吻合血管的逆行游离耳前皮瓣移植修复鼻部分缺损

目的旨在设计以颞浅动脉远端为蒂的逆行游离耳前皮瓣进行吻合血管的移植一期修复鼻部分缺损。方法本组共3例,1例为鼻尖缺损,1例为右侧鼻翼缺损,1例为鼻尖缺损、右侧鼻翼完全缺损及左侧鼻翼不完全缺损。术中将游离逆行耳前皮瓣的颞浅动、静脉分别与鼻唇沟部面动、静脉吻合,其中1例急诊患者颞浅静脉是与下睑伤口的一条静脉吻合。结果逆行游离耳前皮瓣大小范围为3.0 cm×2.5 cm~6 cm×2 cm,血管蒂长5~6 cm。3例患者皮瓣均成活,再造的鼻尖、鼻翼外形逼真,皮肤色泽、质地与鼻部皮肤接近。耳前供区切口隐蔽不遗留明显瘢痕。结论耳前皮瓣皮肤颜色、质地与鼻部接近,皮瓣血管蒂长,不需要血管移植,可通过显微外科技术一期修复鼻部分缺损,该皮瓣也可用于面部其他皮肤缺损的修复。     

The "Facelift" Flap for Reconstruction of Cheek, Lateral Orbit, and Temple Defects

BACKGROUND: Large defects of the cheek, lateral orbit, zygomatic arch, or the lower temple pose challenges for reconstruction. These defects can be elegantly reconstructed using the "facelift" flap. OBJECTIVE: The facelift flap is a large advancement flap with a rotational component based on rhytidectomy principles. METHODS: Redundant skin from the lower cheek is used as the donor tissue, which is advanced cephalad and posteriorly. Flap design varies slightly for men and women depending on characteristics of the external ear and ear lobe as well as the position and density of the preauricular hairline. Extensive undermining is critical to reduce tension on the flap and allow for complete closure. Traction provided by an assistant aids in the undermining. Specialized instruments are helpful when performing this flap. Rhytidectomy scissors, multipronged skin rakes, hand-held fiberoptic lighted retractor, and insulated forceps are particularly useful. Correct trimming of the flap and ear lobe placement without tension on the lobe are essential for a good cosmetic result. A large standing cone is excised retroauricularly such that the scar is hidden primarily behind the ear. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The facelift flap gives superior and elegant results for reconstruction of large cutaneous defects involving the cheek, lateral orbit, zygomatic arch, and lower temple.     

鼻部分缺损畸形的显微外科技术修复

目的探讨临床应用显微外科技术修复鼻部分缺损的方法。方法应用耳前和耳廓复合组织瓣供血的颞浅血管以旋股外侧血管搭桥与面动静脉吻合手术技术重建鼻部分组织缺损,供区采用耳后皮瓣转移一期修复。结果本组手术共修复28例不同部位的鼻部分缺损畸形病例。移植的耳廓复合组织瓣最大面积4.0cm×2.5cm,最小2.5cm×1.5cm,移植的血管桥长度最长14cm,最短10cm。27例手术获得完全成功,医患双方对再造的鼻形态和色泽均表示满意,其中7例得到术后3~6个月随访,并有3例进行了门诊二期组织瓣蒂部臃肿修整术。随访病例对结果满意。失败1例的原因可能与年龄和长期吸烟、高血压、血管硬化,导致复合组织瓣血液灌注不足有关。结论应用显微外科技术移植耳前和耳廓复合瓣再造鼻部分缺损效果可靠,外形结果满意,供区部位形象可以接受。     

Reconstruction of acquired sub-total ear defects with autologous costal cartilage.

Acquired sub-total ear defects are common and challenging to reconstruct. We report the use of an autologous costal cartilage framework to reconstruct sub-total defects involving all anatomical regions of the ear. Twenty-eight partially damaged ears in 27 patients were reconstructed with this technique. The defects resulted from bites (14), road traffic accidents (five), burns (four), iatrogenic causes (four) and chondritis following minor trauma (one). Computerised image analysis revealed a median of 31% (range 13-72%) ear loss. An autologous costal cartilage framework was fashioned in all cases. If adequate local skin was available, this was draped over the framework, but in nine cases preliminary tissue expansion was used and in a further three cases with significant scarring, the framework was covered with a temporoparietal fascial flap. Clinical assessment after ear reconstruction was undertaken, scoring for symmetry, the helical rim, the antihelical fold, the lobe position and a 'natural look' to produce a four-point scale; 11 were excellent, 12 were good, two were fair and three were poor. Our experience suggests that formal delayed reconstruction with autologous costal cartilage is to be recommended when managing acquired, sub-total ear deformity.     

逆行耳前耳廓复合组织瓣显微移植再造鼻亚结构

目的探索吻合逆行颞浅血管供血的耳前耳廓复合组织瓣移植修复鼻亚结构缺损的临床应用方法。方法2003年6月~2005年8月,应用显微外科技术,游离移植逆行颞浅血管供血的同侧耳前耳廓复合组织瓣,修复鼻尖、鼻软三角和鼻翼全层缺损12例,男4例,女8例;年龄14~35岁。鼻尖鼻软三角联合缺损3例,单侧鼻翼缺损9例。病程6个月~12年。术中切取组织瓣范围2.0 cm×1.5 cm~3.0 cm×2.5 cm,逆行血管蒂长4~6 cm。血管蒂直接与受区附近的鼻旁角动脉吻合。结果11例组织瓣血管与角动脉和静脉直接吻合,1例因未找到受区适宜血管,采用血管移植方法与供区颞浅血管近侧残端吻合。术后12例移植组织瓣全部成活。均获随访3~6个月,患者对术后鼻的外形满意,对供区耳廓及耳前的术后修复结果能接受。结论逆行颞浅血管供血的耳前耳廓复合组织瓣移植修复鼻亚结构缺损,可避免血管移植供区损伤,减少血管吻合口数量及副创伤,提高手术成功率,值得进一步临床推广。     

扩张的耳后瘢痕瓣和Medpor支架耳廓烧伤后再造术

目的对烧伤所致耳廓缺损，探讨应用耳后瘢痕瓣经扩张后加Medpor支架行耳廓再造术的可行性。方法对17例烧伤后耳廓缺损患者，应用扩张的耳后瘢痕瓣结合Medpor支架行耳廓再造术。结果除两例分别因无足够的皮下筋膜瓣包裹支架和外伤导致支架部分外露外，其余15例均告成功。最长随访3年，效果满意。结论对于年龄大于25周岁，因烧伤致耳廓缺损患者，以扩张的耳后瘢痕瓣结合Medpor支架行耳廓再造术是一种效果较为可靠的手术方法。     

Aesthetic pubic reconstruction after electrical burn using a portion of hair-bearing expanded free-forehead flap

Background  Electrical burn in the pubic region usually results in a severe and contractive scar with pubic hair loss. The aesthetic restoration of this area often has become very difficult. Methods  A 22-year-old male electrical engineer experienced severe pubic scarring with hair loss after electrical burn. He was treated successfully with an expanded free-forehead flap including a portion of hair-bearing scalp after microsurgical vascular anastomoses between the bilateral superficial temporal vessels and the bilateral deep inferior epigastric vessels. The donor forehead site was closed directly in the frontal hairline without visible scarring. Results  The pubic area was repaired functionally and cosmetically with the flap, and the pubic hair was growing well after a 1-year following-up period. Conclusions  This successful case strongly indicates that a microsurgical tissue transfer can be a good option for reconstruction of a pubic defect and that the expanded forehead flap could fulfill the high cosmetic demands of pubic reconstruction with minimal donor morbidity.     

Utility of a Bilayered Banner Transposition Flap in Reconstruction of the Lower Third of the Pinna

BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of the entire ear lobule is challenging and complex. We present a case in which a banner transposition flap from the preauricular and mandibular area of the cheek resulted in an excellent cosmetic outcome. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the utility of a bilayered banner transposition flap to reconstruct a full-thickness defect of the inferior one-third of the pinna. METHODS: The technique employed in this reconstruction is described and previously reported techniques are reviewed. RESULTS: A symmetrical earlobe with normal tissue consistency was created, as noted at 4 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Utilization of a banner transposition flap should be considered as an excellent method for reconstruction of full-thickness defects of the lower one-third of the ear.     

The periosteal-cutaneous chimeric medial femoral condyle free flap for subtotal ear reconstruction: A case report

When costal graft is contraindicated or refused by the patient, autologous total/subtotal auricular reconstruction represent a real challenge as limited surgical options has been described. Aim of present report is to offer a novel possible autologous reconstruction of the ear frame using a chimeric free medial femoral condyle (MFC) flap. We present a case of a 29 years old patient who had total loss of the upper 2/3 of the right ear after bombing in Somalia and secondary infected condritis (considered a relative contraindication for costal cartilage graft). The MFC flap was harvested with a chimeric skin paddle (7 × 5 cm), a thin sheet of femoral cortex (6.5 × 8 cm) was used as basal ear frame, while part of the contralateral concha was trimmed as support for the helix, with the periosteal component of the flap wrapping around the whole framework. The chimeric skin paddle assured the retroauricular skin coverage, while the anterior part of the construct was covered by a thinned dermal flap. Postoperative course was uneventful. A defatting procedure of the posterior skin paddle was performed at 2 months post-op. At 6 months post-op, the patient was satisfied with the result, could wear glasses and was socially integrated. This new application of the free chimeric MFC flap, despite being not the primary choice for ear reconstruction, guaranteed satisfactory results in terms of ear shape and infection prevention and may be considered when ordinary cartilage rib reconstruction is refused, contraindicated, or failed.     

The 'double headed slug flap': A simple technique to reconstruct large helical rim defects

Reconstructing partial defects of the ear can be challenging, balancing the creation of the details of the ear with scarring, morbidity and number of surgical stages. Common causes of ear defects are human bites, tumour excision and burn injuries. Reconstructing defects of the ear with tube pedicled flaps and other local flaps requires an accurate measurement of size of the defect with little room for error, particularly under estimation. We present a simple method of reconstruction for partial defects of the ear using a two-stage technique with post auricular transposition flaps. This allows for under or over estimation of size defects permitting accurate tissue usage giving good aesthetic outcomes.     

EAR LOBE RECONSTRUCTION WITH A POSTERIOR EAR FLAP: Case reports

We describe a technique for reconstruction of the ear lobe. Although there are many procedures that aim to reconstruct the ear lobe naturally, the aesthetic results of using a posterior ear flap are better because the scar tissue that remains behind the ear is invisible.     

Ear lobe reconstruction with a posterior ear flap. Case reports.

We describe a technique for reconstruction of the ear lobe. Although there are many procedures that aim to reconstruct the ear lobe naturally, the aesthetic results of using a posterior ear flap are better because the scar tissue that remains behind the ear is invisible.     

Combination of fillet and triangular flaps for the web reconstruction in pollicization: a case report

Thumb hypoplasia represents a major disability requiring sophisticated reconstructive procedures. One of the basic criteria of the pollicization to construct a functional thumb is scar free web reconstruction. In this article, a technique to avoid excessive scarring in the first web space reconstruction by filleting out the hypoplasic thumb combining with a triangular flap is presented. A 5-year-old girl was presented. She had a Back-Gramcko type IV thumb hypoplasia. A triangular flap was planned on radial border of the long finger. Floating thumb was filleted out with preservation of the neurovascular bundle and transferred to the first web space while cooperating with triangular flap. Patient was followed up for 18 months. No early or late major complication was seen. Flap healed without any necrosis. The ratio of active motion in pollicized finger was measured 60% after cerebral reorientation. A satisfactory grip and pinch were seen in pollicized finger. Patient as well as her parents was satisfied with the results. Filleting out the floating thumb and combining with a triangular flap harvested by a V-Y flap design is a good option to avoid excessive scarring in reconstruction of the first web space in pollicization. It is strongly recommended that floating thumb should be preserved for future pollicization, and any attempt to amputate it in early years of life should be postponed till the time of definitive surgery.     

One stage reconstruction of auricle with partial defect after trauma]

An improved method for one stage reconstruction of partial defect of the ear lobe is reported. A postauricular mastoid skin flap is constructed with the pedicle on the margin of the defect of the ear. If necessary, the distal part of the flap may carry a piece of subcutaneous tissue of the scalp to cover the framework. The operation has been done in 19 patients with satisfactory results.     

Free tissue transfer for burns reconstruction: A single-site experience

This study reviews free tissue transfer (FTT) surgery for both acute wound and reconstructive scar management of burn injuries at a UK burns unit over a 10-year period. Thirty eight patients underwent 46 FTTs, or free flaps, as part of their burn injury pathway. For the cohort of patients, there was one flap failure, which occurred for a secondary scar reconstruction. It is noted that FTT was successful for all seven acute or primary interventions. Anterolateral thigh flap was the most frequently performed (57%); followed by parascapular flaps (22%) of which 43% were pre-expanded. A method of pre-expansion for neck contractures and a novel technique of anchoring this flap to the pre-tracheal fascia are described here. This can provide the patient with good neck contouring by using the capsule to hitch the flap into a good position. It is clear that further work is required to study the prevention of hypertrophic scarring that can occur at the interface between flap and adjacent skin, where occurrence rate in this cohort was 17%. It is proposed that FTT now provides a viable solution both to the coverage of complex burn wounds and to the revision of scar contractures. Consensus over an FTT protocol for the primary management of open burn wounds is seen as the logical next step for this surgical intervention.     

Ischial pressure sores: Reconstruction using the perforator‐based reverse flow musculocutaneous 180° propeller flap

The treatment of pressure sores requires soft tissue reconstruction with thick tissue to provide padding of bony prominences and obliterate dead space. Fasciocutaneous flaps may not provide adequate bulk. Propeller flaps (180°) based on perforators from the gluteal artery may be harvested as a reverse flow musculocutaneous flap including a muscle plug to reconstruct deep cavities. Three patients presenting with deep pressure sores required reconstruction of large cavities. In addition to a regular 180° propeller flap, a muscle plug based on a perforator found in the blade of the propeller was used to add bulk to the flap and obliterate the cavity with well‐vascularized tissue. One flap required secondary closure of the donor site due to dehiscence, one hematoma required drainage. All flaps survived completely. No recurrence of osteomyelitis or pressure sores was seen. The 180° propeller flap can be harvested as a reverse flow musculocutaneous flap including a muscle plug in the distal blade. This adds volume which is required to adequately obliterate large cavities in cases of osteomyelitis. This new technique may be useful in other areas as well. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 2009.     

Use of pectoralis major perforators for local “free‐style” perforator flap in axillary reconstruction: A case report

Axillary scar contracture in a previously poly‐traumatized present a challenging task for a reconstructive surgeon from the functional and esthetic standpoint. While harvest of local myocutaneous flaps will obviously contribute to further limitation of arm movements in already functionally impaired shoulder, pedicled perforator flaps from the lateral and posterior thoracic region may not be available due to extensive scarring after high‐energy trauma with soft‐tissue loss. We present a new perforator pedicled flap, designed, and harvested exclusively on the basis of “free style perforator flap” concept, based on the perforators coming from the pectoral region. The operative technique and outcome are discussed in this report. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2010.     

Protective intramedullary fixation after harvest of an osteocutaneous radial free flap.

The osteocutaneous radial free flap, even after 30 years, is still considered to be the "workhorse" for head and neck reconstruction. A high incidence of donor site fractures has remained a major problem, however. The technique described here is a method developed for the prophylaxis of fractures of the donor site of the harvested radial bone and is based on a modification of the intramedullary Rush nail fixation. The data were collected from 18 patients in whom the radial forearm free flap had been used during reconstruction. None of the prophylactically-nailed radii fractured. The complications experienced with this technique are general complications, such as scarring of the forearm and dehiscence of the wound. This technique is simple, and has given excellent results. Aesthetic and functional results were comparable to those of other flaps used for reconstruction. We recommend this technique because of its simplicity, vascular safety, and cost effectiveness.     

Reverse flow flap use in upper extremity burn contractures

Upper extremity contractures still happen and constitute one of the most trying challenges in burn patients. This series comprised of 4 radial forearm flaps, 14 dorsoulnar artery flaps, and 4 medial arm flaps, all of which were used in a reverse pattern for upper extremity postburn contractures. The reverse flow radial forearm flap (RRFF) was chosen for reconstruction of extensive palmar contractures after burn. The reverse flow dorsoulnar flap (RDUF) was used particularly for reconstruction of the hypothenar aspect of the hand which requires moderate size tissue transfer. The reverse medial arm flap (RMAF) was used for elbow contractures after burn. In the first RMAF, venous congestion occured and was finaly resolved with minimal flap loss, which was managed with STSG later. In the following 3 cases the flap was supercharged with anastomosis of the brachial vein into the antebrachial vein. Both RRFF and RDUF may provide a smooth and efficient solution. However, RMAF has a significant venous problem, which may result in flap loss, therefore, this flap should not be considered as a first option in the elbow area.