Association of genetic variation at the β-fibrinogen gene locus and plasma fibrinogen evels; interaction between allele frequency of the G/A-455polymorphism, age and smoking

The β-fibrinogen G/A^-455 polymorphism genotype along with plasma fibrinogen levels was determined in 482 healthy middle-aged men, of whom 231 were smokers. Smokers had the highest plasma fibrinogen levels (2.92 g/1), ex-smokers the next (2.73 g/1), and never-smokers the lowest levels (2.66 g/1, P < 0.001). Those with one or two A^-455 alleles had significantly higher plasma fibrinogen levels in never-smokers and ex-smokers (8.2% and 9.0%, respectively, P < 0.05), and the effect was larger in younger men (45 < 55 years, 11.6%, P = 0.002) than older men (> 65 years, 4.5%, NS), and was not significant in smokers (2.4%, P > 0.05). Allele frequencies were calculated and compared across age groups and between smokers and non-smokers. The difference in frequency of the A^-455 allele between smokers and non-smokers varied significantly with age (P < 0.01), with the frequency of the A^-455 allele being significantly lower in smokers than in non-smokers in subjects aged > 65 years (P < 0.05), but not in younger men. This demonstrates an interaction between age, smoking and allele frequency of the G/A^-455 polymorphism in this population-based sample.     

The association of combined alpha and beta fibrinogen genotype on plasma fibrinogen levels in smokers and non-smokers.

OBJECTIVE--To determine in healthy men: (1) whether an extended genotype of the fibrinogen gene cluster using the G/A-455 and the BclI polymorphism of the beta fibrinogen gene and TaqI of the alpha fibrinogen gene explains a significantly larger proportion of variance in plasma fibrinogen levels in either smokers or non-smokers than a single polymorphism (G/A-455); (2) whether there is any evidence for genotype-smoking interaction in the determination of fibrinogen levels. DESIGN--A cross sectional study of healthy, white men recruited at the screening for entry into the Thrombosis Prevention Trial. SETTING--The subjects were drawn from four general practices in the United Kingdom. RESULTS--The frequency of the rare alleles in the sample was 0.19 for the G/A-455 polymorphism (A-455), 0.15 for BclI (B+), and 0.27 for TaqI (T+) alleles. BMI and age made significant contributions to the variance in plasma fibrinogen levels only in non-smokers of 5.4% and 2.3% respectively and, in the group as a whole, smoking accounted for 6.6% of the variance. In the non-smokers, of the individual polymorphisms only the G/A-455 showed a significant association with plasma fibrinogen levels (p = 0.03). The mean fibrinogen in non-smokers homozygous for the G-455 allele was 2.54 g/l v 2.85 g/l in those homozygous for the A-455 allele, with the polymorphism explaining 3.6% of the variance in plasma fibrinogen levels in this group. On investigation of the association of fibrinogen levels with combined genotypes, the most significant effect was seen with the combination of the G/A-455 and TaqI polymorphisms, with those with no "fibrinogen raising alleles" having a mean fibrinogen of 2.57 g/l v 3.10 g/l for those with four "fibrinogen raising alleles" (p = 0.0036), and this combination explained 8.9% of the variance in plasma fibrinogen levels (p < 0.005). Although the contribution to variance was greater with the G/A-455/TaqI combination than the G/A-455 polymorphism alone (8.9% v 3.6%), this did not reach significance (p = 0.09). By contrast, in the smoking group, the only significant contribution to the difference in plasma fibrinogen levels was the G/A-455 genotype alone which, after adjustment for BMI and age, contributed 3.8% to the variance (p < 0.05). No interaction was shown between smoking and genotype. CONCLUSION--These data suggest that in non-smokers an extended genotype using the G/A-455 beta fibrinogen gene polymorphism and the TaqI alpha fibrinogen gene polymorphism explains a larger proportion of the variance in plasma fibrinogen levels than any one polymorphism alone, but that smoking has an overriding effect so that other variables such as age and BMI make little additional contribution.     

海南汉族人群九个纤维蛋白原基因多态性及其与血浆纤维蛋白原水平的关系

目的 调查海南汉族健康人群αTaqⅠ和βBclⅠ、HinfⅠA／C、448G／A、βBsmA ⅠG／C、＋1689T／G、-148C／T、-249C／T、-455G／A多态性的等位基因频率及其与血浆纤维蛋白原（fibrinogen，Fg）水平的关系。方法 用比浊法测定238名健康个体的血浆Fg浓度，用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性方法及测序法分析多态性基因型，并用协方差分析比较9个位点的基因型与血浆Fg水平的关系。结果 海南汉族人群αTaqⅠ、βBclⅠ、HinfⅠA／C、C448、βBsmAⅠG／C、＋1689T／G、-148C／T、-249C／T、-455G／A稀有位点的等位基因频率分别为0．445、0．239、0．134、0．235、0．273、0．241、0．265、0．441、0．254，9个位点之间存在连锁不平衡；在总人群中，-455GA和AA基因型、-148CT和TT基因型、αTaqⅠT1T1基因型组的血浆Fg水平比野生型组高（P值均〈0．01）；在男性人群中，-455GA和AA基因型、-148CT和TT基因型、αTaqⅠT1T1、αTaqⅠT1T2基因型组的血浆Fg水平比野生型组高（P值均〈0．01）。在女性人群中，携带稀有位点A^-455、T^-148、αTaⅠT1的基因型组与野生型组之间的血浆赡水平差异无统计学意义。结论 在9个多态性位点之间存在连锁不平衡；A^-455、T^-148、αTaqⅠT1位点与血浆Fg水平增高关联，β-Fg-455G／A、-148C／T及α-TaqⅠ多态性与男性血浆Fg水平关联。     

纤维蛋白原Bβ多态基因FGB-455G/A多态性与动脉粥样硬化性脑梗塞的关系

目的　探讨纤维蛋白原 (fibrinogen ,FGB )Bβ多态基因FGB 45 5G/A多态性在中国汉族人群中的分布及其与动脉粥样硬化性脑梗塞 (atheroscleroticcerebralinfarction ,ACI)的关系。方法　应用聚合酶链反应和限制性内切酶片段长度多态性技术检测了 13 2例ACI患者和 14 8名年龄、性别相匹配的正常对照者的Bβ基因FGB -4 5 5G/A多态性 ,比浊法测定血浆纤维蛋白原水平。 结果　血浆纤维蛋白原水平在ACI组显著高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 0 1)。各组内A等位基因携带者血浆纤维蛋白原水平显著高于GG基因型者 ,且更易受吸烟等环境因素影响。Bβ基因FGB -4 5 5G/A多态性分布在患病组和对照组均符合Hardy Weinberg平衡定律。A等位基因频率在ACI组 ( 0 .2 5 8)显著高于正常对照组 ( 0 .15 2 ) (P <0 0 5 )。Logistic回归分析发现 ,存在此突变位点者发生ACI的危险提高了 65 .3 %。结论　Bβ基因FGB -4 5 5G/A多态性中的A等位基因可能是中国人缺血性脑血管疾病的遗传易感标志之一。     

复发性流产与β-纤维蛋白原基因-455G／A多态性关系的研究

目的探讨血浆纤维蛋白原（Fg）及βFg-455G／A基因多态性与山西地区汉族妇女复发性流产的关系。方法应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR—RFLP）方法，检测复发性流产组30例和对照组30例βFg-455G／A基因的多态性，并测定其血浆纤维蛋白原（Fg）的含量。结果经X2检验，各基因型构成比和等位基因频率在两组间均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）；复发性流产纽血浆Fg水平（2.31±0．57g/L）较对照组（3.08±0．57g/L）显著降低（P〈0．05）。结论本研究发现血浆纤维蛋白原水平降低是复发性流产的危险因素，βFg-455G／A基因多态性不会影响复发性流产血浆纤维蛋白原水平。     

Polymorphism R25P in the gene encoding transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β1) is a newly identified risk factor for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Associations of the genetic polymorphisms in the promoter region and the signal peptide sequence of the transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β₁) gene with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in patients with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) were studied. A total of 245 Caucasian subjects comprised the two groups: NIDDM patients with PDR (n = 73) and NIDDM patients without PDR (n = 172). Allele frequencies of common TGF‐β₁ polymorphisms (at positions ?988C/A, ?800G/A, ?509C/T, +869T/C (L10P), and +915G/C (R25P)) were determined by PCR‐based methodology. All polymorphisms were in strong linkage disequilibrium (P < 10^?2). Significantly higher frequencies of both the L allele and the R allele of the signal sequence polymorphisms in PDR subjects were found (after a correction for multiple comparisons, P_corr < 10^?2 and P_corr < 10^?4, respectively). Calculated odds ratios (ORs) for the LL and RR genotypes were 2.89 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.6–5.1) and 19.73 (95% CI, 2.6?146.8), respectively. No significant differences between groups were found for the ?800G/A and ?509C/T polymorphisms. The ?988A allele was not represented in our sample. Multiple logistic regression identified age, diabetes duration, and R25P polymorphism as significant predictors (P = 0.002, P = 0.000003, and P = 0.007, respectively). The frequencies of genotype combinations of the ?800G/A, ?509C/T, L10P, and R25P TGF‐β₁ polymorphisms were significantly different between the PDR and non‐PDR groups (χ² = 37.83, df = 20, P < 10^?2). The frequency of haplotype consisting of majority alleles was found significantly associated with PDR (P < 0.03). The presented data indicate that the R25P polymorphisms in the TGF‐β₁ gene could be regarded as a strong genetic risk factor for PDR. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The effects of genotype and infant weight on adult plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII, and LDL cholesterol are additive.

High circulating levels of cholesterol, particularly low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and the clotting factors fibrinogen and factor VII, are associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction. Variations in the plasma levels of these factors are determined in part by polymorphisms in the genes concerned and also by weight at 1 year (infant weight). We have looked at the possibility of interactions between these genetic factors and infant weight in a sample of 290 men and 192 women from Hertfordshire using the beta-fibrinogen G/A-455, factor VII R353Q, and ApoE polymorphisms. The rare allele frequencies of the three polymorphisms were 0.19 for beta-fibrinogen, 0.10 for factor VII, and 0.07 and 0.13 for the 2 and 4 alleles of ApoE, and these frequencies were not different in subjects of different infant weight. In this sample, the polymorphisms showed the expected effects on plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII, and LDL cholesterol. The A-455 allele was associated with higher fibrinogen levels but the effect was only statistically significant in women (p = 0.003). The R353 allele was associated with higher factor VII activity in both men and women (p < 0.0001 for both). The ApoE2 allele was associated with lower levels of LDL cholesterol (p = 0.03 in men, p = 0.006 in women), while the ApoE4 allele was associated with higher levels (p < 0.001 in men, not significant in women). In this sample of men and women the effect of low infant weight was only associated with significant effects on fibrinogen and LDL cholesterol in the group of men (p = 0.005 and p = 0.008 respectively). Compared with the E3E3 subjects, the LDL lowering effect of the E2 allele and the raising effect of the E4 allele was greater in those with low infant weight compared with those with high infant weight (low v high infant weight for E2: 12.7% v 9.4%; for E4 12.7% v 8.5%). Although in this sample the interactive effect did not reach statistical significance, the additive effect of ApoE genotype and low infant weight on determining plasma LDL cholesterol levels, if confirmed, may be of relevance in determining a person's future risk of atherosclerosis.     

海南汉族人群中α和β纤维蛋白原基因核苷酸多态性及其单倍型与缺血性脑卒中的关联分析

目的研究α纤维蛋白原基因的Taq Ⅰ多态性和β纤维蛋白原基因-455G／A、-249C／T、-148 C／T、＋1689T／G、βBsmA ⅠG／C、448G／A、Be／ⅠG／A、Hinf Ⅰ A／C单核苷酸多态性及其单倍型与缺血性脑卒中的关系。方法用比浊法测定160例海南籍缺血性脑卒中和130名海南籍对照个体的血浆纤维蛋白原浓度，用PCR-限制性片段长度多态法确定基因型。用EH＋程序分析核苷酸多态性的连锁不平衡关系及单倍型，用卡方检验分析病例组和对照组的等位基因频率、基因型频率及单倍型频率的差异。结果-455G／A、-148C／T、448G／A多态性的基因型频率、等位基因频率在病例组和对照组之间的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），其余6个核苷酸多态性的基因型频率、等位基因频率在病例和对照组间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），A^-455、T^-148、A^448携带者患缺血性脑卒中的相对危险度比非携带者分别大2．46倍、2．30倍和2．08倍。连锁不平衡分析未发现所分析的区域内存在单倍型板块。9个位点构建的单倍型在病例组和对照组之间的差异无统计学意义，以4个位点构建的单倍型中，某些单倍型在病例组和对照组之间的差异有统计学意义，对照组中某些携带G^-455、C^148、G^448位点的单倍型的频率高于病例组，而病例组中某些携带A^-455、T^-148、A^448位点的单倍型的频率高于对照组。结论多个位点和单倍型分析的结果提示8纤维白原455G／A、-148C／T、448G／A可能是海南汉族人群中与缺血性脑卒中关联的危险因素。     

Possible Association of the Human KCNE1 (minK) Gene and QT Interval in Healthy Subjects: Evidence from Association and Linkage Analyses in Israeli Families

QT interval prolongation is associated with increased risk of sudden and non‐sudden cardiac death. Potassium channel gene variants are associated with inherited long QT syndromes. Using linkage and association analyses, we investigated whether variants in the potassium channel subunit KCNE1 are associated with QTc intervals in an unselected population sample of 80 kindreds living in kibbutz settlements in Israel. Variance‐component linkage analysis revealed weak evidence of linkage of KCNE1 polymorphisms with QTc intervals. Family‐based association analysis showed a significant association between the G38S polymorphism and QTc interval. Further quantitative trait association analysis demonstrated a significant residual heritability component (h²= 0.33), and that the effect of the G38S variant allele is modified by gender. Estimated maximum likelihood parameters from these models indicated that male gender, age, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, fibrinogen and BMI were positively associated with QTc interval; level of education and cigarette smoking showed an inverse association. Both erythrocyte membrane n‐6 and n‐3 fatty acids showed a significant inverse association with QTc interval. While more than 15.8% of QTc variability was contributed by covariates, another 4.7% was explained by dietary factors, the G38S polymorphism explained 2.2%, and approximately 36% was explained by polygenes. An in silico analysis showed also that the novel V80 SNP, another KCNE1 synonymous variant, abolishes the recognition for a splicing enhancer, which may lead to an increased effect of the G38S mutation. These results demonstrate that, in addition to polygenic background, dietary factors and other covariables, the KCNE1 G38S variant is involved in determining QTc levels in this population‐based sample of families.     

纤维蛋白原Bβ基因启动区单核苷酸多态性及连锁不平衡分析

目的　探讨纤维蛋白原 B(fibrinogen,FGB)基因启动区 - 14 8C/ T、- 4 5 5 G/ A、- 85 4 G/ A3个位点单核苷酸多态性 (single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)在中国南方汉族人群的分布特征及连锁不平衡关系。方法　应用聚合酶链反应 -限制性片段长度多态性技术结合 DNA测序分析检测 377名中国南方汉族人 FGBβ基因型和等位基因的分布频率 ,群体数理遗传学方法分析 FGBβ 3个基因位点 SNP的遗传平衡吻合度和相互间连锁不平衡关系。结果　 3个 FGBβ SNP位点等位基因频率分布符合 Hardy-Weinberg平衡。检出了 FGBβ3个位点 SNP的共 9种基因型 ,- 14 8CC、CT、TT基因型频率分别为0 .5 97、0 .35 8和 0 .0 4 5 ;- 4 5 5 G/ A SNP各基因型频率与 - 14 8C/ T SNP相同 ;- 85 4 GG、GA、AA基因型频率分别为 0 .82 0、0 .178和 0 .0 0 2。各 SNP位点的少见型等位基因频率分别是 0 .2 2 4 (- 14 8T)、0 .2 2 4 (-4 5 5 A)、0 .0 92 (- 85 4 A) ;常见型等位基因频率分别为 0 .776 (- 14 8C)、0 .776 (- 4 5 5 G)、0 .90 8(- 85 4 G)。男女性别间各基因型和等位基因分布频率差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 )。经连锁不平衡检验 ,- 14 8C与 - 4 5 5 GSNP为完全一致型 ,- 85 4 G/ A与 - 14 8C/ T、- 4 5 5 G/ A为随机分布。结     

Association of Thrombomodulin Gene Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Atherosclerotic Diseases: A Meta‐Analysis

Previous studies have proved that the dysfunction of thrombomodulin (TM) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic diseases. In order to reveal their inherent relationship, we conducted a meta‐analysis to uncover the association between two polymorphisms ‐33G/A and Ala455Val (c.1418C>T) in the TM gene and atherosclerotic diseases. We carried out a systematic search in PubMed, Science Direct, BIOSIS Previews, SpringerLink, the Cochrane library, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Chinese Biomedical Database, the Wei Pu database, and the Wanfang Database. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed to show the association. We included 22 eligible studies which involved 5472 patients and 7786 controls. There were statistically significant associations between ‐33G/A polymorphisms in TM and the MI group under the Allele and Recessive models in Asians (G vs. A: OR = 0.67, 95%CI = 0.56–0.78, P < 0.00001; GG vs. GA+AA: OR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.56–0.78, P < 0.00001). However, these findings of the overall and subgroups showed that Ala455Val polymorphisms did not have any relationship with atherosclerotic diseases. After Bonferroni correction, the above associations remained statistically significant. This meta‐analysis provides robust evidence of association between the ‐33G/A polymorphism in the TM gene and the risk of myocardial infarction in Asians. The A allele may increase the incidence of MI in Asians. However, the Ala455Val variant was not associated with atherosclerotic risk. Further studies with adequate sample size are needed to verify our findings.     

Transforming growth factor-β1 gene polymorphisms in Korean women with endometriosis

Citation Lee HJ, Kim H, Ku S‐Y, Kim SH, Kim JG. Transforming growth factor‐β1 gene polymorphisms in Korean women with endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66: 428–434 Problem To investigate the association between endometriosis, transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGFB1) gene polymorphisms, and serum TGF‐β1 levels in Korean women. Method of study The ?509C/T, 868T/C, 913G/C and 979G/A polymorphisms of the TGFB1 gene were analyzed in women with (n = 131) and without (n = 107) endometriosis using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Serum TGF‐β1 levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The 913G/C and 979G/A polymorphisms were not observed in the study participants. The genotype and allele distribution of the ?509C/T and 868T/C polymorphisms in endometriosis were similar to those in controls. However, the ?509T/868C (TC) haplotype allele was observed 4.55 times more frequently in early‐stage endometriosis than in other haplotype alleles. Serum TGF‐β1 levels were significantly higher in endometriosis than in controls. The single and haplotype genotype of ?509C/T and 868T/C polymorphisms were not related with serum TGF‐β1 levels. Conclusion The TC haplotype allele of TGFB1?509C/T and 868T/C polymorphisms may be associated with early‐stage endometriosis in Korean women.     

Allelic association analysis of the dopamine D2, D3, 5‐HT2A,and GABAAγ2 receptors and serotonin transporter genes with heroin abuse in Chinese subjects

Five candidate genes, the receptors DRD2, DRD3, HTR2A and GABA_Aγ2, and the serotonin transporter (5‐HTT) were analyzed for association with heroin abuse. We examined three polymorphisms (promoter ? 141ΔC, Ser311Cys, and TaqI) in the DRD2 gene, one polymorphism (Ser9Gly) in the DRD3 gene, two polymorphisms (promoter ? 1438G/A and T102C) in the HTR2A gene, two polymorphisms (VNTR and Del/Ins) in 5‐HTT gene, and one polymorphism (G3145A) in GABA_Aγ2 gene in 121 Chinese heroin addicts and 194 controls. None of the polymorphisms differed significantly for allele, genotype, or haplotype frequencies, except for the DRD2 promoter polymorphism ? 141ΔC (genotype‐wise and allele‐wise, P = 0.05, uncorrected). An additional 344 subjects with heroin abuse and 104 controls were investigated for the ? 141ΔC polymorphism. In the second sample, there were no significant difference of genotype or allele frequencies between subjects with heroin abuse and normal controls. When we divided the sample by route of administration into nasal inhalers and IM or IV injectors, however, it produced a significant difference between inhalers of heroin and controls (genotype‐wise, P = 0.006, allele‐wise, P = 0.016) but not for injectors of heroin (genotype‐wise, P = 0.81, allele‐wise, P = 0.69). We also found that LD between all polymorphisms we examined in the gene was weak, possibly explaining why we see association of this polymorphism with heroin abuse but not with other markers in the gene. Overall our results indicates that the HTR2A, 5‐HTT, DRD3 and GABA_Aγ2 genes are not likely to be a major genetic risk factor for heroin abuse in this population, with the exception of possible association between nasal inhalation and DRD2 promoter ? 141ΔC polymorphism. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Involvement of α‐ and β‐catenins and E‐cadherin in the development of mammary phyllodes tumours

Tsang J Y S, Mendoza P, Lam C C F, Yu A M C, Putti T C, Karim R Z, Scolyer R A, Lee C S, Tan P H & Tse G M
(2012) Histopathology  61, 667–674 Involvement of α‐ and β‐catenins and E‐cadherin in the development of mammary phyllodes tumours Aims: Phyllodes tumours (PT) are rare but clinically important fibroepithelial tumours of the breast. β‐Catenin, a key component in Wnt signalling, has been shown to be important in the development of PT. It also functions as a component of the cadherin complex, which may therefore be implicated in PT pathogenesis. By assessing stromal α‐catenin, β‐catenin and E‐cadherin expression in 158 PT cases using immunohistochemistry and examining associations with clinicopathological features, we aimed to determine the role of these proteins in PT pathogenesis. Methods and results: Cytoplasmic β‐catenin correlated with α‐catenin expression. A significantly higher expression of both markers was observed in borderline than in benign PT (P = 0.003 and <0.001, respectively), but a lower level was found in malignant PT. Cytoplasmic E‐cadherin expression was significantly higher in borderline and malignant than in benign PT (P = 0.001 and 0.012, respectively), but was not correlated with other markers. Both E‐cadherin and α‐catenin showed stronger correlations with histological parameters than β‐catenin. α‐Catenin showed a significant correlation with recurrence (P = 0.005 and 0.016, respectively). Conclusions: α‐ and β‐catenins may be important in the early stages of PT development, while E‐cadherin may be required for malignant development. The correlation of α‐catenin expression with tumour recurrence may be relevant in predicting PT behaviour.     

Significant impact of the highly informative (CA)n repeat polymorphism of the APOA‐II gene on the plasma APOA‐II concentrations and HDL subfractions: The ECTIM study

High density lipoproteins (HDL) are heterogeneous in their apolipoprotein composition and the role of apolipoprotein A‐II (APOA‐II) in HDL structure and metabolism is poorly understood. Yet, studies of naturally occurring variations of APOA‐II in mice and experiments in transgenic mice overexpressing the APOA‐II gene (APOA‐II) have shown that APOA‐II expression influences APOA‐II plasma levels and HDL size and composition. In humans, two RFLPs (BstNI and MspI) have been described in the APOA‐II gene. These RFLPs, however, have been inconstantly associated with variations in APOA‐II plasma levels. In particular, the large multicentric ECTIM Study did not show any significant effect of the two RFLPs. Other polymorphisms consisting of repetitive sequences have been proposed as more informative markers than RFLPs. Thus, data from the ECTIM Study were reconsidered by integrating the additional information obtained from a highly informative multiallelic (CA)_n‐repeat polymorphism located in the second intron of the gene. The population study was composed of 763 non‐treated male controls and 594 cases of myocardial infarction. In controls, the (CA)₁₉ allele was associated with significantly decreased APOA‐II (P < 0.0009) and LpA‐II:A‐I (P < 0.02) plasma levels. Although the APOA‐I plasma levels were not affected by the polymorphism, the (CA)₁₉ allele was associated with an increased LpA‐I/LpA‐II:A‐I ratio (P < 0.004). No effect, however, could be detected on myocardial infarction. Study of the linkage disequilibrium and the estimation of haplotype frequencies indicated that the impact of the APOA‐II locus could hardly be detected by using the BstNI and MspI RFLPs. These data revive interest in evaluating the role of the APOA‐II locus in the control of APOA‐II plasma levels and HDL composition. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Analysis of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, integrin beta3, beta fibrinogen, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms in Iranian women with recurrent pregnancy loss

Citation
Jeddi‐Tehrani M, Torabi R, Zarnani AH, Mohammadzadeh A, Arefi S, Zeraati H, Akhondi MM, Chamani‐Tabriz L, Idali F, Emami S, Zarei S. Analysis of plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, integrin beta3, beta fibrinogen and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms in Iranian women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66: 149–156 Problem To identify the associations of the plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) ?675 4G/5G, beta fibrinogen (BF) ?455G/A, integrin beta 3 (ITGB3) 1565T/C, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C/T and 1298A/C polymorphisms with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Method of study Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) were performed to assess the frequency of five candidate genetic risk factors for RPL, and the frequencies of the polymorphisms were calculated and compared between case and control groups. Results The BF ?455G/A, MTHFR 677C/T, and 1298A/C polymorphisms were found to be positively, and ITGB3 1565T/C polymorphism negatively, associated with RPL. Homozygosity but not heterozygosity for PAI‐1 ?675 4G/5G polymorphism was significantly higher in patients with RPL than in the control group. The presence of both mutations of MTHFR genes highly increased the risk of RPL. Conclusion The data highlight the importance of thrombophilia screening in patients with RPL.     

纤维蛋白原B β-455G/A多态性与缺血性中风的相关性

目的　研究纤维蛋白原 Bβ( fibrinogen Bβ,FGβ)基因启动子区域 - 4 5 5 G/ A变异与缺血性中风的关系。方法　随机抽取住院高血压缺血性中风患者 86例 (中风组 ) ,高血压非缺血性中风患者 85例(高血压组 ) ,门诊健康查体者 90人 (对照组 ) ,应用聚合酶链反应加 Hae 内切酶检测 FGβ基因启动子区域 - 4 5 5 G/ A的多态性 ,血浆纤维蛋白原水平测定采用凝血酶原时间法。结果　A- 455等位基因在中风组的分布频率较高血压组及对照组明显增高 (分别为 0 .2 2、0 .13、0 .11,χ2 =8.35 ,P<0 .0 5 )。不同组别的基因型的分布不同 ,G/ A、A/ A基因型在中风组更常见 ( χ2 =10 .0 3,P<0 .0 5 )。缺血性中风组血浆纤维蛋白原水平 ( 4 .82± 0 .2 6 )显著高于对照组及高血压组 ( F=5 .98,P<0 .0 1)。在缺血性中风组中及高血压组中- 4 5 5 G/ G基因型的血浆纤维蛋白原水平明显低于 - 4 5 5 G/ A和 - 4 5 5 A/ A的基因型 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,而在对照组不同基因型的血浆纤维蛋白原水平差异则无显著性。结论　血浆中纤维蛋白原水平受 FGβ基因 -4 5 5 G/ A多态性的影响 ,A- 455等位基因是缺血性中风的一个相对独立的危险因素     

A family‐based association analysis and meta‐analysis of the reading disabilities candidate gene DYX1C1

Reading disabilities (RD) have a significant genetic basis and have shown linkage to multiple regions including chromosome 15q. Dyslexia susceptibility 1 candidate gene 1 (DYX1C1) on chromosome 15q21 was originally proposed as a candidate gene with two potentially functional polymorphisms at the ?3G/A and 1249G/T positions showing association with RD. However, subsequent studies have yielded mixed results. We performed a literature review and meta‐analysis of the ?3G/A and 1249G/T polymorphisms, including new unpublished data from two family‐based samples. Ten markers in DYX1C1 were genotyped in the two independently ascertained samples. Single marker and ?3G/A:1249G/T haplotype analyses were performed for RD in both samples, and quantitative trait analyses using standardized reading‐related measures was performed in one of the samples. For the meta‐analysis, we used a random‐effects model to summarize studies that tested for association between ?3G/A or 1249G/T and RD. No significant association was found between the DYX1C1 SNPs and RD or any of the reading‐related measures tested after correction for the number of tests performed. The previously reported risk haplotype (?3A:1249T) was not biased in transmission. A total of 9 and 10 study samples were included in the meta‐analysis of the ?3G/A and 1249G/T polymorphisms, respectively. Neither polymorphism reached statistical significance, but the heterogeneity for the 1249G/T polymorphism was high. The results of this study do not provide evidence for association between the putatively functional SNPs ?3G/A and 1249G/T and RD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the IL27 Gene with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the autoimmune diseases, where different polymorphisms in cytokine genes play a pathogenic role. Interleukin 27 (IL‐27) is a novel pro‐/anti‐inflammatory cytokine, an excellent candidate for chronic inflammatory disease studies. The aim of the study was to identify polymorphisms in the IL‐27 gene and their possible association with susceptibility to and severity of RA. Two hundred and seventy‐four patients with RA and of 295 healthy individuals were examined for ?924A/G and 4730T/C IL27 gene polymorphisms using PCR‐RFLP method and TaqMan SNP genotyping assay, respectively. Haplotype frequencies of IL‐27 polymorphisms were estimated using SHEsis platform. Frequencies of the ?924GG genotype and the ?924G allele were statistically higher in RA patients comparing with the healthy control group (P = 0.008 and P = 0.004, respectively). Overall, strong LD was observed between the IL27 gene ?924A/G and 4730 T/C polymorphisms (D′ = 0.613, r2 = 0.199). From four possible haplotypes, frequencies of two (CA and CG) showed significant differences between both examined groups (respectively: P < 0.001 and P = 0.001062). The genotype–phenotype analysis showed significant association between the IL‐27 4730 T/C polymorphism and HAQ score and means value of the ESR, additionally they revealed that individuals with the polymorphic allele ?924G had more advanced disease than wild‐type allele carriers. Present findings indicated that IL27 ?924A/G polymorphism may be involved in susceptibility to RA in the Polish population.