ALG1基因相关先天性糖基化障碍伴婴儿痉挛症2例报告及文献复习

目的探讨ALG1基因相关先天性糖基化障碍(ALG1-CDG)的临床及遗传特征。方法回顾分析2例ALG1-CDG患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果来自同一家系的兄妹,均于出生后即有精神运动发育落后,且均在早期出现痉挛性发作,伴小头畸形、肌张力低下、乳头内陷、眼部异常、血小板减少等;脑电图呈高峰失律。基因检测提示2例患儿均存在ALG1基因复合杂合变异,c.1129 AC(p.Met377Leu)、c.1263+3AT,两个位点分别遗传自父母。检索到国内外文献报道的ALG1-CDG患儿68例,其中国内报道2例。ALG1-CDG患儿主要表现为癫痫、精神运动发育落后、肌张力低下及小头畸形等神经系统异常,同时可存在其他多系统疾病。结论 ALG1-CDG可表现为婴儿痉挛症,基因检测有助于诊断及遗传咨询。本研究拓展了ALG1表型谱及基因谱。     

2q31.1 微缺失综合征1 例报告并文献复习

目的提高对2q31.1微缺失综合征基因型及表型的认识。方法总结分析1例2q31.1微缺失综合征患儿的临床资料并复习相关文献。结果女性患儿,11月龄,自幼全面发育落后伴惊厥2次,特殊面容,肢端畸形,四肢肌张力减低,指、趾畸形;头颅MRI示胼胝体发育不良。应用染色体芯片检测技术,采用比较基因组杂交技术(array-CGH)证实2q31.1-2q31.3区域存在7.279 Mb微缺失:arr 2q31.1q31.3(174570453-181849708)×1。患儿确诊为2q31.1微缺失综合征。文献报道2q31.1微缺失综合征中HOXD基因簇及其调控序列的单倍体剂量不足导致肢端畸形;LNPK功能缺失性变异导致惊厥发作合并胼胝体发育不良的神经发育性疾病,表现为精神运动发育迟滞、智力障碍、肌张力减低、惊厥发作和胼胝体发育不全。该患儿神经系统受累表现与LNPK单基因变异的表型相似,推测患儿神经系统受累可能由LNPK单倍体剂量不足导致。结论对全面发育落后合并肢端畸形者需警惕2q31.1微缺失综合征。     

幼儿精神运动发育落后伴中性粒细胞减少1年余

患儿,男,1岁5个月。婴儿期出现精神运动发育落后及外周血中性粒细胞减少,体格检查发现小头畸形、特殊面容、皮纹异常（右手通贯掌）、四肢肌张力低以及双侧肩、髋关节过度伸展。基因检测发现患儿VPS13B基因存在c.8868-1G > A（splicing）与c.11624_11625del（p.V3875Afs*10）复合杂合突变,具致病性,确诊为Cohen综合征。Cohen综合征是由VPS13B基因突变所致的罕见常染色体隐性遗传病,临床表现复杂多样,小头畸形、特殊面容、中性粒细胞减少、关节过度伸展等表现具有特征性,行VPS13B基因检测有助于确诊。     

Bainbridge-Ropers综合征1例报告并文献复习

目的探讨Bainbridge-Ropers综合征的临床特点及遗传学特征。方法回顾分析1例Bainbridge-Ropers综合征患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果患儿,男,1岁1个月,以精神运动发育落后、喂养困难、肌张力低下及特殊面容为主要临床表现;全外显子基因测序显示ASXL3基因12号外显子c.3106CT(p.R1036*)杂合突变,确诊为BainbridgeRopers综合征。目前国内外文献共报道30余例,几乎所有患者存在运动、语言及智力发育迟缓,而且程度严重。结论Bainbridge-Ropers综合征是一种与ASXL3基因功能缺失突变有关的疾病,主要临床特征包括精神运动发育落后、喂养困难、肌张力低下及特殊面容。     

49,XXXXY综合征1例报告并文献复习

目的探讨Klinefelter综合征中少见病例49,XXXXY患儿的临床特征和实验室检查结果。方法采用常规方法制作外周血染色体标本,按《人类细胞遗传学国际命名体制》(ISCN2009)描述核型;并结合文献,回顾性分析患儿的临床特征。结果该例患儿存在精神发育迟滞、房间隔缺损、右肾发育不良等异常,语言表达显著落后。常规染色体核型为49,XXXXY。结论 49,XXXXY为Klinefelter综合征中最少见但症状最严重的核型,以面容异常、精神发育迟滞、性腺发育不良、语言发育落后、骨骼畸形和心脏畸形为特征,雄性激素替代治疗可能可以弥补其性腺功能减退和整体发育障碍。     

PARS2相关发育性癫痫性脑病1例并文献复习北大核心CSCD

探讨PARS2相关发育性癫痫性脑病的临床和分子遗传学特征。回顾性分析1例PARS2相关发育性癫痫性脑病患儿的临床表现、影像学及遗传学数据。结合文献复习,总结该病的临床和遗传学特征。患儿男,9个月,因“反复抽搐3个月”2022年1月就诊于北京大学第一医院儿科。随访8个月仍有全面发育落后,伴肌张力低下及小头畸形。共纳入患儿20例,临床特征为生后6个月以内起病,全面发育迟缓,痉挛发作,肌张力低,小头畸形,以额叶受累为著的脑萎缩伴小脑齿状核周围异常信号及心脏受累。共报道11个致病性变异,最常见的变异为c.283G>A(42.3%)和c.1091C>G(19.2%)。对于生后6个月内起病的全面发育迟缓和痉挛发作患儿,如伴肌张力低,小头畸形,额叶为著的脑萎缩伴小脑齿状核周围异常信号和心脏受累,应考虑到PARS2相关发育性癫痫性脑病的可能,c.283G>A和c.1091C>G为两个高频致病性变异。     

NPHS2 基因突变致遗传性肾病综合征患儿临床特点

目的探讨NPHS2基因突变所致激素耐药型肾病综合征的临床特点。方法回顾分析2例NPHS2基因突变所致激素耐药型肾病综合征患儿的临床资料,并结合文献进行复习。结果 2例患儿均为男性,发病年龄2岁、3岁。临床表现为大量蛋白尿、低白蛋白血症、高胆固醇血症。肾脏病理1例为局灶节段性肾小球硬化,另1例为微小病变。均伴有反复发作性腹股沟斜疝,1例伴左侧睾丸发育不全。相关基因检测均证实存在NPHS2突变。病初即激素耐药,其后激素联合多种免疫抑制剂治疗仍无效。发病3年内均进入终末期肾病阶段。结论对于激素耐药性肾病综合征男性患儿,伴多发疝或睾丸发育异常等肾外表现时,应注意除外NPHS2基因突变所致遗传性肾病综合征可能。     

Frasier综合征1例报告及基因分析

目的分析Frasier综合征的临床病理及致病基因特征。方法回顾分析1例Frasier综合征患儿的临床、病理特点,基因检测结果及诊治过程,并复习相关文献。结果患儿具有女性外生殖器,染色体核型46,XY,性腺发育不良(双侧卵巢未发育);肾病起病年龄为6岁,激素治疗无效。先后使用他克莫司、利妥昔单抗,虽血清白蛋白、胆固醇有所改善,肾功能无异常,但尿蛋白始终不能转阴。肾脏活检病理示局灶节段性肾小球硬化症,非特殊型,伴部分肾小球硬化。未发现性腺肿瘤、Wilms瘤等。基因检测WT1基因外显子9的c.1432+5GA剪接突变,为自发突变,已报道与Frasier综合征致病相关。结论 Frasier综合征临床表现主要为进展性肾病、男性假两性畸形、泌尿生殖系统畸形,与WT1基因突变有关。     

Aicardi-Goutières 综合征 4 型 1 例临床和基因分析

目的探讨Aicardi-Goutières综合征(AGS)的临床、影像及遗传学特点。方法回顾分析1例AGS 4型患儿的临床资料及二代基因测序结果,并复习相关文献。结果患儿,女,5个月,临床表现为反复发热,精神运动发育落后,癫痫,小头畸形,痉挛状态。脑脊液淋巴细胞增多;头颅磁共振成像示脑萎缩、脑白质异常;头颅CT示双侧基底节区及脑白质钙化。基因检测发现RNASEH2A基因存在c.199GC、c.322CT复合杂合突变;c.322CT致病性已有文献报道,与AGS 4型相关;c.199 GC致病性尚未见文献报道。结论首次报道我国RNASEH2A基因变异所致AGS。     

EIF2S3基因变异致MEHMO综合征2例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨MEHMO综合征的临床特征与遗传学特点.方法 回顾分析2例确诊MEHMO综合征患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献.结果 两例患儿均为男性.例1于2岁3个月就诊,表现为癫痫发作、智力低下、进行性痉挛性四肢瘫、小头畸形、面部畸形、身材矮小和隐睾等.例2于3月龄就诊,4个月15天龄死亡,表现为反复低血糖、小头畸形和小阴...     

Congenital microcephaly,infantile spasms,psychomotor retardation,and nephrotic syndrome in two sibs

Two boys are described with congenital microcephaly, infantile spasms, psychomotor retardation and an early-onset nephrotic syndrome. The autopsy findings of one patient are described in detail. Polymicrogyria was the most prominent feature and the kidneys showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. These findings have been described as a clinical entity, the leading symptoms being congenital microcephaly, early-onset nephrotic syndrome and mental retardation, accompanied by various other clinical symptoms. A review of the literature suggests an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.     

Infantile Nephrotic Syndrome with Microcephaly and Global Developmental Delay: The Galloway Mowat Syndrome

The authors present the first case of Galloway Mowat Syndrome (GMS), a rare disorder comprising of nephrotic syndrome in association with microcephaly, from India. An 11-mo-old girl with microcephaly, developmental delay and nystagmus presented with nephrotic syndrome. The perinatal and neonatal periods had been uneventful. The renal biopsy revealed mesangial proliferation with IgM deposition, while MRI of the brain showed hypomyelination. Molecular diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) did not reveal any pathogenic sequences in the exons and the flanking intronic regions of the NPHS2 gene and LAMB2 gene. The infant responded to prednisolone. GMS must be suspected whenever microcephaly and global developmental delay occurs in association with nephrotic syndrome, as this is important for prognostication and genetic counseling. The genetics of GMS remains an enigma and further research is required to delineate the pathogenesis of this disorder.     

Pattern of glomerulonephritis in Chinese population: The effect of renal biopsy on the therapeutic decision

A retrospective analysis of 190 consecutive renal biopsies was undertaken to assess the pattern of glomerulonephritis in Chinese, and the role of renal biopsy in paediatric nephrology. Minimal change nephropathy, IgA nephropathy and membranous nephropathy comprised 41%, 16% and 13% of primary glomerular diseases, respectively. Minimal change nephropathy accounted for only 61% of patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. In 76 patients the provisional clinicopathological diagnosis was shown to be incorrect or uncertain, and correct diagnosis was made solely on histologtcal examination. In 47 cases a substantial change in therapy occurred on the basis of biopsy results. These data suggest that the practice of renal biopsy in paediatric nephrology performed appropriately in carefully selected patients is a useful procedure.     

DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL NEPHROTIC SYNDROME: A CLINICAL AND A PATHOLOGIC CHALLENGE

The diagnosis of congenital nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a challenge both for clinicians and for pathologists. We observed three cases in a series of 50 children with NS nonresponsive to therapy, corresponding to one case each of minimal change disease, Finnish-type glomerulopathy, and diffuse mesangial sclerosis--two histopathologic studies were performed in each case. The age at presentation did not predict the diagnosis nor the prognosis: The NS presented at 7 months of age in the patient with diffuse mesangial sclerosis, but it was present at birth in the patient with minimal change disease. In these 2 patients the final diagnosis was made with the first renal biopsy. Conversely, in the patient with Finnish-type glomerulopathy, the diagnosis was only possible in the repeat biopsy, as the early pathologic changes were nonspecific. This study shows the essential role of the renal biopsy in determining the etiologic diagnosis and prognosis in patients with congenital nephrotic syndrome.     

Relapse of nephrotic syndrome following remission for 20 years

Relapse of the nephrotic syndrome in a patient who was in remission for 20 years is discussed. The initial renal biopsy performed 3 years after the onset of the nephrotic syndrome showed focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The second renal biopsy performed 20 years later was compatible with a diagnosis of minimal change nephropathy (MCN).     

Diffuse mesangial sclerosis: association with unreported congenital anomalies and placental enlargement

A case of diffuse mesangial sclerosis (DMS) associated with a number of undescribed congenital anomalies is reported. The occurrence of additional anomalies, especially ocular anomalies, is a common finding in DMS. However, neither megalocornea, Dandy-Walker malformation, postaxial hexadactyly, rocker-bottom feet, nor atrial septal defect, as observed in our patient, has been reported previously in association with DMS. This case might be considered an atypical manifestation of the Galloway-Mowat syndrome. In contrast to most cases of DMS, the patient revealed intrauterine proteinuria as the placenta was enlarged to 31% of birth weight. This case demonstrates that the large placenta, > 25% of birth weight, is not only pathognomonic of the congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type but can also occur in DMS.     

Pierson syndrome: a novel cause of congenital nephrotic syndrome

In this report, we describe a newborn infant who presented with congenital nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency, as well as bilateral microcoria. This constellation of findings is a hallmark of Pierson syndrome, a newly recognized genetic disorder that is caused by a deficiency of beta2 laminin in the basement membrane. Our patient demonstrated classic histopathologic findings of Pierson syndrome on renal biopsy, including absence of beta2 laminin on immunofluorescent staining, and genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis. We conclude that Pierson syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis for congenital nephrotic syndrome, especially in patients with ocular abnormalities.     

Pattern of glomerulonephritis in Chinese population: the effect of renal biopsy on the therapeutic decision

A retrospective analysis of 190 consecutive renal biopsies was undertaken to assess the pattern of glomerulonephritis in Chinese, and the role of renal biopsy in paediatric nephrology. Minimal change nephropathy, IgA nephropathy and membranous nephropathy comprised 41%, 16% and 13% of primary glomerular diseases, respectively. Minimal change nephropathy accounted for only 61% of patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. In 76 patients the provisional clinicopathological diagnosis was shown to be incorrect or uncertain, and correct diagnosis was made solely on histological examination. In 47 cases a substantial change in therapy occurred on the basis of biopsy results. These data suggest that the practice of renal biopsy in paediatric nephrology performed appropriately in carefully selected patients is a useful procedure.     

Association of early-onset nephrotic syndrome and microcephaly. Apropos of 4 cases in 2 families

The authors report 4 cases in 2 different families of a syndrome characterized by nephrotic syndrome of early onset (during the first 2 years of life) and microcephaly. Such an association was previously reported in 5 cases. In 4 it was familial. The study of families suggests an autosomal recessive transmission. Microcephaly was associated with psychomotor retardation, sometimes dysmorphic facies and various neurologic abnormalities. The nephrotic syndrome was characterized by its early onset and prognostic severity. However, the renal histologic lesions were heterogeneous: either minimal glomerular changes with focal and segmental hyalinosis or mesangial sclerosis, or, so-called "microcystic dysplasia". This heterogeneity does not suggest a single genetically determined disorder.     

A new case of Balci's syndrome (corneal opacity, microphthalmia, microcephaly, mental retardation, and generalized muscular spasticity associated with congenital heart disease).

The association of corneal opacity, microphthalmia, microcephaly, mental retardation, and generalized muscular spasticity with hyperglycinemia was presented for the first time by Balci and colleagues in 1974. After this report, some similar cases in the literature were referred to as Balci's syndrome. In this paper we describe a new case of Balci's syndrome, a 2.5-month-old female patient with corneal opacity, microphthalmia, microcephaly, mental retardation, and generalized muscular spacticity. All of these findings are acceptable as Balci's syndrome, and in addition she had congenital heart disease (ventricular septal defect) and renal anomalies. In this paper other syndromes associated with corneal opacity and mental retardation are discussed.