腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎术在二期肝癌肝切除术中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎术在二期肝癌肝切除术中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2009年3月至2012年2月四川省人民医院收治的23例无法一期手术切除的原发性肝癌患者的临床资料.先行腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎术,术后3～4周,经CT检查了解各肝叶体积及预计肝切除体积的动态变化,评估肝癌可切除性后再行二期开腹肝癌肝切除术.组间比较采用方差分析,两两比较采用q检验(方差不齐数据行对数转换).结果 选择性门静脉结扎术:23例患者均行门静脉右支结扎,其中22例于腹腔镜下成功结扎门静脉右支(2例因暴露门静脉右支困难,同时行胆囊切除),1例患者因分离门静脉时出血,中转开腹行门静脉右支结扎.3例多发肿瘤患者行腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎后1周加行TACE,其中2例行右半肝切除+健侧肝脏肿瘤RFA治疗.23例患者术后出现不同程度的肝区隐痛不适、低热、恶心、呕吐等非特异性反应,无腹腔出血、胆汁漏、肝脓肿等并发症发生;术后出现程度不同的肝功能损害,术后1周AST、ALT和TBil恢复至术前水平.术后右半肝体积逐渐缩小,术后3周患者右半肝体积为(590 ± 154) cm3,较术前(698±135)cm3明显缩小,术前与术后右半肝体积比较,差异有统计学意义(F=15.62,P＜0.05);术后3周左半肝体积为(408±149) cm3,较术前(331±68) cm3增生,术前与术后左半肝体积比较,差异有统计学意义(F=17.48,P＜0.05);预计肝切除体积占全肝体积百分比由术前的67％±15％缩小至术后3周时的60％±18％,术前与术后1、2、3周预计肝切除体积占全肝体积百分比比较,差异有统计学意义(F=12.35,P＜0.05).二期肝癌肝切除术:经CT检查评估后,23例患者中,2例因左半肝增生不明显、2例因术后(其中1例患者术前健侧肝脏发现转移癌)3周出现广泛肝内转移失去手术机会,2例失访,3例主动放弃二期肝癌肝切除术,14例在腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎术后2～4周行二期肝癌肝切除术.手术切除率为60.9％(14/23).其中扩大右半肝切除2例、右半肝切除8例、不规则右半肝切除4例.二期肝癌肝切除术后患者恢复良好,无肝衰竭、严重腹腔积液、腹腔内感染等严重并发症发生,康复出院.结论 腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎术治疗后预留剩余肝脏增生,使部分肝癌患者获得二期手术机会,且二期肝癌肝切除术后患者恢复良好.     

联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术

肝癌的完整切除是肝癌患者获得根治性治疗效果的最主要途径,切除术后足够的剩余肝脏体积是避免肝衰竭的必要条件.为了达到上述目的,近年来,一种全新手术方式——联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术(ALPPS)已见报道.本研究回顾性分析2013年4月复旦大学附属中山医院收治的1例传统手术不能切除的巨大肝癌患者行ALPPS的临床资料.第1步手术先结扎门静脉右支,再在镰状韧带的右侧,原位劈离肝左外叶和左内叶.距离第1次手术7d后,剩余肝脏体积由术前291 ml增加至579ml,第8天即行第2步扩大右半肝切除术.ALPPS这一创新技术为不能切除的肝癌患者提供了治愈的希望.     

全腹腔镜联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术治疗肝硬化肝癌

联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术（ALPPS）被誉为肝胆外科领域革命性突破,通过第1步手术刺激剩余肝脏再生,第2步手术行根治性切除,为不能行手术切除的肝癌患者提供了在1次住院期间获得根治性切除的机会.2014年4月第三军医大学西南医院收治1例合并肝硬化的右肝原发性肝癌患者.术前评估行右半肝切除术后剩余肝脏体积占标准肝脏体积的26.9％.采用全腹腔镜ALPPS方案：第1步手术行腹腔镜下右侧Glisson蒂悬吊,门静脉右支结扎,肝后间隙放置绕肝带,正中裂原位肝实质完全离断.第1步手术后13 d再次计算剩余肝脏体积占标准肝脏体积的40.6％.于第1步手术后14 d行第2步手术：腹腔镜下采用直线切割闭合器离断右侧Glisson蒂及肝右静脉,处理右半肝周围韧带,完整切除右半肝及肿瘤,于耻骨上横切口取出标本.切缘距离肿瘤1.5 cm.患者第1步手术后无并发症发生,第2步手术后并发右侧胸腔积液行穿刺引流,于第2步手术后第9天痊愈出院.术后1个月门诊复查肝功能正常,无肝脏占位性病变和胸腔积液.全腹腔镜ALPPS治疗肝硬化肝癌安全可行,手术效果良好.     

联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎二步肝切除术治疗巨大原发性肝细胞癌1例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术（ALPPS）治疗巨大原发性肝细胞癌的安全性及有效性。方法 回顾性分析2014年12月哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院行ALPPS的１例右肝巨大肝细胞癌并门静脉三个分支病人的临床资料,第一步手术结扎门静脉右支并原位劈离肝左外叶和左内叶,第二步行肝脏右三叶切除术。结果 第一步手术7 d后,剩余肝脏体积由术前281 mL增加至606 mL,术后第7天肝功能恢复正常。第一步术后第8天行第二步手术,术后第5天肝功恢复正常。结论 ALPPS为残余肝脏体积不足的巨大肝癌病人提供了新的治疗选择。     

前入路绕肝悬吊解剖性肝右三叶切除术治疗巨大肝癌

前入路肝切除术是指先离断肝实质后游离肝脏的肝切除方法;绕肝悬吊是指在肝后下腔静脉前方放置悬吊带,供在切肝过程中提起肝脏.2011年10月中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院采用前入路、绕肝悬吊、解剖性肝右三叶切除术治疗1例54岁男性肝癌患者.肿瘤位于肝左内叶和右半肝,长径约16 cn.术前肿瘤分期为ⅢA期,T3N0M0;术前评估ICG R15为5.4％,肝左外叶肝脏体积占标准肝脏体积的44％;左肝管受压、轻度扩张.术中首先分离、切断入肝血流,包括肝右动脉、门静脉右支、肝中动脉、门静脉左内叶分支;然后在镰状韧带的右侧离断肝实质,期间在肝后下腔静脉前打隧道并悬吊肝脏;切断右肝管;接着分离、切断肝中静脉和肝右静脉;游离肝周韧带,移出肝右二叶;最后行左肝管、肝总管端端吻合.手术时间为4h,术中出血量为350 mL.患者术后康复顺利,术后4个月复查MRCP示胆管吻合口通畅,肝内未见肿瘤复发.     

联合肝脏离断和门静脉切断二步肝切除术在肝炎后肝硬化肝癌中的应用

目的：探讨联合肝脏离断和门静脉切断二步肝切除术（ALPPS）在肝炎后肝硬化肝癌患者治疗中应用价值。 方法：回顾性分析2014年3月中南大学湘雅医院收治的1例乙型病毒肝炎（HBV）相关性肝癌患者行ALPPS的临床资料。 结果：患者术前评估未来剩余肝脏体积约占标准肝体积的20.2%。患者一期行右侧门静脉离断和左、右半肝原位劈离;患者一期手术后9 d,剩余肝脏体积达标准肝体积的38.8%后,二期行右半肝含肿瘤切除。两次手术时间分别为255 min和297 min,出血量分别为260 mL和350 mL。术后肝功能持续平稳。术后21 d出院。术后2个月随访,未见复发转移,HBV-DNA定量和AFP均在正常范围之内。 结论：对于HBV非活动期合并肝硬化的肝癌可适度扩大ALPPS手术指征,手术仍然安全可行。     

全腹腔镜前入路经肝后隧道绕肝带结扎并门静脉结扎的分期肝切除术治疗肝硬变肝癌

目的探讨全腹腔镜下前入路经肝后隧道绕肝带结扎和门静脉结扎分期肝切除术(ALTPS)在乙肝肝硬变肝癌患者治疗中的应用价值。方法 2014年9月,笔者所在医院收治1例合并肝硬变的右肝原发性肝癌患者,采用全腹腔镜前入路ALTPS方案:一期手术行腹腔镜下门静脉右支结扎,前入路肝后间隙放置绕肝带结扎肝正中裂,不离断肝实质;一期手术10 d后再行全腹腔镜下右半肝切除术。结果术前评估行右半肝切除术后剩余肝脏体积(FLR)为301.48 m L,占标准肝脏体积的29.1%,占体质量的0.49%。一期手术后4 d,FLR为496.45 m L,占标准肝体积的47.9%,占体质量的0.81%,FLR较术前增加64.67%;术后第8天FLR为510.96 m L,占标准肝脏体积的49.3%,占体质量的0.84%,FLR较术前增加69.48%。术后第10天,二期行全腹腔镜右半肝切除术,二期手术后5 d,测残肝体积为704.53 m L。两次手术时间分别为180 min和220 min,出血量分别为50 m L和400 m L。术后恢复良好,术后7 d出院。结论作为联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术(ALPPS)的一种更简便、安全、微创及更符合肿瘤学原则的改良,前入路全腹腔镜下ALTPS也能使残肝在短期内快速增生,并且对合并肝硬变的肝癌手术仍然安全可行。     

腹腔镜辅助联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎的二期肝切除术治疗伴有轻-中度肝硬化的原发性肝细胞癌（附7例报告）

目的 分析腹腔镜辅助联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎的二期肝切除术（ALPPS）治疗伴有轻-中度肝硬化的较晚期巨大肝癌的安全性、有效性和微创性。方法 回顾性分析2013年8月至2014年10月中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院行腹腔镜辅助下ALPPS治疗伴有轻-中度肝硬化巨大原发性右肝肝癌7例的临床资料。第1期行腹腔镜下门静脉右支结扎＋肝实质离断术,待未来剩余肝脏体积（FLR）增生后行第2期开腹肝脏右三叶切除术,并对围手术期结果和近期肿瘤学疗效进行分析。结果 7例均行全腹腔镜下的第1期肝脏离断和门静脉结扎术,其中4例FLR扩增达标,行第2期开腹肝脏右三叶切除术。第1期平均手术时间（192.9±35.9）min,第2期平均手术时间（210.0±73.9）min,平均FLR增生率35.6%,围手术期无严重并发症及死亡发生。术后随访1年,平均至肿瘤复发时间为178.7 d。结论 在有经验的肝胆外科中心对选择性病人实施腹腔镜辅助ALPPS是可行的,对轻度肝硬化以下的原发性肝细胞癌病人实施腹腔镜下门静脉右支结扎和肝脏离断能有效刺激FLR明显扩增,并具有相对较低的并发症发生率和病死率,围手术期相对安全,为FLR不足的较晚期巨大肝癌病人提供了一个治疗选择。     

经皮微波或射频消融肝实质分隔联合门静脉栓塞计划性肝切除术治疗余肝体积不足肝癌及胆管癌3例报告

目的 探讨经皮微波或射频消融肝实质分隔联合门静脉栓塞计划性肝切除术（percutaneous microwave/radiofrequency ablation liver partition and portal vein embolization for planned hepatectomy,PAPEP）替代联合肝脏分隔和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术（associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy, ALPPS）治疗剩余肝体积（future liver remnant,FLR）不足肝癌和胆管癌的可行性和安全性。方法 回顾性分析2015年7-9月浙江省人民医院肝胆胰外科应用PAPEP治疗FLR不足的2例原发性肝癌和1例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料。先超声引导下经皮微波消融分隔预留侧和切除侧肝实质（percutaneous microwave ablation liver partition,PMA）,PMA后1~3 d行门静脉栓塞术（portal vein embolization,PVE）,PVE后10~13 d测量FLR,术前系统评估后限期肝切除术：2例肝癌分别行肝右三叶和右尾叶切除术、扩大右半肝切除术,1例肝门部胆管癌行肝右三叶和尾叶切除、肝肠内引流术。结果 PMA前3例标准全肝体积（standard liver volume,SLV）分别为1231.2mL、1202.9mL、1217.1mL,FLR分别为355.6 mL、383.4 mL、385.0 mL,FLR/SLV分别为28.9%、31.9%、31.6%。PMA时间118~132 min, PVE时间158~180 min,PMA或PVE术后病人低热经对症处理好转,肝功能无明显变化。PMA+PVE后10~13 d FLR分别为502.1 mL、527.4 mL、476.3 mL,较术前分别增大41.2%、37.6%、23.7%。肝切除术时间230~440 min,术中出血120~1800 mL。肝门部胆管癌术后并发膈下脓肿,经穿刺后治愈;1例肝癌术后并发腹水、黄疸,经内科治疗后治愈,术后住院时间15~40 d。 结论 PAPEP有望代替ALPPS治疗剩余肝体积不足的肝癌或肝门部胆管癌。     

术前三维重建辅助并存血管变异的腹腔镜肝癌切除术

目的探讨存在血管变异的肝癌患者行腹腔镜肝切除术的可行性及安全性。方法回顾性分析2017年10月陆军军医大学第二附属医院肝胆外科收治的1例术前诊断为原发性肝癌患者的临床资料,基于术前CT数据进行三维重建并进行肝脏体积计算,从而制定手术规划并进行手术。结果三维重建结果提示肿瘤位于右肝中心区域且涵盖Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ段,门静脉存在Ⅱ型变异,门静脉右前支有走向左内叶的分支,右肝静脉分为腹侧支及背侧支,存在粗大的肝右后下静脉。术前规划行右后叶切除或右前叶切除均不能完整切除肿瘤,若按照标准右半肝切除则剩余肝脏体积占标准肝体积的27%,若保留门静脉右前支主干行右肝部分切除术则剩余肝脏体积占标准肝体积的41%。根据精准肝切除理念,行腹腔镜下保留门静脉右前支主干的右肝部分切除术,手术过程顺利。术后肝功能恢复良好。术后出现右侧胸腔积液,经胸腔穿刺抽液后缓解,患者顺利出院。结论本病例的结果提示,对于存在血管变异的肝癌病例,在三维重建技术指导下行腹腔镜下肝部分切除术可增加手术安全性。     

Selective ligation of portal vein and hepatic artery for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma in a 13-year-old boy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in children is rare, and the prognosis has been poor because of its advanced stage at diagnosis and unresponsiveness to chemotherapy. We report a 13-year-old boy with ruptured HCC in the left trisegment. When hemostasis of the ruptured surface was achieved in the emergency operation, the left branch of the portal vein and the left hepatic artery were ligated at the same time. The volume of the future liver remnant (FLR), that is, his right posterior sector, increased from 56% on admission to 70% of his standard liver volume on day 2. Blood level of serum protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist ?? started to decrease immediately. Left trisegmentectomy was successfully performed 10 days later, followed by chemotherapy. He has been well with a 2-year survival without recurrence. When the FLR is considered relatively small for a major hepatic resection, the selective ligation of the portal vein and the hepatic artery, which feed HCC, seems to be beneficial. This is because it may induce enlargement of the FLR, increasing the safety of the hepatectomy as preoperative portal vein embolization does before a major hepatectomy in adult patients with HCC, and the latter suppresses the tumor while waiting for the planned hepatectomy.     

门静脉栓塞术在二期精准肝切除中的应用

目的: 探讨门静脉栓塞术在二期精准肝切除的应用。方法: 分析7例在超声扫描及X线数字减影血管造影引导下,经皮经肝穿刺门静脉栓塞术后,行二期精准肝切除术的肝癌病人临床资料。分成肝硬化组3例和无肝硬化组4例,分别检测门静脉栓塞术前和术后肝功能指标及肝体积变化,总结二期手术切除。结果: 7例病人均成功实施经皮经肝穿刺门静脉栓塞术,其中6例病人达到肝脏体积代偿增大的预期效果,顺利完成二期精准肝切除术。1例结肠直肠癌肝转移病人在门静脉栓塞8周后,未栓塞肝脏代偿性增大体积未达到精准肝切除的条件,转外院顺利行拯救性联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术。两组经皮经肝穿刺门静脉栓塞术后1 d,肝功能指标较术前升高（P<0.05）,予护肝治疗3~7 d后降至术前水平。未发生严重并发症。结论: 门静脉栓塞技术成功率高、安全可行。剩余肝脏代偿性增大明显,可显著提高二期精准肝切除手术率。     

Recovery of hepatic function determined by cytochrome P450-dependent drug metabolism lags after compensatory hepatic volume changes after portal vein ligation in rats

BACKGROUND: Clinically, portal vein embolization has been proven to be useful as a preoperative treatment for major hepatic surgeries with impaired liver function. However, its effects on the metabolism and elimination of various drugs after portal vein embolization or ligation remain to be elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A portal vein branch that perfuses the central and left lobes of the liver of male Wistar rat was ligated, and changes in the weights of ligated and nonligated lobules as well as hepatic levels and activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, such as CYP3A2 and CYP2C11, were determined. To evaluate in vivo the effect of PVL on hepatic drug metabolism, the narcotic activity (sleep time) of midazolam, a specific substrate for CYP3A2, was measured. RESULTS: Although plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase and hepatic weight returned to basal levels at day 7 after the portal vein ligation, hepatic activities of CYP3A2 and CYP2C11 still remained low (53% and 54% of control levels, respectively), and returned to their initial levels after about day 14. The metabolism of midazolam was prolonged by approximately three times at day 7 after ligation and returned to basal levels at day 14. CONCLUSIONS: Because hepatic CYP-dependent drug metabolism by CYP isoforms recovered more slowly than the apparent recovery of hepatic volume and plasma alanine aminotransferase levels, the therapeutics of drugs metabolized by the CYP isoforms should be used carefully in patients who receive major hepatectomy with portal vein branch embolization.     

Impact of associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) on growth of colorectal liver metastases

Background

Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy induces an unprecedented liver hypertrophy and enables resection of otherwise unresectable liver tumors. The effect of associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy on tumor proliferation, however, remains a concern. This study investigated the impact of associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy on growth of colorectal metastases in mice and in humans.

Hyperbaric oxygenation after portal vein emobilization for regeneration of the predicted remnant liver

BACKGROUND: Liver failure often develops after extensive liver resection. Preoperative portal vein embolization to induce compensatory hypertrophy in the predicted remnant liver decreases clinical complications after hepatectomy. The aim of this study was to examine whether hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) after portal vein embolization increases compensatory hypertrophy of the predicted liver remnant. We performed portal vein ligation and HBO in rats to investigate whether HBO after portal vein embolization increases compensatory hypertrophy of the predicted remnant liver. METHODS: Rats were divided into four groups that underwent (1) laparotomy only (control group); (2) right portal vein ligation (RPL group); (3) RPL followed by HBO at 2 atm (HBO-2 atm group; 1 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks); or (4) RPL followed by HBO at 3 atm (HBO-3 atm group). Laparotomy was repeated after 2 weeks in each group; serum levels of albumin and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were measured, and the ratio of the weights of nonligated to ligated hepatic segments and the percentage of hepatocytes expressing proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in ligated hepatic segments were determined. RESULTS: In rats that had received HBO after RPL, serum levels of HGF, weight ratios of nonligated to ligated hepatic segments, and the percentage of PCNA-positive hepatocytes in nonligated liver were significantly higher than those in the control group. Furthermore, rats that had undergone 3-atm HBO after RPL had significantly higher serum levels of HGF and percentages of PCNA-positive hepatocytes in nonligated hepatic segments. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative HBO after portal vein embolization may be useful for inducing compensatory hypertrophy of the predicted remnant liver.     

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??Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy??A report of 2 cases LI Cheng-peng??QIAN Hong-gang??ZHANG Ji??et al. Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research??Ministry of Education????Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery??Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute??Beijing100142??China
Corresponding author??HAO Chun-yi??E-mail??haochunyi@gmail.com
Abstract Objective To investigate the feasibilities and safeties of associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy??ALPPS?? in the treatment of advanced hepatic malignancies. Methods The clinical data of 2 cases of advanced hepatic malignancies which underwent ALPPS between July 2012 and October 2012 at Peking University Cancer Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. The perioperative indicators and follow-up data were evaluated. Results Both patients underwent major hepatectomies without mortality and severe complications. In the first-stage surgeries??the operative time was 360 min and 300 min respectively. Moreover the intraoperative blood loss was 500 mL and 400 mL respectively. In the second-stage surgeries??the operative time was 270 min and 330 min respectively. Moreover the intraoperative blood loss was 600 mL and 400 mL respectively. Comparing to the preoperative remnant liver volume (RLV)??the RLV increased 67.7% and 66.7% respectively in 28 days. After 16 months and 15 months follow-up??both patients were alive without relapse. Conclusion ALPPS extended the indication of ALPPS and is a new choice for the patients of advanced hepatic malignancies without sufficient RLV.     

联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术在肝脏肿瘤治疗中的应用

联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术（ALPPS）是近年提出的一种手术方式,分两次完成,第1次手术包括门静脉结扎、在待切除肝和需保留肝之间离断肝实质,待剩余肝脏体积增大后再行第2次手术切除病肝。ALPPS主要目的是使剩余肝脏体积快速增长,为那些原来不能切除的肝脏恶性肿瘤的患者提供可根治性切除的机会。本文综述了近几年ALPPS方面的研究,从演变过程、手术方法、适用范围、存在争论的问题和近几年的研究现状等方面进行了总结和分析,并对以后的发展方向提出了展望。     

Portal vein embolization vs. portal vein ligation for induction of hypertrophy of the future liver remnant

The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of right portal vein embolization (PVE) vs. right portal vein ligation (PVL) for induction of hypertrophy of the left lateral liver lobe before extended right hepatectomy. Thirty-four patients with primary or secondary liver tumors and estimated remnant functional liver parenchyma of less than 0.5% of body weight underwent either right PVE (transcutaneous, n= 10; transileocolic, n =7) or right PVL (n=17). Liver volume was assessed by CT scan before occlusion of the right portal vein and prior to resection. There were no deaths. The morbidity rate in each group was 5.8% (PVE, 1 abscess; PVL, 1 bile leak). The increase in liver volume was significantly higher after PVE compared with PVL (188±81 ml vs. 123±58 ml) (P= 0.012). Postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter after PVE in comparison to PVL (4±2.9 days vs. 8.1±5.1 days;P<0.01). Curative liver resection was performed in 10 of 17 patients after PVE and 11 of 17 patients after PVL. PVE and PVL were found to be feasible and safe methods of increasing the remnant functional liver volume and achieving resectability for extended liver tumors. PVE results in a significantly more efficient increase in liver volume and a shorter hospital stay. Presented at the Forty-Third Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, San Francisco, California, May 19–22, 2002 (oral presentation).