the expected rate. Greater severity of illness and poorer prognosis was found in family physicians compared with specialists, although the incidence was the same in the two groups.     

西双版纳傣族、哈尼族和基诺族肺结核登记患者特征比较

目的 了解2005年12月至2012年12月西双版纳州傣族、哈尼族和基诺族活动性肺结核患者的流行病学特征.方法 对2005年12月至2012年12月景洪市结核病网络专报系统登记的3个少数民族活动性肺结核患者按性别、年份、年龄段、职业分布进行统计分析.结果 2005年12月至2012年12月景洪市傣族、哈尼族和基诺族活动性肺结核患者登记率分别由18.25/10万、61.04/10万、72.48/10万增至49.90/10万、128.23/10万和98.89/10万;3个少数民族登记活动性肺结核患者数呈锯齿状上升趋势,哈尼族患者登记率高于景洪市总登记率,傣族登记率低于总登记率,基诺族近3a患者登记率与总登记率无差异;活动性肺结核患者中哈尼族以45-64岁和25 - 34岁居多,傣族以55-64岁和25 - 34岁居多,基诺族以55岁以上者居多;其职业分布主要集中在待业人员和农民;经统计学分析,3个少数民族活动性肺结核患者登记率与总体登记率在不同年份、年龄段和职业间均差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 西双版纳地区少数民族肺结核疫情仍很严重,各少数民族患者各具特点,需针对不同民族开展不同的结核病防治和宣传工作.     

Attempted suicide in Adelaide and Perth: changing rates for males and females, 1971-1987

OBJECTIVE: Official rates of attempted suicide in Perth, in 1971-1972 and 1986-1987, were examined, with the aim of documenting changes in the age and sex distribution of persons who attempted suicide over the 15-year period. In addition a survey of all patients presenting to the Royal Adelaide Hospital between 1986 and 1988 aimed to determine whether or not the official figures accurately reflect the number of presentations for attempted suicide. DESIGN AND SETTING: Rates of attempted suicide were calculated from the Hospital Morbidity Data for hospitals in the Perth Statistical Division and from the Inpatient Separations Information System (ISIS) for hospitals in the Adelaide Statistical Division. Rates were expressed for each sex as annual age-specific rates per 100,000 population. The data were age-standardised by the direct method. A survey was completed of all patients presenting to the Royal Adelaide Hospital between 1986 and 1988 after attempted suicide. The findings were compared with the official figures for the Royal Adelaide Hospital and were used to estimate the actual rate of attempted suicide in the Adelaide Statistical Division. RESULTS: In Perth the rate of attempted suicide for males increased from 93 per 100,000 in 1971-1972 to 137 per 100,000 in 1986-1987. The increase was most striking in the age groups 15-19 and 40-44 years. The rates for females decreased from 214 per 100,000 to 195 per 100,000. In Adelaide, from 1986 to 1987, between one-fifth and one-third of persons who attempted suicide and presented to the Royal Adelaide Hospital were not recorded in the ISIS. In 1988, two-thirds were not recorded. We estimated that the real rate of attempted suicide for males in Adelaide was about 180 per 100,000 and for females was about 250 per 100,000. CONCLUSIONS: Our understanding of the epidemiology of attempted suicide is largely based on data which are now out of date. The Perth findings of a 47% rise in rate among males and a 9% fall among females suggest that attempted suicide is no longer a behaviour more associated with females than males. The Adelaide survey data demonstrate that official rates for attempted suicide underestimate the extent of the phenomenon in the community by a significant margin. An attempted suicide register is suggested as a method of overcoming this problem.     

Prevention of suicide.

We reviewed the epidemiologic features of suicide in Canada and evaluated suicide prevention programs. Three groups were found to be at increased risk for suicide: men aged 70 years or more, women aged 65 to 69 and men aged 20 to 24. The other groups, in decreasing order of risk, were the mentally ill, people who have attempted suicide, those with a life-threatening illness, native people, people with a family history of suicide and prisoners. Studies that evaluated suicide prevention programs showed that none significantly reduced the incidence of suicide; however, the studies were found to be methodologically inadequate or used noncomparable systems of data collection. On the basis of our findings we recommend that primary care physicians routinely evaluate suicide risk among patients in high-risk groups and that intervention include counselling, follow-up and, if necessary, referral to a psychiatrist. Close follow-up is recommended for newly discharged psychiatric patients and those who recently attempted suicide.     

武汉市儿童胰岛素依赖型糖尿病发病率调查

根据WHO DIAMOND计划,采用“捕获—再捕获”方法.对1989～ 1996年武汉市区 0～14岁儿童胰岛素依赖型糖尿病发病率进行了流行病学双向性前瞻调查。结果表明,其平均年发病率为0.4672/10万/年（男性 0.4526/10 万/年、女性 0.4828/10万/年）,按年龄构成际化后的标化率为 0.4798/10万/年（男性0.4621/10万/年、女性O.4988/10万/年）;男女性发病率比约为0.94。年度发病率呈现波动,1990和1993年最低（0.2492/10万）,1995年最高(0.8721/10万）。两个来源共同登记的确定水平为90.90％,预计年发病率为 0.4983/10万（95％CI=0.4441/10万～0.5526/10 万）。同其他国家和地区相比,武汉市儿童胰岛素依赖型糖尿病发病率较低。     

Elderly suicide in Singapore

The suicide rate in Singapore has remained at 9-11 per 100,000 over the past decade. Comparing the age specific suicide rate, elderly people (60 years and above) have a much higher rate (21.3 per 1000,000) than the young (5 per 100,000). The data also indicate that elderly men are more prone to kill themselves than elderly women. Risk factors in elderly suicide and preventive measures are discussed.     

抑郁症自杀未遂者血浆瘦素及总胆固醇水平研究

目的 探讨血浆瘦素及总胆固醇与抑郁发作自杀未遂的关系.方法 对抑郁发作自杀未遂者(自杀未遂组,25例)和抑郁发作无自杀行为者(无自杀组,30例)采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD24)、Beck绝望量表(BHS)及自杀意念自评量表(SIOSS)评定抑郁严重程度、绝望程度和自杀意念的强烈程度;32例体检职工为对照组,所有入组对象服药前测定体质量指数、血浆瘦素和总胆固醇.结果 (1)自杀未遂组的HAMD-24[(38.9±9.4)分]、BHS[(13.4±4.1)分]、SIOSS评分[(17.8±4.1)分]均高于无自杀组[分别为(26.2±6.3)分、(7.8±4.0)分、(12.5±4.3)分;P＜0.01].(2)自杀未遂组的总胆固醇[(3.3±0.9)mmol/L]及血浆瘦素水平[(6.1±3.7)μg/L]明显低于无自杀组[分别为(3.6±1.2)mmol/L,(9.4±4.4)g/L;P＜0.05～0.01],而无自杀组又明显低于正常对照组[分别为(4.8±0.9)mmol/L,(13.4±6.7)μg/L;P＜0.05～0.01].(3)3组的血浆瘦素及总胆固醇均与BMI呈正相关(P＜0.01);自杀未遂组和无自杀组血浆瘦素和总胆固醇与HAMD-24分、BHS及SIOSS分均呈显著负相关,且两组的血浆瘦素与总胆固醇之间呈显著正相关(P＜0.01);而正常对照组的血浆瘦素与总胆固醇之间无显著相关性(P＞0.05).结论 低水平的血浆瘦素可能是抑郁发作自杀未遂的一个危险因素.     

综合医院急诊室自杀未遂患者特征分析

目的 调杳自杀未遂患者各种精神障碍的患病率,分析精神障碍自杀未遂患者的临床特征.方法 按市内不同地区分布抽取沈阳市4家三级综合医院进行调查,共调查239例15周岁以上的急诊室自杀未遂患者.调查员在自杀未遂患者经抢救病情好转后用自伤者一般情况表、自伤情况问卷、汉密顿抑郁量表-24项和<美国精神疾病与行为障碍分类与诊断标准>(第4版)科研版轴Ⅰ障碍定式临床检查-病人版进行调查.结果 自杀未遂者自伤当时精神障碍的总患病率为69.46%,其中心境障碍患病率最高(48.12%);有精神障碍者中仅7.23%看过心理或精神科,并接受药物治疗.患有精神障碍的自杀未遂者冲动性自杀少,伤害发牛后自救率低,自伤目的 以解脱痛苦、减轻他人负担为主.患有精神障碍的自杀未遂者的各项抑郁症状及抑郁程度比无精神障碍者更严重(均P<0.05).结论 综合医院急诊室自杀未遂患者精神障碍患病率高,自杀前就诊率低;患有精神障碍的自杀未遂者以非冲动性自杀为主,伤害发生后自救率低,目的 以解脱痛苦、减轻他人负担为主;患有精神障碍的自杀未遂人群自杀与精神障碍中的抑郁成分最直接相关.     

陕西省汉中市2009—2018年肺结核流行特征分析

目的 了解汉中市2009—2018年肺结核发病变化趋势和流行病学特征,为制定防控策略和措施提供科学依据。方法 对汉中市2009—2018年报告的肺结核病例数据进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 汉中市2009—2018年共报告活动性肺结核21 016例,年平均报告发病率61.25/10万,10年间肺结核报告发病率呈下降趋势(P <0.005),降幅45.65%。第一季度为发病高峰(30.70%);男性发病率高于女性(P <0.005),发病年龄高峰为45~<55岁年龄组(18.73%),发病人群以农民(80.86%)为主;全市11县区10年间年均报告发病率差异有统计学意义(P <0.005),镇巴县(90.57/10万)、西乡县(82.58/10万)、南郑区(62.37/10万)、宁强县(61.31/10万)报告发病率高于全市平均水平。结论 汉中市肺结核报告发病数逐年下降,县区发病存在差异,农民依然是结核病防控的重点人群,应加大防治力度,降低结核病危害。     

2009~ 2012 年湖北省武穴市手足口病疫情分析简

目的 分析湖北省武穴市2009~2012年间手足口病流行特征以及临床资料,探讨适宜的合理有效防控措施.方法 收集国家疾病监测信息报告管理系统手足口病个案资料,采用描述性流行病学统计方法对其进行分析比较.结果 2009~2012年间武穴市共报告手足口病976例,年平均发病率36.48/10万,2009~2012年间分别报告129例、191例、278例、378例,报告发病率分别为18.74/10万、27.65/10万、43.15/10万、57.98/10万,年发病率逐年上升,4~7月为发病高峰,8月份回到较低水平,2011和2012这两年的10~12月出现第2个小高峰;发病人群中以散居儿童为主,占84.83%（828/976）;发病年龄主要分布在5岁以下儿童,占98.05%（957/976）,无死亡病例.2009~2012间手足口病病原体均以肠道病毒71型（EV71）为主,病原学诊断阳性者中71型（EV71）占46.88%,Cox16和其他肠道病毒有一定的感染比例.结论 2009~2012间武穴市手足口病发病流行强度逐年升高,手足口病流行有明显的季节性,主要分布在5岁以下儿童,病原学以EV71型为主,应关注流行高峰季节和重点人群,制定科学规范的防控方案,加强疫情监测,减少发病和死亡.