应用评分法评估儿科危重患儿病情与预后

１４１例ＩＣＵ患者于入ＩＣＵ第１、３、７天同时作我国的小儿危重评分、国外的小儿死亡危险（ＰＲＩＳＭ）评分及评估器官系统功能衰竭情况。小儿危重评分与ＰＲＩＳＭ评分和器官系统功能衰竭呈高度负相关。存活和死亡组的小儿危重评分、ＰＲＩＳＭ评分，在入ＩＣＵ的１、３、７天均有非常显著的差异。将小儿危重评分从高至低分为～１００、～８０、～７０三组，代表病情非危重、危重、极危重，将ＰＲＩＳＭ评分从低至高分为０～、１１～、２１～三组，代表死亡危险低、中、高，二种评分各组间ＩＣＵ病死率均有显著的差异（Ｐ＜０００１）。小儿危重评分越低，发生器官系统功能衰竭的越多，ＭＳＯＦ发生率越高（Ｐ＜０００１），存活和死亡组间，小儿危重评分与发生脏器功能衰竭的数目有非常显著的差异（Ｐ＜０００１）。提示：小儿危重评分和ＰＲＩＳＭ评分均可客观、有效地评估病情和预后，小儿危重评分与系统器官功能衰竭评估着重点不同，二者各有优势，在评估病情与预后上，可以互补。     

新生儿窒息与多脏器功能障碍综合征的临床关系分析

目的 探讨新生儿窒息后多脏器功能障碍综合征（ＭＯＤＳ）的发生率、病死率及其与窒息程度、胎龄、出生体重的关系。方法 对１００例新生儿窒息进行前瞻性研究，观察轻、重度窒息组ＭＯＤＳ及单器官损害的发生率和病死率，以及围产因素与ＭＯＤＳ的关系。结果 重度窒息组ＭＯＤＳ的发生率为７１．４％，高于轻度窒息组（３０．８％）（χ２＝１５．２０，Ｐ＜ ０．０１）；重度窒息组脑、肺、心血管、肾、胃肠损害发生率分别为９１．４％，７７．１％，５４．３％，３４．３％，２２．９％，轻度窒息组分别为３８．５％，３３．８％，２０．０％，１２．３％，７．７％，差异均有显著性（Ｐ＜００１或 ０．０５），重度窒息组病死率（２２．９％）高于轻度窒息组（６．２％）（χ２＝６．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。窒息患儿中早产儿、低出生体重儿ＭＯＤＳ的发生率及病死率较足月儿、正常体重儿高，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论 重视围产期保健，降低早产儿、低出生体重儿的发生率，防止新生儿窒息，是减少ＭＯＤＳ的关键。     

小儿危重病例评分法在婴幼儿重症肺炎中的应用

目的正确评估婴幼儿重症肺炎的严重程度，指导重症肺炎的诊治。方法应用小儿危重病例评分法对218例婴幼儿重症肺炎进行评分。结果0～70分属极危重病例，共33例，占15．1％；70～80分属危重病例，共59例，占27．0％；80～100分属非危重病例。共126例，占57．9％；评分值越低病情越重，患儿病死率越高；住院期间共进行4次评分，病情好转，评分上升，高分值病例数的百分比不断增加；并进行器官功能衰竭的评估，其评分越低，发生多器官功能衰竭的病例越多，累及器官数越多。结论小儿危重病例评分法可准确判断婴幼儿重症肺炎病情轻重，并对动态观察病情，指导治疗，预测预后有非常重要的作用。     

消化性溃疡患儿24小时胃pH值的动态研究

目的了解消化性溃疡患儿胃ｐＨ值的动态变化。方法对２５例经胃镜确诊的消化性溃疡患儿作２４小时胃ｐＨ值测定,２５例健康儿作对照组。结果胃溃疡和十二指肠溃疡患儿各项胃ｐＨ值监测指标的差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）;溃疡组胃ｐＨ平均值、平均中位数低于对照组（１．８±０．５比２．３±０．６,１．４±０．４比１．７±０．５,Ｐ分别＜０．０１、＜０．０５）,而胃ｐＨ值＜２和＜３的时间百分比则高于对照组（７４．８±１３．７比６２．８±１５２,８５．９±８．６比７４．２±１３．１,Ｐ均＜０．０１）;溃疡组夜间胃ｐＨ平均值、平均中位数低于白天（１．６±０．５比２．１±０．５,１．３±０．４比１．６±０．５,Ｐ＜０．０１）,而夜间胃ｐＨ值＜２和＜３的时间百分比则高于白天（８３．２±１４．０比６６．２±１９．９,９２．１±８．１比７９．７±１２．７,Ｐ均＜０．０１）。结论小儿消化性溃疡时胃酸分泌增多,夜间胃酸分泌明显多于白天,提示抑制夜间胃酸分泌是治疗小儿消化性溃疡的重要环节     

应用血管活性药物辅佐抢救小儿MODS疗效分析

目的 探讨血管活性药物对小儿ＭＯＤＳ的治疗价值。方法 通过临床随机对照试验的方法,分出治疗组及对照组。治疗组在综合治疗的基础上应用血管活性药物,并在治疗过程中动态的对比两组患儿病情变化。结果 治疗１、３、７ｄ后,两组患儿危重评分有显著变化（Ｐ〈０．０１及〈０．０５）,治疗组病死率３２．１４％,治愈率６０．７１％。对照组病死率５７．１４％,治愈率２８．５７％。两组病死率比较有显著差异（χ＾２＝３．９     

一氧化氮对缺氧和急性肺损伤犬的血液动力学与气体交换的影响

应用化学发光法监测氮氧化物浓度，观察１０只缺氧和急性肺损伤犬在吸入不同浓度一氧化氮（ＮＯ）时血液动力学和气体交换功能的变化。结果显示，５～５０ＰＰＭＮＯ均可降低缺氧犬肺动脉压２５％±３％（Ｐ＜０．０１），降低肺血管阻力３７％±５％（Ｐ＜０．０１），并使急性肺损伤犬的动脉血氧分压／吸入氧浓度（ＰａＯ＿２／ＦｉＯ＿２）比值上升３３．４±２．３（Ｐ＜０．０５），肺内动静脉分流量与总血流量（Ｑ＿ｓ／Ｑ＿Ｔ）比值下降５％±２％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示，低浓度ＮＯ（５～２０ＰＰＭ）即可有效降低缺氧性和急性肺损伤犬肺动脉高压并改善其动脉氧合功能。     

婴幼儿哮喘与T辅助细胞亚群功能失衡研究

目的探讨Ｔ辅助细胞（Ｔｈ）亚群功能失衡在婴幼儿哮喘发病中的作用及其影响因素。方法酶联免疫吸附试验方法，对２０例哮喘患儿和１５例健康对照者外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）分别经植物血凝素（ＰＨＡ）和脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）刺激后，培养上清液中各细胞因子含量进行测定。结果经ＰＨＡ刺激后哮喘组Ｔｈ产生ＩＦＮγ、ＩＬ２水平明显低于正常对照组（ｔ′＝４．１５，４．０７；Ｐ均＜０．０１），而ＩＬ４、ＩＬ６、ＩＬ１０水平则显著升高（ｔ′＝４．７３，５．９１，３１８，Ｐ均＜０．０１）。经ＬＰＳ刺激后，哮喘组单核巨噬细胞产生ＩＬ１０水平明显高于正常对照组（ｔ′＝５．６０，Ｐ＜０．０１）而ＩＬ１２水平则降低（ｔ′＝３．３４，Ｐ＜０．０１）。相关分析发现ＩＦＮγ与血清ＩｇＥ水平呈高度负相关（ｒ＝－０．６６４，Ｐ＜０．０１），ＩＬ４、ＩＬ１０与ＩｇＥ呈高度正相关（ｒ＝０．７７６，０７４０；Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论哮喘患儿生成Ｔｈ１类细胞因子不足，Ｔｈ２类因子增多；单核巨噬细胞产生ＩＬ１０增多，ＩＬ１２减少，导致Ｔｈ１／Ｔｈ２功能失衡     

对新生儿呼吸机所致合并症的防治

为了降低呼吸机治疗的合并症，提高治愈率，以１９８５～１９８９年有合并症的５７例（甲组）与１９９０～１９９５年改进防治措施后有合并症的１０７例（乙组）进行对比。结果：（１）治愈率甲乙两组分别为２８．１％及５３．５％（χ２＝８．８９，Ｐ＜０．０１），病死率分别为６３．１％及１７．８％（χ２＝３４．３９，Ｐ＜０．０１）；（２）在合并症中，插管不当分别为５６．１％及１７．８％，肺气压伤分别为３１．６％及５．６％，肺不张分别为２８．１％及９．３％（χ２分别为２５．５７、２０．０８、９．７７，Ｐ均＜０．０１），感染加重分别为４６．１％及２３．５％（χ２＝４．６２），拔管过早分别为５．３％及０，（Ｐ均＜０．０５）。说明乙组的合并症明显低于甲组。提示：在１９９０～１９９５年改进治疗措施后，呼吸机治疗时常见的七项合并症的发生率明显降低，治愈率明显提高     

小儿危重病例评分法和MSOF诊断标准在急性中毒的应用

目的：应用小儿危重病例评分法和多系统器官功能衰竭诊断标准评估急性中毒患儿病情严重程度。方法：1997年1月至1999年6月收治的129例急性中毒患儿,在住院期间进行3次评分,按评分值分为3组：非危重组(～100)、危重组(～80)、极危重组(0～70)。结果：首次评分显示3组患儿死亡率随分值降低而逐渐增高,即非危重组1.96%、危重组11.54%、极危重组26.92%。三组比较(χ2=11.13, P<0.01),差异有显著性意义。第2,3次评分结果与首次相似,评分越低死亡率越高。3组患儿MSOF发生率也随分值降低而升高,依次是3.9%,34.6%,76.9%,差异有显著性意义(χ2=62.03,P<0.01)。结论：小儿危重病例评分和多系统器官功能衰竭诊断标准可较准确地判断急性中毒患儿的病情和预后,评分值越低、MSOF发生率越高,死亡率越高。     

应用评分评估儿科危重患儿病情与预后

１４１例ＩＣＵ患者于入ＩＣＵ第１，３，７天同时作我国的小儿危重评分，国外的小儿死亡危险（ＰＲＩＳＭ）评分及评估器官系统功能衰竭情况，小儿危重评分与ＰＲＩＳＭ评分和器官系统功能衰竭呈高度负相关，存活和死亡组的小儿危重评分，ＰＲＩＳＭ评分，在入ＩＣＵ的１，３，７天均有非常显著的差异，将小儿危重评分从高至低分为～１００，～８０，～７０三组，代表病情非危重，危重，极危重，将ＰＲＩＳＭ评分从低于高分为０～，     

Psychosocial Adjustment in Siblings of Children with Chronic Life-Threatening Illness: a Research Note

The psychosocial functioning of 10 siblings of children with chronic life-threatening illness and their parents was compared with 10 healthy matched controls. The main differences found were in family relationships, with the index siblings expressing more negative emotion in relation to their fathers than controls, index mothers being less involved in social activities and index fathers being less involved with the extended family. No significant differences were found in any of the measures of depression, anxiety and self concept. Index siblings expressed a number of other concerns such as a fear of the break up of their family after the sick child died. The need for increased awareness of the welfare of healthy siblings as well as closer involvement of the fathers is discussed.     

简化小儿危重病例评分法的临床应用

目的简化小儿危重病例评分法.分析用简化评分系统评估患儿病情的效果,以期更好地适用于基层医院.方法对14家三级医院的1 036例患儿,于入院第1、3、7天及出院或死亡时进行小儿危重病例评分.原评分10项指标中,依次减去动脉氧分压(PaO2)和pH、BUN或肌酐、血钠和血钾,余8、7、5项指标,原评分分别乘以0.8、0.7、0.5形成新的评分系统.分析简化评分系统评估病情与原评估方法的符合率(应>80%)及二者的相关性,观察简化后评分体系的病死率变化与原评分法是否一致.结果首次评分减去2、3、5项指标后,与原病情评估一致的病例分别为82.6%(856/1 036)、80.7%(836/1 036)、69.9% (724/1 036),显示用5项指标评估病情符合率较低.简化后第3、7天和末次评分,与原病情评估符合率为81.5%～97.1%.简化前、后有良好相关性(r=0.629～0.948, P均<0.001).简化后4次评分,非危重、危重、极危重组病死率差异有非常显著性(χ2 =86.13～740.33,P均<0.001),即评分越低,病死率越高.在同一病情状态下,简化前后的病死率变化不大.如极危重组首、末次评分原病死率为29.8 %、67.4%,简化后病死率分别为30.0%～27.9%、66.3%～64.4%.结论首次评分减去2项指标、其余各次评分减去5项指标后的病情评估与原评分法基本一致.用简化后的评分体系评估极危重、危重、非危重组间的病死率,差异仍有非常显著性,其病死率变化趋势与原评分体系一致.     

小儿危重评分和死亡危险评分在监护室中的应用

目的 通过对PICU危重患儿小儿危重评分(PCIS)和小儿死亡危险评分(PRISM)的比较判断两种评分的临床应用价值.方法 对580例PICU住院患儿按照小儿危重评分标准、死亡及器官衰竭情况进行分组,根据各组PRISM评分分析比较各组问的差异性.结果 危重组、极危重组与非危重组各组间的PRISM评分差异有显著性(P<0.01);死亡组与存活组的PRISM评分值的差异也有显著性(P<0.01);PRISM评分随器官衰竭数增加而增高(P<0.05).结论 小儿危重评分和死亡危险评分对临床危重患儿的病情危重程度、死亡危险程度的判断有指导价值.     

危重症疾病的免疫调节治疗

危重症患者存在炎性反应和免疫抑制的特点，并且营养物质不能自给自足，因此增强宿主免疫反应或者抑制炎性反应的营养制剂或者其他干预措施便应运而生。但目前对于危重患者免疫营养制剂的应用仍存在很多争议。本文就危重症患者免疫营养支持治疗的研究现状和常用的免疫营养制剂作一论述。     

动态监测血乳酸与小儿危重病例评分的相关性

目的 探讨动态监测PICU患儿血乳酸与小儿危重病例评分(PCIS)的相关性.方法 对77例入住南通大学附属常州儿童医院儿科重症监护病房的患儿立即进行PCIS,根据评分结果分为极危重组(23例)、危重组(32例)、非危重组(22例).并检测患儿动脉血乳酸水平,每6 h监测1次,并测出乳酸峰值.比较各组间乳酸监测指标(入PICU乳酸水平、乳酸峰值)和PCIS,进行相关性分析,探讨其与患儿预后的相关性.结果 极危重组血乳酸水平:入PICU时乳酸[(5.28±3.69) mmol·L-1]、乳酸峰值[(8.54±4.32) mmol·L-1]明显高于危重组和非危重组(F=3.98,3.12,Pa<0.01),而PCIS[(65.79±2.34) 分]明显低于其他2组(F=4.23,P<0.01);死亡组 PCIS[(62.35±4.22) 分]低于存活组[(89.21±5.36) 分](t=3.15,P<0.01),而血乳酸水平[(5.31±4.05) mmol·L-1]高于存活组[(3.22±2.13) mmol·L-1](t=2.32,P<0.05);PCIS与血乳酸水平呈负相关(r=-0.889,P<0.01).结论 血乳酸升高的PICU危重患儿病情更重、预后更差,PCIS评分可有效评估患儿的病情和预后,并与乳酸水平存在显著负相关.动态监测血乳酸水平是反映危重病患儿病情严重程度和预测患儿转归的较好指标.     

Annual Research Review: Health anxiety in children and adolescents—developmental aspects and cross-generational influences

Health anxiety involves excessive worries about one's health along with beliefs one has an illness or may contract a serious disease. Concerning evidence suggests that health anxiety is on the rise in society, possibly further fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent classification systems acknowledge that impairing health-related worries and beliefs can emerge in early childhood with significant levels of symptoms persisting throughout childhood, and possibly continuous with diagnostic considerations in adulthood. This narrative review summarizes recent research advances in health anxiety in children and adolescents, focusing on various developmental aspects of health anxiety and related concepts in youths. Findings suggest that health anxiety symptoms in young age groups are associated with impairment, distress, and increased healthcare use, as well as substantial comorbidity with mainly other emotional problems and disorders. Furthermore, longitudinal studies suggest that childhood health anxiety can persist across adolescence, perhaps with links to chronic courses in adulthood. The growing literature was further reviewed, thus extending our understanding of early risk factors, including the potential role of exposure to serious illness and transgenerational transmission of health anxiety. Learning more about developmental trajectories will be highly relevant to inform strategies for early detection and prevention. While modified cognitive behavioral therapies in adults are successful in treating health anxiety, specific interventions have not yet been tested in youths. Given substantial overlaps with other psychopathology, it could be important to develop and explore more transdiagnostic and scalable approaches that take advantage of common factors in psychotherapy, while also including a wider perspective on potential familiar maladaptive illness cognitions and behaviors.     

Breast-feeding, gastrointestinal and lower respiratory illness in the first two years

ABSTRACT. The relationships between breast-feeding practices and the rates of gastro-intestinal and lower respiratory illness during the first two years of life were examined for a birth cohort of New Zealand infants. During the first four months, there were significant tendencies for rates of gastro-intestinal illness to decrease with increasing duration of breast feeding. These trends remained significant when the effects of a number of social and familial factors were taken into account. There was no association between duration of breast-feeding and rates of gastro-intestinal illness beyond four months. Prolonged breast-feeding was associated with significantly lower rates of lower respiratory illness during both the first and second years. However, when the effects of social and familial factors were taken into account the apparent associations between duration of breast-feeding and rates of lower respiratory illness became non-significant. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Predictors of spontaneous bleeding in Dengue

Objective : To identify the predictive factors for spontaneous bleeding manifestations in Dengue illness in infants and children.Methods : 60 cases of Dengue viral infection with spontaneous skin and or mucosal bleed were compared with 72 cases without spontaneous bleed. The protean bleeding manifestations in dengue infection were recorded. Various clinical and laboratory parameters were analyzed using univariate and logistic regression analysis.Results and Conclusion : Prothombin time was abnormal only in cases with spontancous bleed. A combination of (a) biphasic pattern of fever, (b) hemoconcentration, (c) platelet count less than 50,000/ mm³ and (d) elevated ALT had a sensitivity of 79.2%, specificity of 64.7% with a positive predictive value of 70% and a negative predictive value of 75% in predicting spontaneous bleeding in dengue.     

危重病患儿心肌损伤的研究进展

在危重病发展过程中心肌损伤是不可避免的,它严重威胁危重病患儿的生命安全.本文就危重病患儿心肌损伤的诊断、生物标志物及治疗3个方面的研究进展作一综述.