儿童IgA肾病临床与病理关系的探讨

目的研究儿童IgA肾病的临床与病理特点。方法对2001年6月~2004年6月中国医科大学附属第二医院儿科收治的41例IgA肾病患儿进行相关的临床与病理检查,并观察其临床表现与病理的关系。结果儿童IgA肾病临床表现以血尿合并蛋白尿最多,病理改变以II~III级为主,免疫物质以IgA沉积为主,IgG、IgM也有部分沉积。病理分级越高,患儿血尿素氮和肌酐均值升高,肾小球滤过率均值下降。结论儿童IgA肾病应尽早发现,尽早治疗。应考虑到影响预后的因素,制定治疗方案,以期达到最佳疗效。     

儿童IgA肾病临床与病理的关系

目的探讨儿童IgA肾病(IgAN)的临床特点及其与病理的关系。方法对肾活检确诊为IgAN 21例进行临床分型、病理分级及免疫分型,并分析之间的相互关系。结果本组IgAN发病率男童多于女童(2.5∶1.0),临床表现为单纯性肉眼血尿14例(66.7%),血尿伴蛋白尿4例(19.1%),肾病综合征1例(4.7%),肾炎综合征2例(9.5%),病理改变以Ⅲ级为主,免疫球蛋白沉积以复合型为主。结论随着对无症状血尿、蛋白尿者肾活检的增多,小儿IgAN的诊断有逐年增加趋势。IgAN临床表现多样,几乎包括肾小球疾病的所有类型,且临床与病理有一定关系。单纯血尿者病理改变相对较轻,预后较好;蛋白尿者病理改变较重,应早期诊断,早期治疗。     

37例儿童IgA肾病临床与病理分析

为了探讨IgA肾病的临床与病理改变的关系,对37例IgA肾病进行临床分型并与肾小球、肾小管间质改变及免疫病理特点的关系进行比较。结果：临床分型中单纯血尿（血尿）18例占49%,肾百闻不如一见 综合征（肾病）14例占38%,血尿和蛋白尿3例占8%,肾炎综合征（肾炎）2例占5％,肾小球病理损害以Ⅲ级为主占厮４％,临床各型与肾小球病理损害无相关性。肾小管间质改变２４例,血尿组７例占３９％,其中Ｉ级为４３％,Ⅱ级为５７％,肾病组均有改变,其中Ⅱ级１１例占７８％,Ⅲ级３例占２２％,血尿和蛋白尿组2例占66%,肾炎组1例占50%,免疫病理改变为IgA16例,IgAG6例,IgAM10例,IgAGM5例,血尿组以单纯IgA沉积为主占66%,肾病组则以IgAM型为主占50%,提示IgA肾病临床以单纯血尿为主,其次为肾病综合征;肾小球病理损害程度与临床分型无相关性,但肾病组肾小管间质均有改变且程度也较血尿组为重。免疫病理血尿组以单纯IgA为主,而肾病组以IaAM为主。     

儿童IgA肾病72例临床与病理分析

目的探讨儿童IgA肾病(IgAN)的临床、病理特点及其相关关系。方法对本院2005年5月-2011年8月经肾穿刺活检确诊为IgAN的72例患儿的临床表现、临床分型、病理特点及免疫分型进行回顾性总结,并分析它们之间的相关关系。结果本组72例。男48例,女24例;年龄1岁5个月～17岁[(8.99±2.94)岁];入院时病程2 d～9 a(平均12.86个月)。临床以血尿起病者58例(包括38例肉眼血尿及5例伴水肿者),以单纯水肿起病者12例,以蛋白尿起病者2例。临床分型为肾病综合征型28例(38.89%)、孤立性血尿型19例(26.39%)、血尿和蛋白尿型13例(18.05%)、急性肾炎型10例(13.89%)、孤立性蛋白尿型2例(2.78%)。病理改变:系膜增生型肾小球肾炎40例,局灶增生型肾炎25例、毛细血管内增生型肾炎6例、新月体型肾炎1例。其中伴新月体形成者17例(占23.61%)。免疫组织化学可见多种免疫球蛋白沉积。沉积类型为满堂亮型1例、IgA+IgG+C32例、IgA型8例、IgA+IgM+IgG+C3型17例、IgA+IgM+C3型44例。结论 IgAN的临床表现形式多样,其病情轻重与起病形式无关。病理表现以系膜增生型肾小球肾炎为主,免疫球蛋白沉积以复合型为主。临床表现为肾病综合征型及血尿和蛋白尿型者病理较重,应尽早行肾穿,及时治疗。     

以肾病综合征为表现的IgA肾病临床与病理24例分析

为探讨以肾病综合征为表现的IgA肾病的临床与病理和免疫分型的关系,24例经肾活检确诊为IgA肾病,其中应用泼尼松中长程治疗8例,常规使用泼尼松联合CTX冲击治疗10例,泼尼松与雷公藤多苷（30mg/d）联合治疗2例,失访4例。结果根据Lee修改的Meadow标准,I组3例（12.5%）,Ⅱ组7例（29.2%）,Ⅲ级8例（33.3%）,IV级6例（25.0%）。免疫荧光分型：IgA型10例（41.7%）,IgA IgG型2例（8.3%),IgA IgM型6例（25.0%）,IgA IgM IgG型6例（25.0%）。20例获随访,8例对激素不敏感;2例激素联合雷公藤多苷治疗后缓解;另10例激素加CTX冲击治疗,8例有效,2例无效,此2例随访病程中出现肾功能不全。提示以肾病综合征为表现的IgA肾病的病理改变均较重,以Ⅲ-Ⅳ级改变为主。免疫荧光分型中以IgA型多见。多数对激素不敏感。     

74例儿童IgA肾病的临床和病理分析

４例儿童ＩｇＡ肾病的临床和病理分析过国英刘光陵唐政于亚平张真伏洁王晓燕王兆全石群立印洪林刘玉秀我院自１９９０年４月至１９９５年１２月经肾穿刺活组织病理检查诊断儿童原发性肾小球肾炎５４０例，其中ＩｇＡ肾病７４例，占１３７％。我们对ＩｇＡ肾病的临床和病...     

表现为肾病综合征的IgA肾病临床、病理及治疗

目的 观察IgA肾病(IgAN)中表现为肾病综合征的患儿发病情况，分析临床与病理的特征关系及其对治疗的反应，以期提高临床诊治水平。方法 分析1999～2000年我科83例免疫病理诊断为原发IgAN中表现为肾病综合征（NS)的临床、组织病理特点及其治疗的结果。结果 83例中表现为NSll例，占IgAN的13．3％；表现为单纯性2例，肾炎性9例，属于少见临床表现类型。按WHO病理组织分类，2例单纯性肾病病理改变为Ⅱ级；9例肾炎性肾病病理改变为Ⅱ级l例，Ⅲ级5例，Ⅳ级3例。免疫荧光则以IgA IgG C3型多见，且多伴毛细血管壁沉积。对激素治疗反应为激素耐药。积极予甲基波尼松龙或(和)环磷酰胺(CTX)联合冲击治疗，联合使用卡托普利(ACEJ)、抗凝等综合治疗，可使尿蛋白尽快轮阴或降低尿蛋白。结论 小儿原发IgAN中表现为NS者属IgAN临床少见类型，对单纯激素治疗反应不佳。冲击及综合治疗可尽快改善其，临床表现，保护肾功能，延缓病情进展，改善预后。肾活检可提高18AN在NS的检出率，提高临床诊疗水平。     

儿童IgM肾病与IgA肾病临床和病理的对比研究

目的比较IgM肾病(IgMN)与IgA肾病(IgAN)患儿在临床及病理方面的异同。方法对经肾活检确诊的38例IgMN及40例IgAN患儿的临床表现、实验室检查及肾脏病理进行对比分析。结果 IgMN患儿的平均发病年龄小于IgAN患儿,平均肾活检前病程长于IgAN患儿,肉眼血尿发生率、尿IgG及尿白蛋白水平均低于IgAN患儿,同时严重肾小球损伤发生率也低于IgAN患儿,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。IgMN患儿中,有严重肾小球损伤患儿的血清白蛋白水平更低而尿白蛋白水平更高,与无严重肾小球损伤的同组患儿比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);有严重肾小管损伤患儿以男性多见,肉眼血尿发生率、尿白蛋白和N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄苷酶(NAG)水平以及出现基底膜厚薄异常的比例高于无严重肾小管损伤的患儿,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),但发生严重肾小球损伤的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在IgAN患儿中,有严重肾小球损伤患儿的蛋白尿、肾小管见RBC管型、C3及Fibrinogen显著沉积和足突融合的发生率均高于无严重肾小球损伤的同组患儿,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);有严重肾小管损伤的患儿的肾功能受损程度、出现重度系膜细胞增生及肾小球纤维硬化情况比无严重肾小管损伤的同组患儿更严重,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论儿童IgMN与IgAN在临床和病理方面存在差异,IgMN肾脏损伤程度较IgAN轻。与IgAN不同,IgMN患儿的肾小管损伤与肾小球损伤无平行关系。     

46例儿童原发性IgA肾病临床病理及预后

我们对46例儿童原发性IgA肾病患儿实行了个体化治疗,进行了长期观察随访,分析了临床病理与预后的关系,报告如下。     

儿童原发性IgA肾病临床病理特征及预后分析

目的 探讨儿童原发性IgA肾病（IgAN）的临床、病理特征及预后。方法 对近11年确诊为原发性IgAN的81例患儿进行临床病理分析、疗效观察及随防。结果 以孤立性血尿和持续性血尿、蛋白尿最多见（各33．3％）,其次为肾病综合征和慢性肾炎综合征。病理分级以Ⅲ级多见（53．1％）,其次为Ⅱ级和Ⅳ级。免疫病理分型IgA单独沉积最多见（75．3％）。临床表现类型与肾脏病理分级存在线性关联,伴有蛋白尿者病理改变较重。随访73例,平均随访27个月,66例（90．4％）肾功能正常,蛋白尿〈1g／24h。结论儿童原发性IgAN的临床表现与病理特征存在一定程度关联,临床表现为肾病及肾炎综合征者病理损害较重,早期予以规律有效治疗,近期疗效好.     

难治性肾病30例临床与病理的关系

目的 探讨难治性肾病的临床与病理特征之间的关系。方法 对30例小儿难治性肾病的临床特点、病理特征及治疗结果进行分析。结果 小儿难治性肾病临床表现大多为蛋白尿 血尿占70％。最常见病理类型为系膜增殖性肾小球肾炎，占43.3％；其次为局灶节段性肾小球硬化，占20％；再次为膜增殖性肾小球肾炎占13．3％，而IgA肾病、微小病变等病理类型少见。临床表现为单纯蛋白尿组病理类型以系膜增殖性肾炎为主，临床表现多为对激素依赖、频复发；蛋白尿 血尿组病理特征以局灶节段性肾小球硬化、膜增殖性肾炎最多，对激素治疗表现的反应为激素耐药。结论 临床表现为蛋白尿 血尿的小儿肾病大部分为难治性肾病，病理改变多样，以系膜增殖性肾小球肾炎最多见。临床及病理分型、对激素治疗反应三者关系密切。     

过敏性紫癜肾炎患儿白三烯表达水平的临床及病理研究

目的 探讨白三烯(LTs)在过敏性紫癜肾炎(HSPN)发生发展中的作用,为临床使用LTs拮抗剂治疗HSPN提供科学实验依据.方法 收集患儿及健康对照儿童共77例,分成3组,HSPN组34例(18例进行肾穿刺活检术),过敏性紫癜(HSP)组27例,健康对照组16例.分别采集血清和尿液,采用酶联免疫吸附试验法检测各组血清、尿液白三烯B4(LTB4)水平;酶免疫分析法检测各组尿液白三烯E4(LTE4)水平;间接免疫荧光法检测18例进行肾穿刺活检术HSPN患儿肾组织中白三烯C4(LTC4)合酶表达,以3例薄基底膜病、4例临床诊断单纯性血尿(光镜和电镜基本正常)活检标本作对照组;检测HSPN组患儿24 h尿蛋白.结果 (1)HSPN组血清、尿液LTB4及尿液LTE4水平分别为(1164.33 ±300.28)、(841.19 ±115.23)和(1252.31 ±251.62)ng/L,高于HSP组[分别为(559.60 ±180.23)、(574.42±101.17)和(805.93 ±185.52)ng/L]及对照组[分别为(211.95±67.72)、(227.33 ±76.12)和(149.51 ±33.66)ng/L](P均＜0.01);(2)随HSPN病理分级加重,HSPN组血清、尿液LTB4及尿液LTE4水平有升高趋势;(3)随尿蛋白水平的增加,HSPN血清、尿液LTB4及尿液LTE4表达水平逐渐增加(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);(4)与对照组相比,HSPN各组肾活检组织LTC4合酶荧光强度均增强,该荧光表达与其病理分级呈密切正相关.结论 LTs参与并促进HSPN的发生发展,其在肾脏表达水平与HSPN病理分级及尿蛋白排泄密切相关.     

Autopsy findings of co-sleeping-associated sudden unexpected deaths in infancy: relationship between pathological features and asphyxial mode of death

Aim: Co‐sleeping is associated with increased risk of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI)/sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The aim of this study is to examine autopsy findings from a single UK specialist centre to determine the relationship between co‐sleeping and cause of death. Methods: Retrospective analysis of >1500 paediatric autopsies carried out by paediatric pathologists over a 10‐year period. SUDI was defined as sudden unexpected death of an infant aged 7–365 days; deaths were categorised into explained SUDI (cause of death was determined) and unexplained SUDI (equivalent to SIDS). Results: There were 546 SUDI; sleeping arrangements were specifically recorded in 314; of these, 174 (55%) were co‐sleeping‐associated deaths. Almost two thirds (59%) of unexplained SUDI were co‐sleeping compared to 44% explained SUDI (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0–27.2%, P= 0.03); however, this difference remained statistically significant only for the first 5 months of life (95% CI 3.5–33.2%, P= 0.01). In unexplained SUDI aged < 6 months, there were no significant differences between co‐sleeping and non‐co‐sleeping deaths with respect to ante‐mortem symptoms, intrathoracic petechiae, macroscopic lung appearances, pulmonary haemosiderin‐laden macrophages, and isolation of specific bacterial pathogens; however, fresh intra‐alveolar haemorrhage was reported more commonly in co‐sleeping (54%) than in those that were not (38%; 95% CI 1.4–30.5%, P= 0.03). Conclusions: Co‐sleeping is associated with unexplained SUDI/SIDS in infants aged < 6 months, suggesting that co‐sleeping is related to the pathogenesis of death in younger infants. The finding that intra‐alveolar haemorrhage is more common in co‐sleeping suggests that a minority of co‐sleeping‐associated deaths may be related to an asphyxial process.     

The relationship between drug treatment and the clinical characteristics of febrile seizures

Background  Drugs such as theophylline, antihistamines, and antiallergics with anti-histaminic actions have been shown to induce febrile seizures. The relationship between febrile seizures and medications has not been actively investigated. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the clinical characteristics of febrile seizures and the use of medications. Methods  Two hundred and sixty-five children treated at our emergency room due to febrile seizures were studied to investigate the relationship between the clinical characteristics of febrile seizures, such as the type and duration of convulsions, and the drug treatment. Results  The duration of convulsions was longer among children who took theophylline and antihistamines than among children who did not take these medications. Of the antihistamines, mequitazine did not prolong the duration of convulsion. Conclusions  Theophylline should not be used in febrile children, particularly infants. Cautions should be taken in using histamine H1 antagonists in young infants because such drugs could potentially disturb the anticonvulsive central histaminergic system. However, mequitazine appears to be a suitable antihistamine for use in children with febrile seizures, since it does not prolong convulsions.     

Central core disease: clinical, pathological, and genetic features

Central core disease (CCD) is a dominantly inherited congenital myopathy allelic to malignant hyperthermia (MH) caused by mutations in the RYR1 gene on chromosome 19q13.1. Eleven individuals with RYR1 mutations are described. Four index cases showed features consistent with a congenital myopathy (hypotonia, delayed motor milestones, and skeletal abnormalities including congenital hip dislocation and scoliosis). All four cases and subsequently seven other family members were found to possess novel mutations in the RYR1 gene. The degree of disability varied from one clinically normal individual, to another who had never achieved independent ambulation (the only patient with a de novo mutation). Four cases showed a mild reduction in vital capacity, repeated nocturnal polysomnography showed hypoxaemia in one case. A variety of muscle biopsy features were found; central cores were absent in the youngest case, and the biopsy specimens from two others were more suggestive of mini-core myopathy. In all cases missense mutations in exons 101, 102, and 103 of the RYR1 gene on were found. Future laboratory diagnosis of suspected cases and family members will be less invasive and more accurate with DNA analysis. Clinicians, especially paediatricians and orthopaedic surgeons, should be aware of this disorder because of the potential risk of MH.     

Leprosy in children: association between clinical and pathological aspects

Leprosy among children is a public health problem reflecting the disease's transmission in the community and the efficiency of control programmes. To evaluate some clinical, epidemiological and histopathological criteria, as well as the level of agreement between clinical and histopathological diagnoses, 207 biopsies were studied from patients less than 15 years old who were clinically diagnosed with leprosy between March 1994 and September 2000. Leprosy was confirmed by histopathology in 119 cases (57.5 per cent). Forty-seven per cent of children were 10 years old or more; 28.5 per cent shared their dwellings with leprosy patients; 35 per cent had only one lesion, and 43 per cent were multibacillary cases. Agreement between clinical and histopathological classification was 36 per cent; hypochromic chronic eczema and post-inflammatory incontinence of melanin pigment were the clinical lesions most frequently mistaken with leprosy. Leprosy among children represents 7 per cent of new leprosy cases in Colombia and the high percentage of multibacillary cases suggests that diagnosis is being made late. The disease must be investigated in all children living with leprosy patients and skin biopsy is recommended to avoid false-positive diagnoses.     

Thirty-one autopsy cases of trisomy 18: clinical features and pathological findings

The clinical features and morphological findings in 31 Japanese infants with trisomy 18 are presented. The majority were small-for-date infants. There was no sex predominance in our series, as opposed to male:female ratios of 1:3 reported in the literature. The average age at death was greater in females than in males. Cardiovascular anomalies were consistently present; ventricular septar defect and patent ductus arteriosus being the most common malformations. Various other internal malformations including the Arnold-Chiari malformation were observed.     

小儿胸膜肺母细胞瘤的临床及病理学特征

目的 探讨小儿胸膜肺母细胞瘤(pleuro-pulnlonary blastoma,PPB)临床及病理学特征和早期诊治的可行性。方法 对1例长期反复呼吸道感染、X线片呈肺野巨大圆形软组织肿块的患儿行肺叶切除术、病理学常规检查和免疫组织化学检查等、明确诊断为PPB,结合文献复习进行分析讨论。结果 2岁女孩肺内病变抗炎治疗无效,无呼吸困难、贫血、消瘦等表现,手术见左上肺尖后段囊实性孤立性、境界清楚肿块,组织结构见分化较差的小圆细胞、梭形细胞,间质成分含横纹肌母细胞、成熟和／或不成熟软骨小岛,腺管分化良好、免痰组化标记检查确诊为PPB。结论 小儿肺部肿瘤病理学检查出现间胚叶组织和颖似上皮细胞且免疫组化标记呈阳性表达时,可诊断为胸膜肺母细胞瘤。     

儿童溃疡性结肠炎32例内镜及临床特征分析

溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC),是一种原因不明以结肠黏膜和黏膜下层炎症反应为特点的慢性炎症反应性疾病.我院于2002年5月至2007年5月,5年问共行结肠镜检查3 948例,其中32例临床表现、结肠镜所见以及组织学检查符合UC诊断标准,占结肠镜检查总数的0.81%,本文对32例UC的临床特征,内镜下病变特征及组织学改变进行总结和分析.     

Central core disease: clinical, pathological, and genetic features.

Central core disease (CCD) is a dominantly inherited congenital myopathy allelic to malignant hyperthermia (MH) caused by mutations in the RYR1 gene on chromosome 19q13.1. Eleven individuals with RYR1 mutations are described. Four index cases showed features consistent with a congenital myopathy (hypotonia, delayed motor milestones, and skeletal abnormalities including congenital hip dislocation and scoliosis). All four cases and subsequently seven other family members were found to possess novel mutations in the RYR1 gene. The degree of disability varied from one clinically normal individual, to another who had never achieved independent ambulation (the only patient with a de novo mutation). Four cases showed a mild reduction in vital capacity, repeated nocturnal polysomnography showed hypoxaemia in one case. A variety of muscle biopsy features were found; central cores were absent in the youngest case, and the biopsy specimens from two others were more suggestive of mini-core myopathy. In all cases missense mutations in exons 101, 102, and 103 of the RYR1 gene on were found. Future laboratory diagnosis of suspected cases and family members will be less invasive and more accurate with DNA analysis. Clinicians, especially paediatricians and orthopaedic surgeons, should be aware of this disorder because of the potential risk of MH.