肺癌组织的HLA-I类分子表达与临床病理因素关系

目的 研究肺癌组织的人类白细胞抗原I类分子HLA-A,B,C,G的表达情况以及临床病理因素关系.方法 抗HLA-A,B,C单克隆抗体(mAb)W6 /32 ,抗HLA-G (mAb)GG11,以免疫组化S-P法检测49例肺癌中的HLA-A,B,C,G抗原表达情况, 同时收集肺癌患者临床特征.结果 小细胞肺癌、鳞癌和腺癌的HLA-A,B, C抗原表达有不同程度的下降或缺失,小细胞肺癌HLA-A,B,C抗原下降和缺失率最高(P ＜0.05);而不同病理分期、分级的肺癌HLA-A,B,C抗原表达并无差异(P＞0.05).H LA-G在49例原发肺癌癌细胞中均无阳性表达,但4例肿瘤组织旁的部分免疫细胞上有阳性表达.结论 肺癌HLA-A,B,C抗原表达下降与肺癌组织类型相关,而与临床病理因素无关;HLA-G在肺癌细胞无表达,而部分免疫细胞表达HLA-G.肺癌可通过HLA-I 类分子诱导免疫耐受逃避宿主的免疫监控     

Molecular comparison of echovirus 11 strains circulating in Europe during an epidemic of multisystem hemorrhagic disease of infants indicates that evolution generally occurs by recombination

We compared echovirus 11 (E11) strains implicated in a severe epidemic in Hungary in 1989 with the prototype E11 strain Gregory and with other E11 strains, most of which were isolated over the same period in Europe (Finland, The Netherlands, Romania, Russia) from sporadic cases or from environmental water. Partial sequencing indicated that the Hungarian strains were closely related to each other and to most European strains. They were particularly closely related to one Romanian strain associated with a sporadic case of hemiparesis and several Finnish strains isolated from environmental water. Sequencing of the complete genomes of one Hungarian strain, the Romanian strain, and one Finnish strain revealed differences of only a few nucleotides in the 5' half of the genome, including the 5' nontranslated region (5'-NTR) and the capsid coding region. However, significant differences were observed in the nucleotide sequences of the 3' half of the genome (nonstructural viral protein region and 3'-NTR), indicating that these strains evolved recently and independently by genetic recombination with other unknown E11 or enterovirus strains.     

An improved method for dog leukocyte antigen 88 typing and two new major histocompatibility complex class I alleles, DLA-88*01101 and DLA-88*01201

Development of preclinical dog models of solid organ and hematopoietic transplantation is critically dependent upon characterization of the polymorphic major histocompatibility complex class I and class II loci. While the class II alleles are easily typed as the polymorphic positions reside on a single exon, typing the class I locus is tedious. We have improved the class I typing method by designing improved primers and adopting alternative DNA amplification and cloning reagents that circumvent the use of radioactivity and the need for the single-stranded conformation polymorphism gels. The method is reliable in typing dogs for the class I dog leukocyte antigen (DLA)-88 locus, and through its use, we describe here two new alleles DLA-88*01101 and DLA-88*01201.     

Human leukocyte antigen class I and II haplotypes and risk of cervical cancer

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) variations may affect immune response to human papillomavirus infection and subsequent cervical neoplasia risk. We investigated the frequency and relationship between HLA-A-B and HLA-A-B-DR haplotypes among women with cervical cancer/high-grade lesions (n=365) and cytologically normal population controls (n=681) within three cervical neoplasia studies in the US and Costa Rica. Notable differences in haplotype frequencies were observed; the HLA-A*01-B*08 haplotype occurred in >5% of US Caucasians but in <1% of Costa Ricans. The most prevalent HLA-A*24-B*40-DR*04 haplotype in Costa Rica (5%) was found in <1% of US Caucasians. No HLA haplotype was significantly associated with cervical neoplasia, suggesting that individual allele associations reported to date (e.g. HLA-DR*13) are not likely explained by underlying haplotypes.     

Defining the HLA class I‐associated viral antigen repertoire from HIV‐1‐infected human cells

Recognition and eradication of infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes is a key defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens. High‐throughput definition of HLA class I‐associated immunopeptidomes by mass spectrometry is an increasingly important analytical tool to advance our understanding of the induction of T‐cell responses against pathogens such as HIV‐1. We utilized a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry workflow including de novo‐assisted database searching to define the HLA class I‐associated immunopeptidome of HIV‐1‐infected human cells. We here report for the first time the identification of 75 HIV‐1‐derived peptides bound to HLA class I complexes that were purified directly from HIV‐1‐infected human primary CD4⁺ T cells and the C8166 human T‐cell line. Importantly, one‐third of eluted HIV‐1 peptides had not been previously known to be presented by HLA class I. Over 82% of the identified sequences originated from viral protein regions for which T‐cell responses have previously been reported but for which the precise HLA class I‐binding sequences have not yet been defined. These results validate and expand the current knowledge of virus‐specific antigenic peptide presentation during HIV‐1 infection and provide novel targets for T‐cell vaccine development.     

Expression of human minor histocompatibility antigen on cultured kidney cells

Incompatibility of human minor histocompatibility (hmH) antigens can induce rejection of grafts in organ transplantation and graft-versus-host reactions in bone marrow transplantation. In spite of their importance in clinical transplantation, hmH antigens are not well studied. Previous studies have demonstrated the expression of hmH antigens on Tand B cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells and keratinocytes. We have for the first time demonstrated the expression of hmH antigens on cultured kidney cells using HLA-B35-restricted, hmH antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones, which were previously established from a patient who rejected two kidneys from HLA-identical sisters. The CTL clones could not kill cultured kidney cells. Since cultured kidney cells expressed very low levels of HLA class I antigens it was thought that their failure to be killed by the CTL clones was due to lack of expression of HLA-B35 antigens. After induction of class I antigens on cultured kidney cells by interferon-y (IFN-γ), the IFN-γ-treated cultured kidney cells were killed by the CTL clones. Furthermore, we isolated hmH antigens as peptides from cultured kidney cells after treatment with IFN-γ. These results indicate that cultured kidney cells express hmH antigens when HLA class I antigen is induced by IFN-γ and hmH antigens on cultured kidney cells are recognized by T cells as peptides presented by HLA-B35 molecules.     

人类白细胞抗原新等位基因B*54:09的序列分析

目的 鉴定1名中国人白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)新等位基因.方法 应用基于Luminex平台的聚合酶链反应-序列特异性寡核苷酸探针(polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide probes,PCR-SSOP)方法对先证者进行HLA基因分型、PCR产物测序和基因克隆DNA测序,通过软件分析该基因序列并与同源性最高的HLA等位基因比较序列差异.结果 PCR-SSOP基因分型显示先证者HLA-B位点反应格局异常,疑为HLA新等位基因.基因克隆后测序结果显示,其中1个等位基因为B*59:01,另一个等位基因序列与所有已知HLA等位基因不同,与同源性最高的HLA-B* 54:06基因序列相比,在第3外显子有6个核苷酸不同(nt486G→C、nt527A→T、nt538T→C、nt539G→T、nt559 C→A和nt560 T→C),导致了3个氨基酸改变,152位氨基酸由Glu→Val,156位氨基酸Trp→Leu和163位氨基酸Leu→Thr.结论 该等位基因为HLA新等位基因,被世界卫生组织HLA因子命名委员会正式命名为HLA-B* 54:09.     

Sequence of the canine major histocompatibility complex region containing non-classical class I genes

Abstract:  We have sequenced a segment of 150,102 nucleotides of canine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) DNA, corresponding to the junction of the class I and class III regions. The distal portion contained five class III genes including two tumor necrosis factor genes and the proximal portion contained five genes or pseudogenes belonging to the class I region. The order of the class III region genes was conserved as in the porcine and human MHC regions. The order of the class Ib loci from the proximal side outwards was DLA-53, DLA-12a, DLA-64, stress-induced phosphoprotein-1, followed by DLA-12. Only DLA-64 and DLA-12 display an overall predicted protein sequence compatible with the expression of membrane-anchored glycoproteins. The other class 1b loci do not appear to be functional by sequence analysis. In all, these 10 genes spanned 24% of the total sequence. The remaining 76% comprised of a number of non-coding and repetitive DNA elements including long interspersed nuclear element (LINE) fragments, short interspersed nuclear elements (SINE), and microsatellites.     

人类白细胞抗原G和人类白细胞抗原E在宫颈癌中的表达及临床意义

目的 评估人类白细胞抗原G(HLA-G)和人类白细胞抗原E(HLA-E)的表达在宫颈癌进展中的意义及对患者预后的影响.方法 采用聚合酶链反应和流式细胞术检测正常组、CIN Ⅰ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ(宫颈上皮内瘤变Ⅰ-Ⅲ级)及浸润癌组HLA-G和HLA-E基因及蛋白的表达,比较两者在各组表达的差异及其对病人长期生存的影响.结果 CINⅢ及浸润癌组HLA-G表达与CIN Ⅰ、CINⅡ和正常组比较U值分别为564.0、536.0和565.5,P均＜0.05,HLA-E前两组的表达与后者比较U值分别为550.0、542.0和578.5,P均＜0.05;并且HLA-G和HLA-E阳性的患者生存率明显低于阴性者(P＜0.05).结论 HLA-G和HLA-E的异常表达促使宫颈癌的发生和发展,并且影响患者的术后长期生存.     

The association between HLA-A, -B alleles and major histocompatibility complex class I polymorphic Alu insertions in four populations in China

The study of the association between polymorphic Alu insertions [human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-Alu] at five loci and HLA class I alleles at two loci allows for better identification of the origins and evolution of HLA class I region haplotypes in different populations. In the present study, we determined the frequencies of five HLA-Alus and their associations with HLA-A and -B alleles in Han, Wa, Maonan, and Jinuo populations. Our results showed a strong association between AluHG insertion and HLA-A*02 in all populations studied; however, the associations between AluHJ insertion and HLA-A*1101 and HLA-A*2402 and AluHF insertion and HLA-A*2601 were only observed in Han. The AluMICB insertion showed a strong association with HLA-B*5502 in Han, Maonan, and Jinuo. HLA-A*0101, HLA-A*0201, HLA-A*0203, HLA-A*1101, HLA-A*2402, HLA-A*2601, and HLA-A*3101 alleles were associated with one or more of the three different Alu elements within the alpha block as independent haplotypes, and HLA-A*0101, HLA-A*0201, HLA-A*0203, HLA-A*1101, and HLA-A*2402 alleles were associated with at least two different Alu insertions as a haplotype within the alpha block. We conclude that the HLA class I region haplotypes of the four populations were derived from different progenitor haplotypes, and relatively high rates of recombination between individuals with HLA-A alleles and different HLA-Alus occurred in this region.     

Examination of serum class I antigen in liver-transplanted rats

We examined the appearance of donor (DA) type class I antigen in the serum of rats that had received isogeneic (DA----DA) or allogeneic (DA----PVG, DA----BN, DA----LEW) liver transplants with or without cyclosporin A treatment, using two-site enzyme immunoassay. We also tested the serum titre of class I antigen in the normal DA rats with either 70% hepatectomy or cyclosporin A treatment, in order to clarify the relationship between the fluctuation in the serum titre of class I antigen in the recipient and the outcome of the transplanted liver graft. The suppression of liver graft rejection by cyclosporin A treatment significantly lowered the serum level of donor liver-derived class I antigen as compared with that of the recipient without cyclosporin A for a certain period. However, there was almost no correlation between the intensity of rejection of the liver graft and the serum level type class I among these allogeneic rejection and non-rejection liver transplantation combinations. The amount of donor-type class I antigen in the recipient's serum is dependent on whether the grafted liver is severely damaged following partial hepatectomy, whether the liver has associated biliary complications or ischaemic damage, or whether the liver has had absolute residual parenchymal cell volume or function following liver rejection. Our results suggest that the appearance of donor type class I antigen following liver transplantation is dependent on many factors, and therefore the titre of serum class 1 antigen may not always be a decisive indicator of liver graft rejection.     

Association of human leukocyte antigen with postherpetic neuralgia in Koreans

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), the most frequent complication of varicella‐zoster virus reactivation, is characterized by pain that persists for more than 3 months, often for years after healing of zoster rash. A few studies revealing the association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) with PHN have been reported, but only in the Japanese. The aim of this study was to investigate the primary HLA locus associated with PHN susceptibility in Koreans. We compared HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, and DRB1 genotypes of 66 PHN patients with those of 54 herpes zoster (HZ) patients without developing PHN and 235 healthy controls. Frequencies of HLA‐B*13, B*44, B*15 (B75), DRB1*10:01, and DRB1*12:02 were increased, and those of HLA‐C*01, C*12, and DRB1*01:01 were decreased in PHN patients compared to those in controls (each, p < 0.05). Among these alleles, only the frequency of HLA‐B*44 was significantly increased in PHN patients compared to that in HZ patients and the change was due to HLA‐B*44:03 (PHN vs controls, p = 0.043; PHN vs HZ, p = 0.012). The results suggest that HLA‐B*44:03 or other closely linked gene of the major histocompatibility complex is associated with susceptibility to the development of PHN after HZ, but not with the onset of HZ.     

Associations of human leukocyte antigen with neutralizing antibody titers in a tetravalent dengue vaccine phase 2 efficacy trial in Thailand

The recombinant, live, attenuated, tetravalent dengue vaccine CYD-TDV has shown efficacy against all four dengue serotypes. In this exploratory study (CYD59, NCT02827162), we evaluated potential associations of host human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles with dengue antibody responses, CYD-TDV vaccine efficacy, and virologically-confirmed dengue (VCD) cases. Children 4–11 years old, who previously completed a phase 2b efficacy study of CYD-TDV in a single center in Thailand, were included in the study. Genotyping of HLA class I and II loci was performed by next-generation sequencing from DNA obtained from 335 saliva samples. Dengue neutralizing antibody titers (NAb) were assessed as a correlate of risk and protection. Regression analyses were used to assess associations between HLA alleles and NAb responses, vaccine efficacy, and dengue outcomes. Month 13 NAb log geometric mean titers (GMTs) were associated with decreased risk of VCD. In the vaccine group, HLA-DRB1*11 was significantly associated with higher NAb log GMT levels (beta: 0.76; p = 0.002, q = 0.13). Additionally, in the absence of vaccination, HLA associations were observed between the presence of DPB1*03:01 and increased NAb log GMT levels (beta: 1.24; p = 0.005, q = 0.17), and between DPB1*05:01 and reduced NAb log GMT levels (beta: ?1.1; p = 0.001, q = 0.07). This study suggests associations of HLA alleles with NAb titers in the context of dengue outcomes.This study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02827162.     

Association of CD8+ T cell infiltration in oesophageal carcinoma lesions with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigen expression and survival

Oesophageal cancer is one of the most aggressive tumours with a poor prognosis. However, little is known about the immune response in the tumour microenvironment. To investigate the role of immunosurveillance in the clinical course of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, 98 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary tumours were analysed using immunohistochemical methods for human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I heavy chain and β2-microglobulin expression and for CD4-, CD8- and CD57-positive cell infiltration. HLA class I expression of tumour cells was correlated positively with infiltration of CD8(+) T cells into the cancer nest, but not with the clinical course of disease. However, CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell infiltration was correlated with prognosis. These results suggest that tumour antigen-specific cellular immune response plays a role in the clinical course of the disease and that HLA class I antigen expressed on tumour cells contribute to this association most probably by mediating the interactions between tumour cells and CD8(+) T cells.     

Viral immune evasion: Lessons in MHC class I antigen presentation

The MHC class I antigen presentation pathway enables cells infected with intracellular pathogens to signal the presence of the invader to the immune system. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are able to eliminate the infected cells through recognition of pathogen-derived peptides presented by MHC class I molecules at the cell surface. In the course of evolution, many viruses have acquired inhibitors that target essential stages of the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway. Studies on these immune evasion proteins reveal fascinating strategies used by viruses to elude the immune system. Viral immunoevasins also constitute great research tools that facilitate functional studies on the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway, allowing the investigation of less well understood routes, such as TAP-independent antigen presentation and cross-presentation of exogenous proteins. Viral immunoevasins have also helped to unravel more general cellular processes. For instance, basic principles of ER-associated protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway have been resolved using virus-induced degradation of MHC class I as a model. This review highlights how viral immunoevasins have increased our understanding of MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation.     

Role of host immune responses in sequence variability of HIV-1 Vpu

Viral protein U(Vpu) is an accessory protein associated with two main functions important in human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) replication and dissemination; these are down-regulation of CD4 receptor through mediating its proteasomal degradation and enhancement of virion release by antagonizing tetherin/BST2. It is also well established that Vpu is one of the most highly variable proteins in the HIV-1 proteome. However it is still unclear what drives Vpu sequence variability, whether Vpu acquires polymorphisms as a means of immune escape, functional advantage, or otherwise. It is assumed that the host-pathogen interaction is a cause of polymorphic phenotype of Vpu and that the resulting functional heterogeneity of Vpu may have critical significance in vivo. In order to comprehensively understand Vpu variability, it is important to integrate at the population level the genetic associationapproaches to identify specific amino acid residues and the immune escape kinetics which may impose Vpu functional constraints in vivo. This review will focus on HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu in the context of its sequence variability at population level and also bring forward evidence on the role of the host immune responses in driving Vpu sequence variability; we will also highlight the recent findings that illustrate Vpu functional implication in HIV-1 pathogenesis.