颈动脉超声对颈动脉狭窄及脑卒中高危人群的应用价值

目的探讨颈动脉狭窄及脑卒中高危人群中应用颈动脉超声的临床价值。方法选取2013-03—2013-09我院神经内科接收脑卒中康复治疗140例患者的资料进行分析,运用颈部血管超声检测颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)及斑块等。结果140例脑卒中高危人群中,超声检出颈动脉狭窄率75.1%,其中男性颈动脉内膜增厚占70.4%,颈动脉斑块阳性占80.3%;女性颈动脉增厚占59.4%,颈动脉斑块阳性占78.3%。颈动脉狭窄患者糖尿病、高血压、吸烟、饮酒及血脂程度高于正常患者。经Pearson相关分析发现颈动脉狭窄与脑卒中危险因素相关。结论颈动脉狭窄是脑血管病发病的危险因素,超声是探查颈动脉狭窄的有效手段。     

脑梗死患者颈部动脉杂音与颈动脉狭窄的关系

目的 研究脑梗死患者颈部动脉杂音与颈动脉狭窄的关系.方法 对245例脑梗死患者进行颈部动脉听诊与血管造影检查.根据颈部动脉杂音部位分为锁骨上窝杂音、颈前弥漫杂音及颈前局限杂音,并根据杂音强度分为1～5级.对颈部动脉听诊及血管造影结果进行分析、比较.结果 听诊发现本组145例(59.2％)患者有颈部动脉杂音,其中锁骨上窝杂音62例、颈前弥漫杂音44例、颈前局限杂音39例,100例患者(40.8％)无杂音;1 ～5级杂音分别有28例、26例39例、34例及18例.有颈部动脉杂音的患者颈动脉狭窄的发生率(64.1％,93例)显著高于无杂音患者(49％,49例)(P＜0.05).颈前局限杂音患者颈动脉狭窄及重度狭窄的发生率显著高于锁骨上窝杂音及颈前弥漫杂音杂音患者(均P＜0.01).颈部动脉杂音分级越高,颈动脉重度狭窄率越高(P＜0.05).结论 有颈部动脉杂音的脑梗死患者颈动脉狭窄的发生率高,尤以颈前局限性杂音患者显著;杂音强度与颈动脉狭窄的程度有关.     

Cerebral hemorrhage after systemic fibrinolysis in a patient with severe carotid artery stenosis

Despite the beneficial effect of systemic fibrinolysis in treatment within 3 hours from ischemic stroke onset, the unpredicted occurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage remains a risk from such therapy. Few data exist defining patients at risk for this outcome. We report clinical and neuropathological data on a patient fulfilling NINDS rt-PA study and ECASS-2 inclusion criteria with an acute stroke due to high-grade carotid artery stenosis and preceded by amaurosis fugax. He died from an intracerebral hemorrhage after systemic fibrinolysis. The fatal outcome adds support to recommendations that rapid Doppler-sonographic evaluation of the extra- and intracranial vascular status be undertaken before systemic rt-PA is implemented in acute ischemic stroke.     

血小板参数与缺血性脑卒中患者颈动脉狭窄的相关性分析

目的：探讨血小板参数与缺血性脑卒中患者颈动脉狭窄的相关性。方法选取2012-01-2013-10在我院住院治疗的急性缺血性脑卒中患者98例及同期健康体检者60例,动脉超声检查受检者有无颈动脉颅外段狭窄及其程度,全自动血细胞分析仪检测所有入组对象血小板参数各项值,并进行比较。结果伴颈动脉狭窄卒中组血小板计数（PL T ）最低,而血小板平均体积（MPV）、血小板分布宽度（PDW）最大（P＜0.05）;颈动脉狭窄患者PLT、MPV及PDW较不伴颈动脉狭窄者均有显著差异（P＜0.05）。缺血性脑卒中患者不伴动脉狭窄组血小板参数比较,仅MPV 水平差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。相关性分析发现MPV与颈动脉狭窄程度呈正相关（P＜0.05）。结论血小板参数与缺血性脑卒中颈动脉狭窄及程度密切相关。     

Markers of lacunar stroke in patients with moderate internal carotid artery stenosis

The benefits of surgical correction of moderate internal carotid artery stenosis have been demonstrated only in symptomatic subjects. It is debatable whether patients with lacunar infarct ipsilateral to a moderate carotid stenosis may be considered symptomatic like those with large–artery stroke. The aim of the study was to seek markers capable of differentiating patients with lacunar or non–lacunar stroke ipsilateral to a moderate internal carotid artery stenosis.We enrolled 95 patients with a first stroke ipsilateral to a moderate (50–69 %) stenosis of the internal carotid artery and divided them into lacunar and non–lacunar stroke based on clinical presentation and neuroradiological findings; 34 subjects with asymptomatic moderate carotid stenosis and 31 normal individuals were also studied. Baseline characteristics; risk factors, cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia evaluated by means of the breath–holding index (BHI), the presence and severity of carotid stenosis and intimamedia thickness (IMT) of the common carotid arteries were determined. There were 36 patients with lacunar and 59 with non–lacunar stroke. Degree of stenosis, and IMT and BHI ipsilateral to symptomatic stenosis were found to be significant independent predictors as each 10 % increase of stenosis carried a 4.3 higher probability of non–lacunar stroke (95 % CI: 1.91–9.51); each decimillimeter increment in IMT increased this probability by 1.45 (95 % CI: 1.10–1.92); and the risk odds ratio associated with each 0.1 increase in BHI was 1.88 (95 % CI: 1.33–2.66). A decrease in BHI of 0.1 thus carried a 90% greater probability of having a lacunar stroke. The results show that patients with moderate internal carotid artery stenosis and lacunar stroke can be differentiated from those with non–lacunar stroke on the basis of distinctive ultrasonographic findings. Further studies are needed to clarify whether our findings have pathogenetic implications and may be of help for the planning of different therapeutic strategies in patients with moderate internal carotid stenosis and lacunar or non–lacunar ipsilateral stroke.     

Massive pituitary adenoma in a patient with dystrophia myotonica

A case of dystrophia myotonica with an almost entirely suprasellar massive pituitary adenoma extending up into both lateral ventricles is presented. The diagnosis of a parapituitary lesion in dystrophia myotonica is in itself not easy. Once diagnosed, the identification of the nature of the tumour presents problems. Patients with myotonic dystrophy are not good candidates for surgical exploration. A presumptive pathological diagnosis may have to be made on the basis of the radiological changes and the use of radiotherapy judged accordingly. It is suggested that in the presence of curvilinear calcification above the sella on the skull radiographs and a high concentration of the radioactive isotope on the brain scintigram, the possibility of chromophobe adenoma ought to be considered, even though the pituitary fossa is not necessarily expanded.     

Massive cerebral infarction as a feature of pituitary apoplexy.

A patient with pituitary apoplexy is reported who, in addition to the clinical features of apoplexy, developed a cerebral infarct secondary to compression of the internal carotid artery. The mechanisms of a cerebral infarct associated with pituitary apoplexy are discussed.     

Asymptomatic embolization predicts stroke and TIA risk in patients with carotid artery stenosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Improved methods of identifying patients at high risk of thromboembolism would allow improved targeting of therapy. One such situation is carotid artery stenosis. This is associated with an increased risk of stroke, which can be reduced by carotid endarterectomy. However, the risk-benefit ratio is low in patients with tight asymptomatic stenosis and moderate symptomatic stenosis. Most stroke in patients with carotid stenosis is believed to be embolic. Therefore, the detection of asymptomatic cerebral emboli using Doppler ultrasound may allow identification of a high-risk group. METHODS: Transcranial Doppler ultrasound was used to record for 1 hour the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery in 111 patients with >60% carotid artery stenosis (69 symptomatic, 42 asymptomatic). The Doppler audio signal was recorded onto digital audio tape for later analysis for embolic signals (ES) by an individual blinded to clinical details. In 67 subjects the relationship between ES and angiographically determined plaque ulceration was investigated. All subjects were followed up prospectively, and the relationship between ES and risk of future ipsilateral carotid artery territory ischemic events (TIA and stroke) was determined. RESULTS: ES were detected in 41(36.9%) subjects. In symptomatic patients there was a significant inverse relationship between the number of ES per hour and time elapsed since last symptoms (Spearman's rho=-0.2558, P=0.034). ES were more common in subjects with plaque ulceration, with a relative risk of 4. 94 (95% CI, 1.23 to 19.84; P=0.025) after controlling for both symptomatic status and degree of stenosis. The presence of ES at entry was predictive of TIA and stroke risk during follow up in both symptomatic (P=0.02) and asymptomatic patients (P=0.007). Considering all 111 patients, the presence of asymptomatic embolization was predictive of a further ischemic event, with an adjusted OR of 8.10 (95% CI, 1.58 to 41.57; P=0.01) after controlling for other cardiovascular risk factors, degree of stenosis, symptomatic status, and aspirin or warfarin use. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic embolization in patients with carotid artery stenosis correlates with known markers of increased stroke risk and is an independent predictor of future stroke risk in patients with both symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis. It may allow identification of a high-risk group of patients who will particularly benefit from carotid endarterectomy. A large multicenter study is now required to confirm these findings.     

颈动脉超声对颈动脉狭窄及脑卒中的早期诊断价值

目的探讨颈动脉超声对颈动脉狭窄及脑卒中的早期诊断价值。方法选择2013-01—2014-01我院收治的200例颈动脉超声检查患者,采取颈动脉超声检查,对检查结果进行分析。结果 60岁患者在吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病及下肢动脉疾病分别为124例(75.2%)、102例(61.8%)、71例(43.0%)、70例(42.4%)、48例(29.1%),与≤60岁患者相比,差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.421、6.304、5.395、8.425、7.294,P0.05)。200例患者中,血管狭窄≥50%63例(31.5%),其中颈动脉狭窄≥70%24例(12.0%),狭窄50%~69%者37例(18.5%),其中下肢动脉疾病者重度狭窄比例最高。对颈动脉狭窄进行多因素分析,其中年龄60岁、冠心病和下肢动脉疾病是颈动脉狭窄的主要影响因素(P=0.012、0.012、0.009)。结论颈动脉超声检查对于颈动脉狭窄及脑卒中患者具有重要的应用意义。年龄60岁、冠心病及下肢动脉疾病是危险因素,需要重点关注及采取适当措施,提高患者的生活质量。     

缺血性脑卒中患者氯吡格雷抵抗与颈动脉狭窄的相关性分析

目的探讨缺血性脑卒中患者氯吡格雷抵抗与颈动脉狭窄的相关性。方法比浊法测定缺血性脑卒中患者服用氯吡格雷(75mg/d)前及服用2周后血小板聚集率变化。根据血小板聚集率变化将病例分为氯吡格雷抵抗(clopidogrel resistance,CR)组和氯吡格雷敏感(clopidogel sensitivity,CS)组。比较CR组和CS组相关的临床数据,并使用多变量Logistic回归分析确定CR的独立危险因素。结果 228例缺血性脑卒中患者,其中CR组54例(23.68%),CS组174例(76.32%)。单因素分析结果显示:年龄(P=0.015)、血小板数量(P=0.012)、中度颈动脉狭窄(P=0.034)、性别(P=0.049)和糖尿病(P=0.032)在CR组和CS组中均存在显著差异。多因素Logistic分析结果显示,年龄(P=0.004)、血小板数量(P=0.025)、糖尿病(P=0.026)、中度颈动脉狭窄(P=0.002)是CR发生的独立危险因素。结论缺血性脑卒中患者CR与多种因素相关,其中中度颈动脉狭窄是CR的独立危险因素之一。     

颈动脉超声应用筛查颈动脉狭窄及脑卒中高危因素分析

目的分析广西壮族自治区梧州市角嘴社区颈动脉超声应用筛查颈动脉狭窄结果及脑卒中的高危因素。方法选择2013年1月~2015年3月广西壮族自治区梧州市角嘴社区5789名居民为研究对象,对其采用问卷调查及体格检查,统计分析颈动脉超声检查的结果及脑卒中高危因素。结果调查的5789名居民中,≥60岁居民内膜增厚发生率26.65%,斑块形成率为13.67%;40~60岁居民内膜增厚发生率9.20%,斑块形成率为4.42%。≥60岁居民的内膜增厚发生率和斑块发生率均比40~60岁居民高(P0.05)。男性内膜增厚发生率27.89%,斑块形成率为11.38%,女性内膜增厚发生率8.06%,斑块形成率为7.37%。男性内膜增厚发生率和斑块发生率均比女性居民高(P0.05)。居民的脑卒中高危因素分析表明,吸烟史、高血压病、明显超重或肥胖、缺乏运动所占比例高,分别为14.32%、16.02%、16.02%、35.13%,与其他因素相比差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);高血压病、明显超重或肥胖、缺乏运动与脑卒中的发生关联较大(P0.05)。结论广西壮族自治区梧州市角嘴社区脑卒中高危人群的干预的重点方向应为降低血压、控制饮食和多运动。通过开展颈动脉血管超声检查,实现居民脑卒中前期患者的早发现、早干预、早治疗。     

Long-term risk of stroke and other vascular events in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis

CONTEXT: The annual risk of ischemic stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis is about 2% during the short-term (2-3 years), but the long-term risks of stroke and other vascular events are unknown, although they may affect surgical decision making. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term risk of stroke and other vascular events in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. DESIGN: Cohort study with a median follow-up of 10 years (range, 5-18 years). SETTING: The teaching hospital of the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. PATIENTS: From the initial cohort of 500 patients, 106 patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis were selected because they had completed at least 5 years of follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ipsilateral stroke, myocardial infarction, and nonstroke vascular death. RESULTS: The 10- and 15-year actuarial risks of ipsilateral stroke were 5.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0%-12%) and 8.7% (95% CI, 1%-17%), respectively, in patients with 0% to 49% internal carotid artery stenosis, and 9.3% (95% CI, 1%-18%) and 16.6% (95% CI, 1%-32%) in patients with 50% to 99% internal carotid artery stenosis. The 10- and 15-year risks of myocardial infarction and nonstroke vascular death were 10.1% (95% CI, 4%-16%) and 24.0% (95% CI, 14%-34%). Age (P =.02), diabetes mellitus (P =.02), and internal carotid artery stenosis of 50% or more (P =.04) were predictive of increased risks of myocardial infarction and nonstroke vascular death. Internal carotid artery stenosis of 50% or more did predict the risk of ipsilateral stroke (P =.003) when all 181 asymptomatic carotid arteries were included. CONCLUSIONS: The annual stroke risk in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis was low and remained stable during long-term follow-up. Any benefit from carotid surgery is therefore unlikely to increase significantly with long-term follow-up. The high long-term risks of myocardial infarction and nonstroke vascular death suggest that prevention strategies should concentrate on coronary risk more than stroke risk.     

颈内和大脑中动脉狭窄与闭塞的梗死类型及卒中机制的研究

目的 研究单侧动脉粥样硬化性MCA/ICA狭窄与闭塞的急性缺血性脑卒中患者在DWI上的梗死类型及发病机制.方法 起病48h内DWI诊断的急性脑梗死伴有动脉粥样硬化性MCA/ICA狭窄与闭塞的131例患者,有潜在心源性栓子患者除外.急性期DWI上梗死病灶分为：（1）单发病灶（小的穿动脉梗死灶;大的穿动脉梗死灶,皮层支梗死,大面积梗死,分水岭梗死）;（2）多发梗死病灶.结果 131例患者,ICA51例,MCA80例.ICA出现最多的梗死类型：穿支动脉伴分水岭梗死,但与MCA比较,皮层支伴分水岭梗死具有统计学意义（8/51,P=0.001）.MCA以穿支动脉伴皮层支梗死最多,且与ICA比较,具有统计学意义（12/80,P=0.003）.MCA中任何皮层支梗死与狭窄程度无关,ICA中任何分水岭梗死与狭窄程度相关.结论 颈内和大脑中动脉狭窄与闭塞在DWI上的梗死类型有明显的不同,提示有着不同的卒中发病机制.     

Primary stroke unit treatment followed by very early carotid endarterectomy for carotid artery stenosis after acute stroke

BACKGROUND: Although it is recognized that carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is the treatment of choice in symptomatic internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis, in the past, very early CEA has been shown to carry substantial risks. We assessed an interdisciplinary concept of very early CEA in patients with high-grade (>70%) symptomatic ICA stenosis at a single center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The course of treatment and outcomes of patients who underwent CEA as early as possible after being referred to the stroke unit for symptoms of transient ischemic attack and stroke were prospectively evaluated, including the following parameters: age, severity of ischemia-related symptoms according to the modified Rankin scale, duration of symptoms until admission, multimodal imaging findings (color-coded duplex, cranial computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography), duration until CEA, perioperative course and complications, as well as duration of in-hospital care. RESULTS: Fifty consecutive patients (median age 68 years, range 44-90) with clinical and imaging signs of transient ischemic attack (n = 19) or stroke (n = 31) were included from January 2000 until December 2004. All except 1 patient showed a preoperative Rankin < 4. There was a median time period of 6 h between the onset of symptoms and admission (range 1 h to 15 days) and a median duration of 4 days after admission until operation (range 1-21 days). Seven patients underwent CEA of the contralateral, severely stenosed ICA after symptomatic ipsilateral ICA occlusion. Four out of 5 patients who primarily underwent systemic thrombolysis recovered almost completely. Three patients (6%) experienced a clinical deterioration before surgery. In the majority of patients (43/50), CEA was performed under local anesthesia with selective shunt use which became necessary in 26%. Three patients (6%) had postoperative worsening due to new infarcts. In 2 cases, an intracerebral hemorrhage occurred, of which 1 remained asymptomatic. In 1 case, surgical revision was necessary because of an ICA thrombosis without permanent neurological decline. Patients were discharged after a median time of 14.5 days (range 4-44). CONCLUSIONS: After careful selection and preparation in a stroke unit, patients with acute stroke due to carotid stenosis can undergo very early CEA under local anesthesia with a perioperative risk comparable with the risk of later endarterectomy, therefore preventing very early stroke recurrences.     

Endarterectomy, best medical treatment or both for stroke prevention in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is currently frequently performed in subjects with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis over 70%, as clinical trials like the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study and Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial demonstrated a significant benefit for stroke prevention. A low risk reduction in the long-term prevention of stroke or death and the required lower than 3% of surgical risk are associated with surgery. That means that an important number of patients needs to be operated to prevent 1 stroke over 5 years (number needed to treat: 21) with an absolute risk reduction of 5.4%. It is reasonable to consider CEA for patients aged 40-75 years and with asymptomatic stenosis of 60-99%, for patients with a life expectancy of at least 5 years, and in centres with a surgical morbidity-mortality of less than 3%. Therefore, it is of interest to identify high-risk patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis who will more likely benefit from surgery. Techniques such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging may identify plaque morphology or detect clinically asymptomatic embolization. CEA combined with the best medical treatment and good management of modifiable risk factors might be superior to medical management alone or surgery in preventing stroke. There is no level I evidence to support carotid artery stenting in asymptomatic carotid stenosis even in a subgroup of patients with a high surgical risk.