济南市城市生活垃圾综合治理对策的探讨

通过对国内外和济南市城市生活垃圾收运处置现状的调查研究分析，提出济南市城市生活垃圾综合治理对策，首先建立与市场经济相适应的管理体系，其次将垃圾治理的重点从最终处理转移至垃圾源头治理，实施垃圾分类收集，再次推进垃圾处理产业化进程，制定并实施垃圾处理的收费政策和有关的经济技术政策。     

非正规垃圾填埋场危害风险评估与治理

对非正规垃圾填埋场形成、特征和存在的危害性进行了分析，提出了危害风险的评估方法、级别和治理技术，例示了非正规垃圾填埋场治理工程的实例。     

城市垃圾治理系统研究的方法论

阐述了城市垃圾治理系统具有整体性、综合性、动态性和定量性的特点，从而提出运用系统论、耗散结构论、协同论等研究理论，并从人地实际问题的理解，主观性出发去解决城市垃圾治理系统中的问题。     

环境卫生设施臭气治理技术

介绍并分析了环境卫生设施臭气的产生以及多种臭气治疗技术，提出适合于环境卫生设施垃圾收集站，垃圾中转站，焚烧场，堆肥厂，填埋场，粪便处理厂的臭气治理技术。     

试论在中国生活垃圾治理中实行循环经济的若干问题

论述了在中国生活垃圾治理中实行循环经济的重要性和紧迫性。阐述了循环经济的内涵。研讨了在中国生活垃圾治理中实行循环经济的方式、方法、措施、效益及对策。     

层次分析法在生活垃圾综合处理项目选址中的应用

利用层次分析法,建立了以交通运输条件、建场条件、环境地质条件、环境及社会条件为一级指标的生活垃圾综合处理项目选址评价模型.通过中山市南部组团垃圾综合处理基地选址实例,证明该决策方法的可行性.     

城市建筑垃圾分类及治理研究

分析了城市建筑垃圾的特征、特性,探讨建筑垃圾来源分类法、物理成分分类法和可利用性分类法及其在建筑垃圾管理、对策研究中的作用;提出建筑垃圾治理属于“公共治理”范畴的观点;须遵循系统规则,并有系统框架和技术支持才能达到治理目的.     

技术创新在中山市中心组团垃圾综合处理基地建设中的实践

介绍了中山市首个大型垃圾综合处理基地建设的基本情况,探讨了技术创新在基地建设中的实践应用,总结了建设管理经验.     

中山市市域垃圾处理设施建设布局研究

根据对中山市自然环境、经济概况、垃圾排放量及处理现状的分析,拟定４套垃圾处理设施建设布局方案,并进行经济技术比较和综合评价,最后确定方案Ⅲ为较优方案。     

国外农村垃圾治理综述与思考

介绍了国外在农村垃圾污染治理方面的发展历程，对国外农村垃圾管理的政策法规、收运模式、管理模式等作了综述并结合我国现状作了思考，可为我国农村垃圾的收集处理及管理提供一定的参考。     

某乡镇垃圾回收站冬季环卫作业细菌污染情况抽样调查

目的 分析东莞市塘厦镇中型垃圾回收站冬季细菌污染情况。 方法 以东莞市塘厦镇数量居多的中型垃圾回收站为研究对象,以细菌总数、大肠菌群、沙门氏菌的检测为卫生学指标,采用多阶段随机抽样选取研究站点;以入选站点全体工人为研究人群,检测工人手掌、清洁工具和运输车辆的手掌握持部件表面污染程度,同时检验站内空气及垃圾渗漏液,分析受污染情况。 结果 3家中型垃圾回收站纳入研究范围,对站内物体表面、环卫作业人员手部、回收站空气检测均未发现大肠菌群和沙门氏菌。对站内物体表面检测,电动车垃圾桶检出细菌总数最多为5 cfu/cm2;环卫作业人员手部洗手后细菌总数最高值为9 cfu/cm2,而未洗手前检出细菌总数为250 cfu/cm2。对3个垃圾站点站内值班房、垃圾压缩机、站内工具存放间空气进行检查,发现3个站点中垃圾压缩机中细菌总数污染最严重,A站点15 cfu/cm2,B站点17 cfu/cm2,C站点13 cfu/cm2。垃圾渗漏液细菌总数均高达1 000 cfu/mL。且检出大肠菌群、沙门氏菌及霉菌。 结论 冬季环卫作业细菌污染防护重点应在环卫工人手部,并对垃圾渗漏液进行及时处理,降低感染风险。     

永定县农村饮用水与环境卫生现状

目的掌握永定县农村饮用水、改厕和粪便处理现状，了解农村垃圾污水治理情况。方法填写统一的农村饮用水调查表和环境卫生调查表，水质检验方法按GB5750-1985进行，结果按《农村实施“生活饮用水卫生标准”准则》评价。结果饮用地面水的占32．5％、地下水的占67．5％，集中式供水的占62．8％，分散式供水的占37．2％，细菌学指标合格率较低；有卫生厕所的占45．4％，生活垃圾随意堆放的占70．0％，生产性垃圾收集堆放的占90．4％，生活污水随意排放的占12．9％，明沟排放的占82．4％，排放河流的占97．4％；生产性污水明沟排放的占96．1％，排放河流的占86．9％；农户喝开水习惯的占91％。家庭垃圾、污水来源为生活垃圾、生活污水。结论农村饮水水源以地下水为主，取水方式以集中式供水为主；改厕进度慢，垃圾污水缺乏治理。为此，要加快农村改水、改厕进度，治理垃圾污水。为制定该县农村饮用水安全发展规划，提出农村改厕与粪便无害化处理，垃圾污水治理策略及社会主义新农村建设提供科学依据。     

The perception of urban garbage collectors of Dourados, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, regarding the biological risks involved in their work routine

There are several occupational risks inherent to urban garbage collection, and the scope of this study was to identify the biological risks to which urban garbage collectors in Dourados/MS are exposed. A qualitative study using the Lefévre and Lefévre Collective Subject Discourse method was used with 42 urban garbage collectors working for the outsourced provider to the Municipal Department of Urban Services. Data were collected from September 2005 to January 2006. The interviews had an average duration of 40 minutes, and were recorded at the company office when the workers arrived to start their working day and subsequently transcribed. The biological risks mentioned by the garbage pickers were accidents with glass, syringes, thorns, dog bites, and contact with substances found in the garbage. Accidents with sharp and jagged instruments are ways for microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi to infect the human body. Virus contamination, like HIV and Hepatitis B and C, can occur in accidents involving inadequate disposal of contaminated needles. The conclusion reached is that biological risks in urban garbage collection can be reduced by educating the population about adequate garbage disposal.     

福建农村垃圾和污水治理的现状与对策

目的 掌握福建省农村垃圾、污水综合治理现状,为各级政府对农村环境卫生决策提供科学依据.方法 于2006年9-12月,调查福建省农村21个县(市、区)的215个行政村,同时每村抽取10户进行垃圾收集与污水排放等情况的调查.结果 被调查村垃圾产量达40 837.4 t/月,生活性垃圾占32.2%,生产性垃圾占67.8%0其中,生活性垃圾随意丢弃与收集堆放的占23.7%,无害化处理(焚烧、高温堆肥、直接再利用)的占8.5%;生产性垃圾随意丢弃与收集堆放的占30.7%,无害化处理(焚烧、高温堆肥、直接再利用)的占37.1%.被调查村每月共产生污水948 195 t,其中,生活性污水占57.5%,生产性污水占42.5%.其中,生活性污水的处理率仅为0.6%,生产性污水的处理率为33.0%.结论 农村公共卫生设施配套建设滞后,垃圾和污水无害化处理率低,随意丢弃、任意堆放(排放)垃圾现象普遍存在,农村环境卫生问题亟待改善.

Abstract：

Objective To understand the current status of overall management and treatment of garbage and waste water in rural areas of Fujian, and to provide scientific evidence for governments at all levels to make policies in rural sanitation. Methods From September to December,2006,215 villages in 21 counties in Fujian rural areas were selected,and 10 families were sampled and investigated for garbage collection and waste water treatment from each village. Results In the investigated villages,the production of garbage amounted to 40 837.4 tons per month; and domestic and productive garbage accounted for 32.2% and 67.8% of the total,respectively. Among the domestic garbage,23.7% was randomly discharged or stacked,and only 8.5% went through harmless treatment (incineration,composting under high temperature or direct reuse). However,30.7% productive garbage was randomly discharged or stacked,and 37.1% went through harmless treatment. Every month,948 195 tons of waste water was produced in the investigated villages;57.5% of them were domestic and 42.5% were productive. Only 0.6% of the domestic waste water and 33.0% of the productive waste water were treated. Conclusion The rural public health infrastructure building is far lagged, with low rate of harmless treatment of garbage and waste water. Random littering and piling (discharging) garbage are common phenomena in rural areas. Thus,it is urgent to improve rural sanitation development.     

Statistical Evaluation of Environmental Contamination,Distribution and Source Assessment of Heavy Metals (Aluminum,Arsenic, Cadmium,and Mercury) in Some Lagoons and an Estuary Along the Coastal Belt of Ghana

An environmental pollution investigation was carried out to determine the concentrations of aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) (heavy metals) in the surface water and river water bed sediments of lagoons and estuaries along the coastal belt of Ghana. The study assessed the environmental pollution situation and evaluated their sources and distribution of these metals. The total concentrations of Al, As, Cd, and Hg were determined by the neutron activation analysis technique. Water and sediment samples were collected from the Benya, Fosu, and Narkwa lagoons in the Central Region and from the Pra estuary in the western part of Ghana. Some indices, such as contamination factor, pollution-load index, contamination degree, and geoaccumulation index, were used to assess eco-environmental quality of the sampling sites. The analysis indicated that the Fosu lagoon was fairly polluted with Cd. The investigation indicated a highly localized distribution pattern closely associated with the two pollution sources (garbage/solid waste dumps and industrial activities) along the coastal belt. The resulting environmental deterioration required a concerted evaluative effort by all stakeholders.     

Integrated disease management: arboviral infections and waterborne diarrhoea

Water-related diseases such as diarrhoeal diseases from viral, bacterial and parasitic organisms and Aedes-borne arboviral diseases are major global health problems. We believe that these two disease groups share common risk factors, namely inadequate household water management, poor sanitation and solid waste management. Where water provision is inadequate, water storage is essential. Aedes mosquitoes commonly breed in household water storage containers, which can hold water contaminated with enteric disease-causing organisms. Microbiological contamination of water between source and point-of-use is a major cause of reduced drinking-water quality. Inadequate sanitation and solid waste management increase not only risk of water contamination, but also the availability of mosquito larval habitats. In this article we discuss integrated interventions that interrupt mosquito breeding while also providing sanitary environments and clean water. Specific interventions include improving storage container design, placement and maintenance and scaling up access to piped water. Vector control can be integrated into sanitation projects that target sewers and drains to avoid accumulation of stagnant water. Better management of garbage and solid waste can reduce the availability of mosquito habitats while improving human living conditions. Our proposed integration of disease interventions is consistent with strategies promoted in several global health frameworks, such as the sustainable development goals, the global vector control response, behavioural change, and water, sanitation and hygiene initiatives. Future research should address how interventions targeting water, sanitation, hygiene and community waste disposal also benefit Aedes-borne disease control. The projected effects of climate change mean that integrated management and control strategies will become increasingly important.     

苏州市吴中区农村饮用水与环境卫生现状调查

目的掌握苏州市吴中区农村饮用水、改厕和粪便处理现状,了解农村垃圾污水治理情况,为制定我市农村饮用水安全及社会主义新农村建设规划提供科学依据。方法按吴中区人口比例分层随机抽取10个行政村,每个村随机选取10户入户调查。结果集中式供水人口占农村总人口的90.9%,分散式供水人口占9.1%;采集水样11份,合格率为63.6%,4份不合格项目主要以大肠菌群为主。卫生厕所使用户数占90.5%;生活性垃圾和污水主要为随意排放;生产性垃圾主要为收集堆放,生产性污水主要为管道排放。结论吴中区农村饮用水和环境卫生现状还有待于进一步改善。     

安徽省农村饮用水与环境卫生现状调查研究

目的掌握我省农村饮用水、改厕和粪便处理现状,了解农村垃圾污水治理情况,为制定我省农村饮用水安全及社会主义新农村建设规划提供科学依据。方法依照淮北、江淮、江南三大自然区及人口比例分层选取16个县,每个县随机抽取10个行政村,每个村随机选取10户入户调查;每县选择10个水质采样点。结果集中式供水人口占总人口17.2%,分散式供水人口占总人口82.8%;以地面水为饮用水源的人口占总人口21.0%,以地下水为饮用水源的人口占79.0%。采集水样162份,合格率为59.9%。以地下水为水源的水样合格率（56.56%）低于以地面水为水源的水样（70%）;分散式供水（53.3%）低于集中式供水（72.7%）。卫生厕所使用户数占21.5%;生活性和生产性污水排放以随意排放最高（56.8%、46.6%）;产生的垃圾中,生活垃圾占56.6%,生产垃圾占43.4%。结论农村饮用水和环境卫生现状不容乐观。     

乡镇卫生院化验室医院感染隐患与管理对策

目的预防与控制乡镇卫生院化验室医院感染。方法调查分析乡镇卫生院化验室医院感染隐患,制定预防与控制医院感染的对策。结果化验室医院感染管理很不规范,存在管理制度、感染防范意识、操作规程、污染分区、医疗废弃物处理诸多隐患。结论必须采取综合治理措施,建立各项规章制度,进行规范化管理,才能有效地预防与控制乡镇卫生院化验室医院感染。     

2013年江苏省农村环境卫生调查

摘要:目的　分析江苏省农村地区生活垃圾、生活污水处理、家庭饮水习惯、农药使用与防护及土壤监测现状。方法　按照分层随机抽样的方法从江苏省全部13个省辖市中选取65个乡镇260个村1 300个农户。调查生活垃圾、生活污水、家庭饮水习惯,农药使用与防护情况,并进行土壤监测。结果　在260个行政村中,8.08%的调查村生活垃圾为随意堆放,21.54%的调查村生活污水为直接排放;在1 300户调查户中,居民饮用水类型以集中式供水为主（占91.69%）,饮水习惯以喝开水为主（占86.23%）;在823户使用农药的调查户中,54.07%的调查户选择现用现买不储存农药,有74.00%的调查户选择将废弃包装药瓶（袋）堆放在田边或垃圾堆,47.79%的调查户选择在施药时仅采用穿长袖衣、裤的单一保护方式,仅有16.71%的调查户在施药时采用全面的保护措施;高淳县、吴江区、丹阳市、姜堰市存在土壤镉含量不合格的情况。结论　2013年江苏省农村地区家庭饮水习惯和土壤监测结果况较好,生活垃圾随意堆放和生活污水直接排放的情况时有发生,大部分农户在使用农药时的防护方式较单一,废弃包装药瓶（袋）处置不规范。