乳腺癌术后胸壁复发23例临床及病理分析

回顾分析乳腺癌术后胸壁复发的临床及病理因素。乳腺癌术后胸壁局部复发 2 3例 ,占同期全部乳腺癌手术病例的 3 86 % ,病理学类型多为浸润性导管癌 ,Ⅲ期患者复发率为 13 9% ,腋窝淋巴结转移数超过 4枚者多发率最高为12 5 % ,原发灶ER ( -)及PR ( -)的患者复发多发生于术后第 1、2年内 ,复发后 12例 2年内死亡。所有病例随访 1、3、5年生存率分别为 72 2 %、6 6 7%、5 4 5 %。回顾分析结果表明 ,乳腺癌患者术中应采取措施预防癌残留及种植 ,术后易复发的高危人群应行规范化的治疗 ,同时应实施胸壁放疗 ,可望提高生存期     

乳腺癌术后胸壁复发23例临床及病理分析

回顾分析乳腺癌术后胸壁复发的临床及病理因素。乳腺癌术后胸壁局部复发23例，占同期全部乳腺癌手术病例的3．86％，病理学类型多为浸润性导管癌，Ⅲ期患者复发率为13．9％，腋窝淋巴结转移数超过4枚者多发率最高为12．5％，原发灶ER（－）及PR（－）的患者复发多发生于术后第1、2年内，复发后12例2年内死亡。所有病例随访1、3、5年生存率分别为72．2％、66．7％、54．5％。回顾分析结果表明，乳腺癌患者术中应采取措施预防癌残留及种植，术后易复发的高危人群应行规范化的治疗，同时应实施胸壁放疗，可望提高生存期。     

电视内腔镜在乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫的应用

目的:总结应用电视内腔镜在乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫中的体会。方法:回顾性分析2005年10月至2006年11月我院35例乳腺癌患者接受电视内腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫手术的临床资料,并对手术适应证、手术要点及注意事项进行讨论。结果:35例乳腺癌患者中26例行乳房切除,9例行保乳手术。腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫平均时间111.3min(75min～177min)。切除淋巴结平均每例17.5枚(8～37枚)。其中吸脂液中检出淋巴结0～19枚,每例平均2.2枚,最大直径0.6cm。术后随访1～13个月(平均4.6个月)。35例患者均无患侧上肢淋巴水肿,肩关节活动良好。随访期间未发现肿瘤复发及切口种植转移。结论:选择临床体检和/或超声检查腋窝淋巴结直径小于1cm的乳腺癌病例行电视内腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫手术可达到开放手术效果,既缩小手术切口、又改善美观效果。     

临床Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期乳腺癌腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术效果及预后分析

目的探讨临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术的可行性。方法本院2006年1月至2008年1月对临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者行腔镜下腋窝淋巴结清扫术55例,同时选取传统腋窝淋巴结清扫术63例,对两组手术时间、出血量、淋巴结清扫数量、腋下引流液量及预后进行比较。定量资料的分析采用t检验;定性资料的比较用χ2检验。结果腔镜手术组手术时间平均121.0min,术中出血51.0ml,平均每例清扫淋巴结数量17.3枚,术后总引流量平均208.0ml,随访1～3年术后复发转移者2例;对照组手术时间平均70.0min,术中出血平均80.0ml,平均每例清扫淋巴结19.5枚,术后总引流量平均350.0ml,术后复发转移者2例。腔镜手术组手术时间较传统手术长,但术中出血及术后引流液明显低于传统手术(P0.05)。两组间近期复发转移率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.02,P=0.89)。结论腔镜手术可以达到传统手术的治疗效果。     

乳腺癌术后放疗对局部复发的影响

目的 :评价乳腺癌术后放疗的作用。方法 :选择 117例根治术后乳腺癌患者 ,用 χ2 检验比较 3年局部复发率。结果 :全组 3年局部复发率 12 8% ,无内乳、腋窝复发患者。胸壁复发占局部复发的80 % (12 15 )。无腋窝淋巴结转移 ,但乳腺肿块位于内象限、中央区或腋窝淋巴结转移 1～ 3个的 80例中 ,3年局部复发率为 8 75 % ,对于接受或未接受术后放疗患者分别为 10 3%、7 3% ,差异无显著性 (P>0 0 5 )。对于乳腺肿块 <5cm或≥ 5cm患者分别为 3 17%、2 9 4 1% ,差异有显著性 (P =0 0 0 4 )。结论 :无腋窝淋巴结转移但乳腺肿块位于内象限、中央区或腋窝淋巴结转移 1～ 3个可不作为术后常规术后放疗指征 ,但此种情况下若乳腺肿块≥ 5cm ,或腋窝淋巴结转移≥ 4个 ,尤其当腋窝淋巴结转移 >10个时 ,应该进行包括胸壁照射在内的术后放疗。     

Her-2过表达乳腺癌复发相关因素分析(附6例报告)

目的探讨Her-2过表达乳腺癌的复发相关因素。方法选取2013年6月至2014年8月镇江市第一人民医院治疗的6例Her-2过表达乳腺癌复发转移患者,分析总结Her-2过表达乳腺癌的复发相关因素及分子生物学行为。结果 2例为胸壁局部复发,2例为锁骨上区域淋巴结转移,2例为远处器官转移;所有Her-2过表达复发患者术后病理均提示存在淋巴结转移:1~3枚淋巴结阳性2例;4~9枚淋巴结阳性2例;≥10枚淋巴结阳性2例;Ki-67表达<15%0例;15%~50%3例,>50%3例。结论腋窝淋巴结转移状态及Ki-67表达强度是Her-2过表达型乳腺癌复发的重要因素,影响其预后。     

腋窝淋巴结转移对初次保乳手术乳腺癌患者预后的影响

目的 探讨腋窝淋巴结转移对初次保乳手术乳腺癌患者预后的影响。方法 选取75例初次保乳手术后复发乳腺癌患者作为研究对象，依据术前腋窝淋巴结状态分为阳性组(32例)及阴性组(43例)。所有患者均行保乳手术+腋窝淋巴结清扫术治疗，比较两组局部区域复发情况、临床病理特征，并分析远处转移、生存情况及复发的影响因素。结果 两组局部复发、区域复发及局部+区域复发率相比，差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);75例患者共45例发生远处转移(60.00%),阳性组远处转移率为78.13%(25/32),高于阴性组的46.51%(20/43),有统计学差异(P<0.05);生存分析显示，复发后3年生存率为57.33%(43/75),复发后5年生存率为38.67%(29/75);阳性组复发后总生存率较阴性组低，有统计学差异(P<0.05);多因素分析显示：复发部位、腋窝淋巴结状态为复发患者总生存的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论 腋窝淋巴结转移可影响初次保乳手术乳腺癌患者预后，能降低术后生存率，缩短患者总生存时间，增加复发后远处转移风险。     

乳腺癌术后胸壁复发39例临床分析

背景与目的：乳腺痛术后局部复发率为5％-20％，合并高危因素者可达34％-40％，其中以胸壁复发最为常见。本文探讨乳腺癌术后胸壁局部复发的相关因素，寻找预防和降低乳腺癌术后胸壁复发的有效措施。方法：回顾性分析乳腺癌术后局部复发而无远处转移的39例患者的临床资料。结果：本组患者占同期全部乳腺癌病例的5．1％，其中23例（59．0％）在手术后2年内复发。T1～T4复发率分别为1．6％、1．9％、9．7％和37．2％，腋窝淋巴结（-）与腋窝淋巴结（＋）患者的胸壁复发率分别为1．3％、7．6％，腋窝淋巴结转移≥4个者复发率高达13．4％，新辅助化疗、术后放疗的患者复发率分别为3．8％、8．7％。明显低于未予相应治疗者。结论：腋窝淋巴结转移数目多、原发灶分期晚、未予恰当辅助治疗者易出现胸壁复发。对乳腺癌术后易复发的高危人群应规范化治疗，新辅助化疗、术后放疗是预防胸壁复发的有效措施。     

乳腺癌术后胸壁复发85 例分析

 目的　探讨乳腺癌术后胸壁局部复发因素及预后意义。方法　回顾性分析乳腺癌术后胸壁局部复发患者 85例。结果　本组患者占同期全部乳腺癌病例的 3.5 9% ,其中 5 5例 (6 4.7%复发发生在手术后 2年内 ,复发后 39例 (4 5 .9% ) ,2年内死亡。结论　临床分期晚、腋下淋巴结癌转移数多、原发灶见脉管癌栓患者术后胸壁复发率高 ;原发灶雌激素受体 (ER)及孕激素受体 (PR)阴性患者 ,复发多出现在术后第 1、2年内。对乳腺癌术后易复发的高危人群除应规范化治疗 ,还应实施适时胸壁放疗。     

保留乳房手术治疗老年乳腺癌112例

目的:分析老年乳腺癌保留乳房手术治疗的临床效果及预后,进而探讨腋淋巴结清扫术在老年乳腺癌中的意义.方法:对1986年12月～2006年12月在天津医科大学附属肿瘤医院行保留乳房手术治疗的112例乳腺癌患者的临床病理资料进行分析.患者年龄均≥60岁,均接受乳腺癌局部广泛切除术,其中59例同时行腋窝淋巴结清扫术,即保乳手术.结果:51.8%(58/112)的患者合并其它疾病.行腋窝淋巴结清扫术的,临床N.期患者中,30.6%(15/49)的患者累及腋窝,仅2.0%(1/49)的患者淋巴结转移数＞3枚.中位随访31个月(7～288个月),保乳手术组与局部广泛切除术组5年累积生存率分别为84.0%和82.8%(P=0.703);10年累积生存率分别为70.9%和55.0%(P=0.382),差异均无统计学意义.其中临床触诊腋淋巴结阴性患者中49例行保乳手术,36例行局部广泛切除术.术后5年累积生存率分别为84.7%和84.9%(P＝0.795),差异亦无统计学意义.保乳手术组与局部广泛切除术组5年复发率分别为3.7%和8.2%(P=0.258).结论:保留乳房手术术后并发症少,恢复快,适用于老年乳腺癌患者.腋淋巴结清扫并未明显增加老年乳腺癌尤其是,临床触诊腋淋巴结阴性患者的生存率.     

Significance of axillary lymph node extranodal soft tissue extension and indications for postmastectomy irradiation.

BACKGROUND: Extranodal soft tissue extension of axillary lymph node metastases (ETE) has been considered an indication for postmastectomy radiotherapy, including the axilla. However, it is unclear whether patients with ETE are at an increased risk of axillary recurrence. METHODS: From a single institutional database of 2362 patients with breast carcinoma treated between 1974-1994, a total of 487 patients who underwent mastectomy for lymph node positive, infiltrating (T1-T3) breast carcinoma was found. All the patients had pathologically confirmed axillary lymph node metastases and negative surgical margins; none had received postoperative irradiation. Of these patients, 50 had histologically documented axillary ETE. Forty-three patients had a minimum follow-up of at least 1 year and comprise the study population. The median follow-up time of surviving ETE positive patients was 79 months. Twenty-five patients (58.1%) received adjuvant systemic therapy. Sites of first failure were local or distant. Local failure was categorized further as chest wall failure, axillary failure, supraclavicular lymph node failure, or internal mammary lymph node failure. RESULTS: For the 43 patients with ETE, the median patient age was 59.5 years (range, 38-81 years) and the median tumor size was 3.6 cm (range, 0.5-12.0 cm). The median number of positive axillary lymph nodes was 6 (range, 1-36 lymph nodes) versus 2 (range, 1-30 lymph nodes) for all T1-T3 ETE positive patients compared with ETE negative patients (P < 0. 001). The risk of ETE increased significantly with increasing numbers of axillary lymph node metastases (P < 0.001). Of the patients with ETE, 16 (37.2%) developed recurrent disease. ETE positive patients with disease recurrence had significantly greater numbers of positive axillary lymph nodes (median, 10 lymph nodes) than those patients who were recurrence free (median, 4 lymph nodes) (P = 0.02). The site of first failure was local in 7 patients (16. 3%) and distant in 9 patients (20.9%). All patients with local recurrence had chest wall failures; there were no isolated lymph node recurrences. The only simultaneous local and distant failure was in one patient presenting with supraclavicular and intraabdominal metastases. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of axillary recurrence, either as an isolated event or as part of simultaneous failure, is extremely low, even in patients with ETE. These data suggest that patients with ETE frequently have higher numbers of positive axillary lymph nodes and on that basis are at risk for local recurrence and as a rule would be considered for postmastectomy irradiation. However, these data suggest that the presence of ETE is not an indication for routine postmastectomy axillary lymph node irradiation.     

乳腺癌改良根治术后复发高危患者的放疗结果和预后因素分析

目的 总结本院高危乳腺癌患者改良根治术后的治疗结果,探讨放疗的作用和照射野的选择,并对生存预后因素进行分析.方法 回顾性分析381例T_3～T_4期和(或)腋窝淋巴结转移数≥4个的改良根治术后乳腺癌患者临床资料.用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,并Logrank法检验.单因素分析临床病理和治疗因素对生存率的影响,多因素分析用Cox回归模型.结果 中位随访时间为48个月.总5年无局部区域复发率为89.7%、总生存率为76.8%.放疗显著提高5年无局部区域复发生存率(93.4%:77.1%,χ~2=19.95,P=0.000)和总生存率(80.9%:62.3%,χ~2=15.47,P=0.001).胸壁和锁骨上区域照射能提高患者的5年无胸壁复发生存率(96.8%:86.2%;χ~2=12.66,P=0.001)和无锁骨上淋巴结复发生存率(97.7%:90.7%,χ~2=9.98,P=0.002),腋窝照射对5年无腋窝复发生存率无影响(98.4%:96.1%,χ~2=0.74,P=0.389).多因素分析显示未放疗(χ~2=14.42,P=0.000)、腋窝淋巴结阳性数≥10个(χ~2=21.60,P=0.000)和T_4期(χ~2=10.79,P=0.001)是总生存率的独立不良预后因素.结论 T_3～T_4期和(或)腋窝淋巴结转移数≥4个乳腺癌患者改良根治术后放疗显著降低局部复发率和提高总生存率,照射部位可选择同侧胸壁和锁骨上淋巴结引流区.     

Evaluation of modalities for recurrent breast cancer patients

Of 342 breast cancer patients radically operated on in the Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Chiba University during 1965-1988, treatment for 75 recurrent patients were evaluated by the initial modes of recurrence. The modes of recurrence were classified into distant metastases, local lymph node recurrence (axillary, parasternal and supraclavicular nodes) and chest wall recurrence according to the General Rules for Clinical and Pathological Recording of Breast Cancer. Of 75 recurrent patients, distant metastases were seen as common as 77.3%, followed by recurrences of local lymph nodes (14.7%) and chest wall (8.0%). The number of patients in each mode of recurrence increased in relation to increase in the size of tumor and the number of metastatic lymph nodes at the time of the first operation. Histologically, scirrhous carcinoma was most common in chest wall recurrence. 2-year disease-free survival rates of distant metastases, local lymph node recurrence and chest wall recurrence were 44.6%, 24.2% and 16.7%, respectively. 5-year survival of bone metastasis with chemo-endocrine therapy was as significantly favorable as 60%, compared to chemo- or radiotherapy alone (p less than 0.01). However, 5-year survival of lung metastasis with or without endocrine therapy revealed no significant difference. Local lymph node recurrence with the combination of resection, radio- and/or chemotherapy produced a trend toward showing more favorable survival than that without resection.     

纳米炭对乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结示踪效果及其安全性的初步研究

目的探讨国产纳米炭混悬液对腋窝淋巴结的示踪效果及其安全性。方法2008年5月至2009年9月间对21例乳腺癌患者在术前采用纳米炭进行淋巴结示踪。患者年龄30～65岁,平均45．3岁。术前24～72h于乳晕周围分4点皮下均匀注射纳米炭混悬液共1ml。手术方式采用改良根治术5例,腔镜下乳房皮下腺体切除、腋窝淋巴结清除加假体植入术12例,乳腺癌局部扩大切除加腔镜腋窝淋巴结清除术4例。术后观察腋窝淋巴结的黑染情况并送病理检查。结果21例患者分别检出淋巴结14～32枚,平均每例21．5枚,共452枚。肉眼下黑染淋巴结共435枚,黑染率为96．3％（435／452）,其中明显黑染率为85．4％（386／452）。腋窝淋巴结无转移6例,有转移15例。有转移的淋巴结共45枚,均为明显黑染淋巴结,转移淋巴结黑染率为100％。经病理证实,未黑染的淋巴结均未出现癌转移。所有患者经8个月至2年的随访,均未出现复发转移及明显肝肾功能异常。有纳米炭残留的局部组织在术后1年行活组织检查,见乳腺组织间隙有较多的纳米炭颗粒沉集,但未见明显的炎症反应或组织变性。结论纳米炭混悬液经乳晕周围皮下注射后24～72h行腋窝淋巴结清除可达到良好的淋巴结示踪效果,有效避免转移淋巴结的漏检。残留体内的纳米炭无明显的毒副反应。纳米炭是一种安全可靠的腋窝淋巴结示踪剂。     

Relationship of sentinel and axillary level I-II lymph nodes to tangential fields used in breast irradiation

PURPOSE: To evaluate the volume of nodal irradiation associated with breast-conserving therapy, we defined the anatomic relationship of sentinel lymph nodes and axillary level I and II lymph nodes in patients receiving tangential breast irradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A retrospective analysis of 65 simulation fields in women with breast cancer treated with sentinel lymph node surgery and 39 women in whom radiopaque clips demarcated the extent of axillary lymph node dissection was performed. We measured the relationship of the surgical clips to the anatomic landmarks and calculated the percentage of prescribed dose delivered to the sentinel lymph node region. RESULTS: A cranial field edge 2.0 cm below the humeral head the sentinel lymph node region was included or at the field edge in 95% of the cases and the entire extent of axillary I and II dissection in 43% of the axillary dissection cases. In the remaining 57%, this field border encompassed an average of 80% of cranial/caudal extent of axillary level I and II dissection. In 98.5% of the cases, all sentinel lymph nodes were anterior to the deep field edge and 71% were anterior to the chest wall-interface, whereas 61% of the axillary dissection cohort had extension deep to the chest wall-lung interface. If the deep field edge had been set 2 cm below the chest wall-lung interface, the entire axillary dissection would have been included in 82% of the cases, and the entire sentinel lymph node would have been covered with a 0.5-cm margin. The median dose to the sentinel lymph node region was 98% of the prescribed dose. CONCLUSIONS: By extending the cranial border to 2 cm below the humeral head and 2 cm deep to the chest wall-lung interface, the radiotherapy fields used to treat the breast can include the sentinel lymph node region and most of axillary levels I and II.     

Radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy performed on the mastectomized chest wall

Lymphatic flow in the anterior chest wall of 64 patients who underwent surgery for breast carcinoma was studies on images of lymphoscintigraphy using 99mTc-rhenium colloid. Scintigraphic images taken 4 hours after the intradermal injection of radionuclides along both sides of the surgical wound frequently made it possible to visualize the contralateral axillary lymph nodes. In particular, among 20 patients with local chest wall recurrence after the mastectomy, the contralateral axillary nodes were demonstrated in 13. Stimulated lymphatic flow seems to be manifested around the site of local recurrence over the chest wall. On the precise analysis of lymphographic images, faint lymphatic drainages were occasionally identified up to the contralateral axillary lymph nodes at various levels of the anterior chest wall. It is essential that the radiation field be made large towards the area including the downstream of the lymphatic flow. Additionally, accumulation of radionuclides in the lymph nodes appeared to be slowly impaired by the postoperative irradiation after the completion of radiotherapy.     

Axillary disease recurrence after sentinel lymph node dissection for breast carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Surgical recommendation for early-stage breast carcinoma includes removal of the primary breast tumor and evaluation of the axillary lymph nodes on the ipsilateral side. Sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) is increasingly being used to evaluate axillary lymph nodes in clinically lymph node negative patients as an alternative to axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Results from SLND are highly predictive of metastatic involvement in the axilla, and are associated with fewer side effects. However, the greatest concern with SLND alone is the potential for a higher rate of axillary lymph node recurrence. The purpose of the current study was to review data collected on 700 consecutive patients with early-stage breast carcinoma who underwent SLND without concomitant ALND. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted using the oncology registry at Park Nicollet Health Services (Minneapolis, MN). Consecutive breast carcinoma cases with SLND only for axillary surgery, from January 28, 1999 to December 31, 2003, were included in the study. During this period, 700 patients with breast carcinoma were identified who had SLND alone. Fifty-two patients were excluded from the analysis because they had ductal carcinoma in situ. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 33 months (range, 2-73 mos), axillary lymph node recurrence occurred in 4 of 647 (0.62%) patients overall. In these 4 patients, the axillary lymph node recurrences were isolated to the axillary lymph nodes and amenable to surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Data from the current study showed that axillary lymph node recurrence after SLND occurred very infrequently in early-stage breast carcinoma, and these results were comparable to other studies.     

Staging and management of axillary lymph nodes in patients with local recurrence in the breast or chest wall after a previous negative sentinel node procedure

Objective

To evaluate axillary staging and management in patients with local recurrence (LR) after a previous negative sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB).

Methods

Between 1999 and 2008, 130 patients with previous negative SNB developed a LR of breast or chest wall. After examination of clinical records, 70 patients met the inclusion criteria and remained available for analysis.

Results

Thirty-seven patients were treated with axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), followed by axillary radiotherapy in 9 cases. In 26 of these 37 patients no positive axillary lymph nodes were found. Nineteen patients received no treatment of the axilla at all. Of those, 9 were older than 70 years of age at diagnosis of LR. In 13 patients a second SNB was attempted, but was successful in only 5 cases. Eight patients underwent a complementary ALND. Overall, positive lymph nodes were detected in 13 of the 50 patients who underwent axillary staging, either by SNB or ALND. The median length of follow-up of the 70 patients following their diagnosis of LR was 24 months (range 2–81 months). During this follow-up period one patient developed an axillary recurrence. This was a patient who refused to undergo ALND but was given locoregional radiotherapy instead.

Conclusions

In the absence of guidelines for staging and management of the axilla at time of LR of breast or chest wall, many different strategies are being used. Considering the high rate of positive axillary lymph nodes in these patients, repeat surgical staging is appropriate.     

The role of postoperative radiotherapy in node negative breast cancer patients with pT3-T4 disease.

AIMS: To evaluate the role of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in patients with pT3-T4N0M0 breast cancer. METHODS: 156 patients with T3-T4N0M0 breast cancer were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Locoregional recurrences were seen in 17 of 156 patients with a median time for development of 27 months (5.7-248.7 months). Two of 9 patients who were not treated with post-operative radiation therapy had locoregional recurrence as compared with 16 of 147 patients receiving radiotherapy. In multivariate analysis, presence of locoregional recurrence was the only significant prognostic factor for overall survival (18% vs. 86%, p<0.001, RR=9.05). The patients with a median number of dissected lymph nodes >or=10 had a significantly better locoregional disease free survival rate as compared with patients with dissected lymph nodes <10 (90% vs. 78%, p=0.04). Chest wall recurrences were clearly higher in patients without chest wall RT since 5 of 49 patients without RT had recurrences in the chest wall region while only 4 of 107 who received chest wall RT had recurrence. However receiving RT to peripherical lymphatic regions had no additional effect on reducing recurrences in these regions (5% vs. 4%). CONCLUSIONS: Due to the lack of phase III randomized trials directly addressing the role of postmastectomy radiotherapy in these stages, our series suggest that postmastectomy radiotherapy to the ipsilateral chest wall is recommended for patients with PT3N0 and T4N0 breast cancer. The need for irradiating axillary or supraclavicular region shall be neglected in patients who undergo sufficient axillary sampling.     

Management of locoregional recurrence of breast cancer

The locoregional recurrence of breast cancer is not a sign of distant metastases, and a substantial proportion of cases are cured by salvage therapy. Patients with locoregional recurrence should not be treated with palliative intent as if they have visceral metastases. The recommended treatment for ipsilateral breast recurrence after breast conservative therapy is a mastectomy. For patients who suffer from isolated chest wall recurrence after mastectomy, a surgical approach is recommended. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is considered for patients with unresectable disease in order to render the disease resectable. For patients with isolated chest wall recurrence who have received no prior radiotherapy, postoperative radiotherapy involving the chest wall and regional lymph nodes is recommended. Patients with isolated axillary lymph node recurrence should be treated with axillary dissection or resection. Although the effectiveness of systemic therapy for patients with locoregional recurrence is unclear, there is a trend toward treating patients with supraclavicular lymph node recurrence with radiotherapy plus systemic therapy. Pain relief and the eradication of other distressing symptoms resulting from inoperable disease are achieved in two-thirds to three-quarters of patients by radiotherapy with or without systemic therapy. New anti-cancer agents and molecular target therapies should be evaluated with the objective of improving the treatment outcome of patients with locoregional recurrence. A combination of approaches is required for treatment of patients with locoregional recurrence, and a multidisciplinary tumor board should be organized at each institute.