呼气末二氧化碳分压监测在急诊危重病监护中的应用

目的　探讨动脉血二氧化碳分压 (PaCO2 )和呼气末二氧化碳分压 (PetCO2 )的相关性在不同危重病中的变化及临床意义。方法　采用前瞻性、对照研究方法。 2 7例患者分为两组 ,第 1组 16例 ,为急性有机磷中毒 (中间综合征 )、感染性休克、重型颅脑外伤、脑出血 (脑疝 )患者 ;第 2组 11例 ,为急性左心衰、尿毒症晚期、心肺复苏后患者 ,均为接受气管插管和机械通气支持 2h后 ,同时测定PaCO2 和PetCO2 。结果　第 1组患者的PaCO2 和PetCO2 具有正相关关系 (r =0 .6 74 ,P <0 .0 1)。第 2组患者的PaCO2 和PetCO2 无显著相关关系 (r =0 .14 2 ,P >0 .0 1)。第 1组患者的PaCO2 和PetCO2 差值的 95 %可信区间为 - 3.2 5 /4.88mmHg(P >0 .0 1) ,无统计学意义。PaCO2 和PetCO2 的个体差异较大 ,个别 >10mmHg。结论　对于血流动力学稳定的危重患者 ,PaCO2 与PetCO2 有良好的相关性 ,PetCO2 可用于判断PaCO2 的变化。但在出现分流的患者中 ,还是应定时检测血气为妥。     

呼气末二氧化碳监测在儿科护理中的应用

目的:通过监测行机械通气患儿呼气末二氧化碳分压(PetCO2)与动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)的相关性,探讨呼气末二氧化碳监测在儿科危重患儿护理中的作用。方法:采取回顾性、自身对照研究方法,分别选择机械通气后30 min、1 h、6 h、12 h、24 h 5个时间点进行检测PaCO2,同时观察PetCO2值。比较PaCO2值与PetCO2值的相关性。结果:不同时间点患儿PaCO2和PetCO2有相关性(P0.01)。结论:行机械通气的重症患儿PetCO2可用于判断PaCO2变化,可连续监测,能减轻患儿痛苦,提高护士工作效率。     

呼气末二氧化碳监测在机械通气早产儿中的临床应用

目的:探讨呼气末二氧化碳监测在早产极低出生体重儿中的应用。方法:对32例气管插管机械通气的早产极低出生体重儿进行持续主流呼气末二氧化碳监测,并同时配对检测75人次动脉血气分析,比较呼气末二氧化碳分压(PetCO2)与动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)的关系。结果:75人次早产极低出生体重儿动脉血气分析,PaCO2平均为(39.1±6.4)mmHg,对应的PetCO2平均为(34.8±5.2)mmHg,两者有显著相关性,相关系数r为0.74;肺部病变较轻者比肺部病变较严重者PetCO2更能准确地反映PaCO2。结论:无创性主流呼气末二氧化碳监测适用于气管插管机械通气的早产极低出生体重儿,能较准确地反映PaCO2的水平。     

呼气末二氧化碳监测在机械通气中的应用

目的通过对急诊重症监护室的27例使用呼吸机的患者开展太空监护仪监测呼气末二氧化碳（PetCO2）,并对其在机械通气的应用意义和护理体会进行总结。方法采用前瞻性、对照研究方法。将27例分为两组,第一组16例,为急性有机磷中毒（中间综合症）、感染性休克、重型颅脑外伤,脑出血（脑疝）患者;第二组11例,为急性左心衰、尿毒症晚期、心肺复苏后患者。均为接受气管插管和机械通气支持2h后,同时测定PaCO2和PetCO2。结果第一组患者的PaCO2和PetCO2具有正相关关系（r=0．674,P〈0．01）。第二组患者的PaCO2和PetCO2无显著相关关系（r=0．142,P〉O．01）。第一组患者的Pa-etCO2（即PaCO2和PetCO2）差值的95％可信区间为-0．43／0．65kPa（P〉0．01）,无统计学意义。结论对于血流动力学稳定的危重病人,PaCO2与PetCO2有良好的相关性,PetCO2可用于判断PaCO2的变化,能迅速早期反映通气、血流、代谢等多方面变化的监测指标,具有无创、连续、简便等优点。     

不同潮气量机械通气在肺不张病人中应用的对比研究

目的对比研究较大潮气量(BVT)、常规潮气量(CVT)和较小潮气量(SVF)持续正压机械通气在肺不张病人中的临床应用价值.方法对20例肺不张病人先后给予SVT、CVT和BVT机械通气,记录并比较三种不同潮气量机械通气30min后的气道峰压(Ppeak)、气道平均压(Pmean)、静态肺顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的大小,同时比较三种不同潮气量机械通气对平均动脉压(MBP)、中心静脉压(CVP)及氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、pH值、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)的影响.结果Ppeak、Pmean、CVP、pH值随着潮气量的增加而增加(P＜0.05);BVT组的PaO2/FIO2及Cst值显著低于CVT组和SVT(P＜0.05);PaCO2值随着潮气量的增加而减少(P＜0.05);三组病人的Raw、NBP值无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论对持续正压机械通气的肺不张病人,SVT在改善呼吸力学、血流动力学及氧合方面优于CVT和BVT.     

机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病并急性呼吸衰竭32例分析

目的:探讨慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)并急性呼吸衰竭(ARF)患者机械通气治疗的选择、临床效果及其并发症。方法:回顾性分析两院近年来收治的32例COPD并ARF患者机械通气治疗的临床资料。结果:本组32例中,存活出院24例(75%),死亡8例(25%),抢救成功率为75%。动脉血气分析监测结果显示:机械通气后较上机前动脉血pH值及PaO2均有提高,PaCO2明显下降,两者比较,差异显著(P<0.01),而撤机前后的pH值、PaO2、PaCO2的改变不明显(P>0.05),说明机械通气可显著提高患者动脉血氧分压并降低二氧化碳分压。结论:对COPD并ARF患者,正确掌握机械通气的指征,及时建立人工气道,选择合理的呼吸模式能明显改善患者的缺氧及二氧化碳潴留,可有效地提高患者的抢救成功率并减少并发症。     

机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病并发急性呼吸衰竭

慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD)常并发急性呼吸衰竭 ,如不能及时治疗 ,病死率较高。机械通气是抢救呼吸衰竭的重要手段之一 ,我们应用机械通气治疗COPD合并急性呼吸衰竭 5 8例 ,疗效满意 ,现报告如下。1　资料与方法1.1　一般资料　 1997年 3月至 2 0 0 1年 12月入住我院治疗的COPD呼吸衰竭患者 5 8例 ,男性 4 2例 ,女性 16例 ,年龄 4 1～ 71岁 ,平均年龄 (5 4± 6 .3)岁。患者均有明显的低氧血症和高碳酸血症 ,昏迷患者 2 3例 ,神志恍惚 35例。1.2　诊断标准　氧分压 (PaO2 ) <6 0mmHg(1mmHg =0 .133kPa) ,二氧化碳分压 (PaCO2 ) >5 0mm…     

保护性机械通气在小儿脓毒血症合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的作用

目的探讨保护性机械通气治疗小儿脓毒血症合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的疗效。方法我院住院治疗脓毒血症合并ARDS的患儿45例,按照随机数字表法分为治疗组(n=22)与对照组(n=23),治疗组采用保护性机械通气治疗,对照组采用传统通气法治疗。检测并比较两组患儿血气指标及呼吸参数、炎性指标,观察并发症及预后情况。结果治疗组患儿动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)低于对照组,血氧分压(PaO_2)、呼气末正压通气(PEEP)高于对照组(P005);24 h、撤机时治疗组降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平均低于对照组(P 005);治疗组死亡率明显低于对照组(P 005)。结论保护性机械通气可有效改善脓毒血血症合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征患儿血气指标,降低相关性肺损伤,抑制炎症反应,降低死亡率,具有推广价值。     

不同方法雾化吸入对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者手术后血气分析的影响

目的　探讨氧气驱动雾化吸入和常规超声雾化吸入对慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD)患者手术后血气分析的影响。方法　 80例COPD患者随机分为A组和B组 ,A组患者使用氧气驱动雾化吸入 ,B组患者使用常规超声雾化吸入 ,比较治疗前后患者血气分析指标中动脉血氧分压 (PaO2 )、动脉血二氧化碳分压 (PaCO2 )和血氧饱和度 (SaO2 )的变化。结果　A组患者治疗后血气分析中PaO2 上升和PaCO2 下降较B组患者明显 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;B组患者治疗后SaO2 下降较A组患者更明显 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　氧气驱动雾化吸入在COPD患者手术后提高PaO2 和降低PaCO2 潴留方面优于常规超声雾化吸入     

高原慢性肺源性心脏病急性加重期呼吸衰竭潮气末二氧化碳分压监测价值的研究

我们对高原(海拔2 260～3 200 m)慢性肺源性心脏病(肺心病)急性加重期呼吸衰竭患者作潮气末二氧化碳分压(PetCO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)和生理死腔气量/潮气量(VD/VT)比例测定,探讨PetCO2与PaCO2的关系及PetCO2的应用价值.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.