中下段直肠癌基质金属蛋白酶-2表达与直肠系膜转移的关系

目的分析基质金属蛋白酶-2（MMP-2）在中下段直肠癌的表达及与直肠系膜转移的关系。方法采用病理大切片技术前瞻性研究56例中下段直肠癌直肠系膜转移的情况，免疫组织化学技术检测肿瘤组织MMP-2的表达。结果75％（42／56）的中下段直肠癌MMP-2表达阳性；T2、T3期直肠癌MMP-2表达阳性率分别为69．6％和88．9％，明显高于T1期直肠癌的33．3％（P=0．013）。Ming分型中，浸润型直肠癌MMP-2表达阳性率为91．2％，明显高于膨胀型直肠癌的40．0％（P=0．001）。中下段直肠癌直肠系膜转移率为64．3％（36／56）。系膜转移阳性的36例中有31例（86．1％）MMP-2表达阳性，而系膜转移阴性的20例中仅11例（55．0％）MMP-2表达阳性（P=0．01）。结论中下段直肠癌MMP-2表达与浸润深度和Ming分型密切相关。MMP-2可能参与中下段直肠癌直肠系膜转移的发生。     

中下段直肠癌直肠系膜转移的研究

目的探讨中下段直肠癌系膜转移与临床病理特征的关系。方法对56例行直肠系膜全切除的中下段直肠癌采用病理大切片法检测直肠系膜转移情况,并分析其与临床病理特征的关系。结果中下段直肠癌直肠系膜转移率为64．3％（36／56）。直肠系膜淋巴结转移率为51．8％（29／56）;直肠系膜癌巢阳性率44．6％（25／56）。直肠系膜转移病灶距肿瘤远端最远有5cm。肿瘤直径35cm中下段直肠癌系膜转移率为83．3％（15／18）,而肿瘤直径＜5cm仅为55．3％（21／38）（P=0．041）。T1、T2和T3期直肠癌直肠系膜转移率分别为1／6、56．6％（13／23）和81．5％（22／27）（P=0．007）。高分化、中分化和低分化直肠癌直肠系膜转移率分别为1／5、63．2％（23／37）和85．7％（12／14）（P=0．028）。I期、Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期直肠癌直肠系膜转移率分别为1／5、27．3％（6／22）和100％（29／29）（P=0．000）。直肠系膜转移率与性别、年龄、肿瘤侵袭肠壁周径、Ming分型无关（P＞0．05）。结论中下段直肠癌直肠系膜转移与肿瘤直径、浸润深度、分化程度和分期密切相关。中下段直肠癌应行直肠系膜全切除或远端直肠系膜切除至少5cm。     

中下段直肠癌VEGF表达状况与淋巴结微转移的关系

目的 分析中下段直肠癌血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达状况与临床病理特征的关系,初步探讨中下段直肠癌淋巴结微转移的分子机制.方法 应用CK-20免疫组化技术对56例中下段直肠癌患者共计661枚淋巴结检测微转移,同时检测肿瘤组织中VEGF表达情况.结果 57.1%(32/56)中下段直肠癌VEGF表达阳性;T3直肠癌VEGF表达阳性率为74.1%,明显高于T2和T1直肠癌的43.5%和33.3%(P＝0.043);淋巴结转移阳性的中下段直肠癌VEGF表达阳性率为72.4%,明显高于淋巴结转移阴性的40.7%(P＝0.017);20例(35.7%)中下段直肠癌患者67枚(10.1%)淋巴结检出微转移,该20例检测出淋巴结微转移的癌组织中15例(75%)VEGF表达阳性,而36例未检测出淋巴结微转移的癌组织中仅有17例(47.2%)VEGF表达阳性,(P＝0.044).结论 中下段直肠癌VEGF表达状况与浸润深度和淋巴结转移密切相关,VEGF可能参与中下段直肠癌淋巴结微转移的发生.     

中下段直肠癌E-cadherin，MMP-2和VEGF表达与肿瘤侵袭转移的关系

为探讨中下段直肠癌肿瘤组织E-cadherin,MMP-2和VEGF的表达及其与肿瘤侵袭转移的关系。笔者采用免疫组化技术检测56例中下段直肠癌肿瘤组织中E-cadherin,MMP-2和VEGF的表达。结果示，44.6%（25/56）的中下段直肠癌E-cadherin表达阴性;其中T3的阴性率为63.0%，明显高于T2和T1的26.1%和33.3%（P=0.028）。淋巴结转移阳性的直肠癌E-cadherin表达阴性率为62.1%，明显高于淋巴结转移阴性者的25.9%（P=0.007）。MMP-2表达阳性率为75.0%（42/56）;其中T3，T2阳性率分别为88.9%，69.6%，明显高于T1期的33.3%（P=0.013）。浸润型直肠癌MMP-2表达率为91.2%，明显高于膨胀型的40.0%（P=0.001）。淋巴结转移阳性者MMP-2表达率为86.2%，明显高于淋巴结转移阴性的63.0%（P=0.045）。VEGF表达率为57.1%（32/56）;其中T3 VEGF表达率为74.1%，明显高于T2和T1期的43.5%和33.3%（P=0.043）;淋巴结转移阳性者VEGF表达率为72.4%，明显高于淋巴结转移阴性的40.7%（P=0.017）。提示中下段直肠癌E-cadherin表达阴性和MMP-2，VEGF表达阳性与肿瘤侵袭和转移有密切关系。     

FAK和VEGF在直肠癌中的表达及其相互关系的研究

目的：检测粘着斑激酶（FAK）和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在直肠癌中的表达及其与侵袭和转移的关系，探讨二者的相关性。方法：采用免疫组织化学SABC法，观察86例直肠癌及30例非直肠癌组织中FAK和VEGF的表达情况。结果：FAKVEGF在直肠癌中的阳性率分别为80％和59％。在非直肠癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为10％和13％。FAKF和VEGF在侵及浆膜层直肠癌病例中的表达明显高于未侵五2浆膜层者，二者之间差异性有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；有淋巴结转移组与无淋巴结转移组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），FAK与VEGF阳性表达呈正相关（p〈0．01）。结论：FAK、VEGF在直肠癌的侵袭和转移中起重要作用，二者在直肠癌中表达升高可以作为预测直肠癌侵袭和转移的指标     

凝血酶敏感蛋-1、血管内皮生长因子及微血管密度对骨肉瘤复发转移的判断价值

目的探讨凝血酶敏感蛋-1（TSP-1）、血管肉皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）、微血管密度（MVD）在判断骨肉瘤患者复发转移中的价值。方法采用免疫组织化学法检测65例骨肉瘤手术切除标本的VEGF、TSP-1蛋白的表达情况并计数MVD，对上述指标与术后复发转移率之间的关系进行回顾性分析。结果全组病例TSP-1、VEGF蛋白表达阳性率分别为30．77％（20／65）和61．54％（40／65）；MVD平均值为（23．68±9．42）／200倍视野；VEGF阳性组的术后复发转移率高于VEGF阴性组（P〈0．05）；TSP-1阳性组的术后复发转移率低于TSP-1阴性组（P〈0．05）；多因素分析表明，MVD和淋巴结状况为判断骨肉瘤术后复发转移的独立因素（P〈0．05）。结论MVD是判断骨肉瘤术后复发转移的独立因素，具有判断术后复发转移的风险及预后的价值。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子在食管癌中的表达及意义

目的 探讨食管癌血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）表达及其与肿瘤血管新生和病理学特点的关系。方法 对40例手术切除的原发性食管癌标本进行免疫组织化学染色,确定其VEGF的表达及微血管密度。结果 40例食管癌患者中27例VEGF蛋白表达阳性,阳性率为67．5％,微血管密度在食管癌VEGF表达阴性、弱阳性和强阳性者间比较差别具有显著性意义（P＜0．05）,有淋巴结转移者VEGF表达阳性率较无淋巴结转移者明显增高（P＜0．01）。结论 食管癌VEGF表达水平与肿瘤血管新生强度、淋巴结转移有密切关系。     

中下段直肠癌系膜环周切缘的临床研究

目的探讨中下段直肠癌系膜环周切缘与直肠癌预后的相关性,分析环周切缘与临床病理特征的关系。方法采用病理大切片技术,前瞻性研究56例中下段直肠癌直肠系膜环周切缘侵犯情况。结果中下段直肠癌根治性切除术后局部复发率为13%（7/56）,远处复发率为25% （14/56）;中下段直肠癌直肠系膜环周切缘阳性率为21%（12/56）;环周切缘阳性的中下段直肠癌局部复发率为33%（4/12）,明显高于环周切缘阴性的7%（3/44）（χ^2=6.061,P=0.014）;前者远处复发率为50%（6/12）,后者为18%（8/44）（χ^2=5.091,P=0.024）。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,环周切缘与生存时间密切相关（log-rank,P=0.011）;环周切缘阳性的中下段直肠癌患者3年生存率为41.7%,明显低于环周切缘阴性者的70.4%。T3直肠癌环周切缘阳性率为37%（10/27）,明显高于T1和T2的0/6和9%（2/23）（χ^2=7.758,P=0.021）。肿瘤直径≥5 cm直肠癌环周切缘阳性率为39%（7/18）,明显高于肿瘤直径〈5 cm的13%（5/38）（χ^2=4.803,P=0.028）。结论环周切缘侵犯与浸润深度和肿瘤直径密切相关,是影响中下段直肠癌预后的重要因素。     

p53及VEGF表达与结、直肠癌血道转移发生的关系

目的 研究p53及血管内皮细胞生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)表达与结、直肠癌血道转移发生的关系。方法 应用免疫组织化学ABC法检测79例结、直肠癌组织中p53及VEGF的表达。结果 p53和VEGF表达与结、直肠癌静脉侵犯、血道转移密切相关（P＜0．05），p53及VEGF阳性表达组血道转移发生率为66．7％，明显高于p53及VEGF阴性表达组和p53阳性表达、VEGF阴性表达组（P＜0．01）；p53及VEGF阴性表达病例中，无同时性或异时性血道转移发生。结论 结合分析p53肽VEGF表达状态，对预测结、直肠癌血道转移的发生有重要参考价值。     

���¶�ֱ�����ֲ�����Σ�������ٴ�����ѧ�о�

目的探讨中下段直肠癌根治性切除术后局部复发的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2001年12月至2003年7月广东省人民医院收治的行直肠系膜全切除的中下段直肠癌56例临床资料,采用病理大切片技术检测直肠系膜转移及环周切缘情况,分析其与局部复发的相关性,同时分析局部复发与临床病理特征的关系。结果中下段直肠癌根治性切除术后局部复发率为12.5%(7/56)。局部复发与肿瘤家族史(P=0.047)、血CEA水平(P=0.026)、癌性穿孔(P=0.004)、肿瘤分化程度(P=0.009)及脉管侵袭(P=0.001)密切相关。中下段直肠癌直肠系膜环周切缘阳性率为21.4%(12/56);环周切缘阳性的中下段直肠癌局部复发率为33.3%(4/12),明显高于环周切缘阴性的6.8%(3/44),两组差异有统计学意义(P=0.014)。中下段直肠癌直肠系膜转移率为64.3%(36/56);系膜转移阳性的中下段直肠癌局部复发率为16.7%(6/36),高于系膜转移阴性的5.0%(1/20),但两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.206)。结论肿瘤家族史、血CEA水平、癌性穿孔、肿瘤分化程度、脉管侵袭和环周切缘是中下段直肠癌根治性切除术后局部复发的重要因素。     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Differences in Osteocyte Density and Bone Histomorphometry Between Men and Women and Between Healthy and Osteoporotic Subjects

Bone defects related to osteoporosis develop with increasing age and differ between males and females. It is currently thought that the bone remodeling process is supervised by osteocytes in a strain-dependent manner. We have shown an altered response of osteocytes from osteoporotic patients to mechanical loading, and osteocyte density is reduced in osteoporotic patients, which might relate to imperfect bone remodeling, leading to lack of bone mass and strength. Hence, information on osteocyte density will contribute to a better understanding of bone biology in males and females and to the assessment of osteoporosis. Osteocyte density as well as conventional histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone were determined in cancellous iliac crest bone of healthy postmenopausal women and men and of osteoporotic women and men. Osteocyte density was higher in healthy females than in healthy males and lower in osteoporotic females than in healthy females. Bone mass was reduced in osteoporotic patients, both male and female. In females, trabecular number was reduced, whereas in males, trabecular thickness was reduced and eroded surface was increased. There were no correlations between the parameter groups bone architecture, bone formation, bone resorption, and osteocyte density. These results are consistent with impaired osteoblast function in osteoporotic patients and with a different mechanism of bone loss between men and women, in which osteocyte density might play a role. The reduced osteocyte numbers in female osteoporotic patients might relate to imperfect bone remodeling leading to lack of bone mass and strength. M. G. Mullender and S. D. Tan contributed equally to this work.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI及病理表现

目的探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI和病理特点。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和2例肝内胆管囊腺癌的影像及临床病理资料，将病变的影像表现与其病理大体形态及组织学表现作对照分析。结果6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤，女4例、男2例；2例肝内胆管囊腺癌均为女性病人；8例病人平均年龄55岁。所有病灶均表现为多房囊性肿块，肿瘤囊腔各分房内常为多种液体成分，在CT上可表现为不同密度、在MRI上可表现为不同信号强度。囊内出现多发大小不等的壁结节在胆管囊腺癌内更常见，囊内有分隔但无壁结节只见于胆管囊腺瘤。在7例CT扫描中，4例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌可见囊壁或分隔上钙化，囊壁、囊内分隔及囊内结节均为轻、中度延迟增强。肿瘤中出现卵巢样间质见于3例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌，且均为女性病人。结论肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌是肝脏不常见的囊性肿瘤，影像上多房、囊内有分隔且各分房囊内密度或信号不一致，高度提示肝内胆管囊腺瘤或囊腺癌的诊断，如囊内伴有多发大小不等的结节，则进一步提示囊腺癌的可能。但影像学表现不能区分肿瘤中有无卵巢样间质。