Adolescent physical activity and sedentary behavior: patterning and long-term maintenance

BACKGROUND: Little is known about physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior patterning or its impact on long-term PA sustainability, particularly during the critical transition from adolescence to adulthood. METHODS: Nationally representative self-reported data were collected (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health: Wave I, 1994-1995; Wave II, 1996; Wave III, 2001-2002). Cluster analyses identified homogeneous groups of adolescents with similar PA and sedentary behaviors. Logistic regression predicted odds of meeting national activity recommendations in adolescence and young adulthood. RESULTS: Seven clusters were characterized as follows: C1, high television (TV)/video, video gaming; C2, high skating, video gaming; C3, high sports participation with parents, high overall sports participation; C4, use of neighborhood recreation centers, high sports participation; C5, TV viewing limited by parents, moderate participation in school physical education (PE); C6, low parental TV control, reporting few activities overall; C7, active in school (team/individual sports, academic clubs, and PE). Odds of adolescents meeting PA recommendations were highest in C2 (odds ratio=13.1), C3 (5.8), C4 (4.2), and C7 (4.3) compared to C1. Independent of adolescent PA, absolute odds of meeting recommendations as young adults declined but were still relatively high in these clusters, indicating greater long-term PA sustainability. By young adulthood, however, overall PA declined dramatically in skaters/gamers (C2) and was notably low among those with TV viewing limited by parents (C5). CONCLUSIONS: While odds of meeting PA guidelines in adulthood declined in all clusters, the magnitude of this decline varied by cluster (declining most dramatically in skaters/gamers), providing insights into where to target effective intervention strategies that promote sustainable PA behaviors.     

Joint effects of objectively-measured sedentary time and physical activity on all-cause mortality

ObjectiveExamine the joint effects of objectively-measured sedentary time and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on all-cause mortality.MethodsThe present study included data from the 2003–2006 National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey, with mortality follow-up data (via National Death Index) through 2011 (N = 5575 U.S. adults). Sedentary time (activity counts/min between 0 and 99) and MVPA (activity counts/min ≥ 2020) were objectively measured using the ActiGraph 7164 accelerometer.ResultsThe median age of the participants was 50 yrs; proportion of men was 50.2%; proportion of whites was 53.8%, 18.7% for blacks; median follow-up was 81 months; and 511 deaths occurred over the follow-up period. After adjusting for age, gender, race-ethnicity, cotinine, weight status, poverty level, C-reactive protein and comorbid illness (summed score of 0–8 chronic diseases), and for a 1 min increase in MVPA and sedentary time, both MVPA (HR_adjusted = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96–0.99; P = 0.04) and sedentary time (HR_adjusted = 1.001; 95% CI: 1.0003–1.002; P = 0.008) were independently associated with all-cause mortality. Further, MVPA was associated with all-cause mortality among those with greater (above median) sedentary time (HR_adjusted = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.93–0.97; P < .001). Sedentary time was not associated with all-cause mortality among those engaging in above median levels of MVPA (HR_adjusted = 0.998; 95% CI: 0.996–1.001; P = .32), but sedentary time was associated with increased mortality risk among those below median levels of MVPA (HR = 1.002; 95% CI: 1.001–1.003; P < 0.001).ConclusionsSedentary time and MVPA are independently associated with all-cause mortality. Above median sedentary time levels did not negate the beneficial effects of MVPA on all-cause mortality risk.     

Longitudinal physical activity and sedentary behavior trends: adolescence to adulthood

BACKGROUND: There is little national research on longitudinal patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior in ethnically diverse teens as they transition to adulthood. METHODS: Longitudinal questionnaire data from U.S. adolescents enrolled in Wave I (1994-1995) and Wave III (2001) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n =13,030) were analyzed in January 2004. Incidence, reversal, and maintenance of achieving five or more weekly bouts of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and < or =14 hours of weekly TV and video viewing, computer/video game use (screen time) were assessed. Multinomial logistic regression models examined the likelihood of achieving five or more weekly sessions of MVPA week and < or =14 hours screen time per week as an adolescent and/or young adult, controlling for household income, parental education, age of adolescent, and seasonality. RESULTS: Of those achieving five or more weekly sessions of MVPA and < or =14 hours of weekly screen time as adolescents, few continued to achieve these favorable amounts of activity (4.4%) and screen time (37.0%) as adults. More failed to maintain these favorable amounts of activity (31.1%) and screen time (17.3%) into adulthood. Black versus white females were more likely to maintain less [corrected] favorable amounts of activity from adolescence to adulthood (odds ratio [OR]=3.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.49-6.42), while black males (OR=1.50; CI=1.05-2.14) and females (OR=2.00; CI=1.40-2.87) were more likely than whites to maintain less (versus more) favorable screen time hours. CONCLUSIONS: The vast majority of adolescents do not achieve five or more bouts of moderate physical activity per week, and continue to fail to achieve this amount of activity into adulthood.     

The effects of a 2-year individualized and family-based lifestyle intervention on physical activity,sedentary behavior and diet in children

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of a long-term, individualized and family-based lifestyle intervention on physical activity, sedentary behavior and diet quality in children.MethodsWe carried out a 2-year intervention study in a population sample of 506 children aged 6–8 years in Finland in 2007–2012. We allocated the participants at baseline in the intervention and control group. We assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior by questionnaires and diet by food records.ResultsTotal physical activity (+ 9 min/d in intervention group vs. − 5 min/d in control group, p = 0.001 for time*group interaction), unsupervised physical activity (+ 7 min/d vs. − 9 min/d, p < 0.001) and organized sports (+ 8 min/d vs. + 3 min/d, p = 0.001) increased in the intervention group but not in the control group. Using computer and playing video games increased less in the intervention group than in the control group (+ 9 min/d vs. + 19 min/d, p = 0.003). Consumption of vegetables (+ 12 g/d vs. − 12 g/d, p = 0.001), high-fat vegetable-oil based margarine (+ 10 g/d vs. + 3 g/d, p < 0.001) and low-fat milk (+ 69 g/d vs. + 11 g/d, p = 0.042) and intake of dietary fiber (+ 1.3 g/d vs. + 0.2 g/d, p = 0.023), vitamin C (+ 4.5 mg/d vs. − 7.2 mg/d, p = 0.042) and vitamin E (+ 1.4 mg/d vs. + 0.5 mg/d, p = 0.002) increased in the intervention group but not in the control group. Consumption of butter-based spreads increased in the control group but not in the intervention group (+ 2 g/d vs. − 1 g/d, p = 0.002).ConclusionsIndividualized and family-based lifestyle intervention increased physical activity, attenuated increase in sedentary behavior and enhanced diet quality in children.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01803776.     

Comparing physical activity and sedentary behavior levels between deaf and hearing adolescents

BackgroundDeaf adolescents may engage in less physical activity (PA) and longer sedentary time than their hearing peers. Yet, literature comparing PA levels and sedentary time between deaf and hearing control groups, as well as studies examining predictors of PA among deaf adolescents, are lacking.ObjectiveThis cross-sectional survey aimed to compare PA levels and sedentary time between the two groups and examine predictors (i.e., gender and social inclusion) of PA participation among deaf adolescents.MethodsParticipants were 98 deaf and 99 hearing adolescents, who completed the survey measuring the variables of interest.ResultsDeaf adolescents had a higher level of sedentary behavior as well as lower levels of light PA, moderate-to-vigorous PA, and total metabolic equivalent task (MET) than the hearing group. Only a small proportion of participants (deaf: 4%; hearing: 24%) met the World Health Organization's PA recommendation. Gender was found to negatively predict total MET among deaf, while social inclusion was a positive predictor.ConclusionsDeaf adolescents may have restricted PA participation. Measures should be used to promote social inclusion for increasing PA levels of this population.     

小学生身体活动久坐行为与身体姿态健康的关系

  目的  探究小学生身体活动(physical activity, PA)、久坐行为(sedentary behavior, SB)与身体姿态健康的关系,为该群体异常身体姿态预防、矫正提供参考。  方法  2020年9—12月,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样法,抽取北京市朝阳区4所学校206名小学生为研究对象,采用Body-Style身体姿态测试仪、ActiGraph GT3X+三轴加速度计客观测量身体姿态、PA,采用儿童休闲活动调查问卷调查SB。  结果  小学生异常身体姿态检出率为76.70%;PA与高低肩、X/O型腿、骨盆前倾、脊柱侧弯、综合测评具有正向线性相关(β值分别为0.17,0.21,0.19,0.24,0.19,P值均 < 0.05);SB与高低肩、X/O型腿、骨盆前倾、脊柱侧弯、综合测评具有负向线性相关(β值分别为-0.24,-0.22,-0.36,-0.24,-0.27,P值均 < 0.05)。对PA、SB联合分析,在高PA、低SB(OR=2.12,95%CI=1.46~3.37,P < 0.05)和低PA、高SB两个极端组合时,身体姿态测评合格率获得优势分别为最高和最低;高PA、高SB(OR=1.85, 95%CI=1.38~2.86)与低SB、低PA (OR=1.71, 95%CI=1.41~2.74)比较,身体姿态测评合格率获得优势更高。  结论  对于小学生身体姿态健康,PA是独立促进因素,SB是独立危险因素,二者联合具有抵消或协同的交互效应。     

The association between well-being and a large variation of accelerometer-assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior measures

Higher well-being has been associated with more physical activity (PA) and less sedentary behavior (SB), both when assessed by self-report or accelerometers. Most studies using accelerometer data only examined estimates of total volume or daily average of PA/SB in relation to well-being. Taking into account the richness of accelerometer data, we investigated the association of different measures of SB, light PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and well-being including the combined effect and the PA/SB timing and patterns. We explored whether results differed between occupational and non-occupational time.In an adult sample (n = 660, M_age: 30.4, SD = 8.1, 74.5% female), we applied pre-registered analyses. First, we created different global scores of SB, LPA and MVPA based on 4 to 7-days of Actigraph data and investigated associations with well-being, i.e., defined as life satisfaction. These analyses were done using raw scores and transformed scores using compositional data analysis. Next, we applied multilevel models including time of the day and well-being as predictors of PA/SB. Finally, we clustered participants based on PA/SB intensity, timing and accumulation and explored differences in well-being across clusters.In total wear time, there were no associations between different measures of SB/LPA/MVPA and well-being. Restricting to non-occupational wear time, less total SB and more total LPA were associated with higher well-being, both in absolute and relative sense. Well-being was not associated with the PA/SB timing or patterns. In conclusion, beyond the association between total non-occupational SB and LPA and well-being, the PA/SB timing or patterns had no added value in explaining the association between PA/SB and well-being.     

乌海市成人静坐和身体活动与代谢综合征的关系

目的 探讨乌海市成人的静坐时间、身体活动水平与代谢综合征的关系。方法 通过横断面研究,分析6 521名18～79周岁成人的静坐、身体活动及代谢综合征情况。使用国际身体活动长卷（ International Physical Activity Questionnaire, IPAQ）测量静坐和身体活动情况,根据《中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2013年版)》定义代谢综合征。结果 代谢综合征的检出率为24.8%,组分1项异常、2项异常的检出率为26.45%、21.07%。50岁及以下女性,代谢综合征检出率,静坐时间＜4 h/d组低于≥4 h/d组(OR = 0.64, 95% CI:0.48 ～ 0.84);组分1项异常检出率,身体活动高、中等水平组均低于低水平组(OR高 = 0.75, 95% CI:0.58 ～ 0.95; OR中 = 0.71, 95% CI:0.56 ～ 0.89);组分2项异常检出率,身体活动高水平组低于低水平组（OR = 0.69, 95% CI:0.51 ～ 0.94）。50岁以上女性,代谢综合征、组分1项、2项异常的检出率,静坐时间＜4 h/ d组均低于≥4 h/ d组(ORMS = 0.56, 95% CI:0.37 ～ 0.84;OR1 = 0.63, 95% CI:0.42 ～ 0.96; OR2 = 0.66, 95% CI:0.44 ～ 1.00)。结论 乌海市成人的静坐时间和代谢综合征风险增高有关,而身体活动水平和代谢综合征的风险降低有关。     

Association between compliance with physical activity guidelines,sedentary behavior and depressive symptoms

Physical inactivity, i.e. not engaging in adequate moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), has been identified as a risk factor for depression. Increased sedentary time has further been identified as a potential risk factor for depression. We analyzed NHANES 2005–2006 data to examine the associations between compliance with physical activity guidelines (PAG) and sedentary time with depression. We utilized accelerometer data to assess compliance with PAG and sedentary time, and we used the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess presence of depression. Participants were classified as compliant with PAG or non-compliant based on MVPA accumulated in bouts of 10 min or more. We further divided these two groups into quartiles of sedentary time. We conducted logistic regression analyses to test for the interaction effect of PAG compliance and sedentary behavior on depression. Analyses were conducted in 2014–2015 at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Mean depression score among compliant participants was 1.65 (SD = 2.61), whereas it was higher among the non-compliant participants (mean = 2.52, SD = 3.51). Logistic regression indicated a statistically significant interaction effect between MVPA and sedentary time on depression scores. There was no apparent trend in depression scores across quartiles of sedentary time in the compliant group. However, adjusted odds ratios for depression increased with increasing sedentary time among the non-compliant group. We provide evidence that compliance with PAG is associated with reduced depressive symptoms regardless of sedentary behavior; however, increased sedentary behavior may increase the risk of depression among those who are not physically active at a level which meets national guidelines.     

学龄前儿童体力活动、久坐行为与睡眠问题的相关性

目的 探究学龄前儿童体力活动(Physical activity,PA)、久坐行为(Sedentary behavior, SB)与睡眠问题的相关性,为预防、改善该群体睡眠问题提供参考。方法 2020年9—12月,采用整群随机抽样法,抽取北京市6所幼儿园406名学龄前儿童作为研究对象,采用Acti Graph GT3X+三轴加速度计客观测量PA,采用《儿童休闲活动调查问卷》调查SB,采用CSHQ睡眠习惯量表测评睡眠问题,运用线性分析、logistic 回归模型处理数据。结果 学龄前儿童睡眠问题检出率71.08%;PA与睡眠抗阻、睡眠时长不规律、睡眠夜醒、异态睡眠、CSHQ综合评分具有显著负向线性相关(β=-0.141、-0.452、-0.324、-0.201、-0.150 ,P<0.05);SB与睡眠抗阻、入睡潜伏期延长、睡眠夜醒、CSHQ综合测评具有显著正向线性相关(β=0.196、0.223、0.210、0.910,P<0.05)。对PA、SB联合分析,在PA(或SB)等级固定时,CSHQ测评合格率会因另一方等级的提高而降低（或升高）,在高PA+低SB(OR=2.119,95%CI:1.464~3.368,P<0.05)和低PA+高SB（1reference）两个极端组合时,CSHQ测评合格率获得优势分别为最高和最低;高PA+高SB(OR=1.750,95%CI:1.320~2.664)比低SB+低PA (OR=1.640,95%CI:1.412~2.743)CSHQ测评合格率获得优势更高。结论 体力活动与学龄前儿童睡眠问题具有显著的负相关,久坐行为与学龄前儿童睡眠问题具有显著正相关,二者联合则具有抵消或协同的交互效应。     

Prevalence and correlates of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior among US pregnant women

ObjectivePhysical activity is recommended for pregnant women without medical or obstetric complications. This study described the prevalence and correlates of objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary behavior among United States pregnant women.MethodsUsing cross-sectional data collected from the 2003 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 359 pregnant women ≥16 years wore an accelerometer for 1 week.ResultsWomen participated in a mean of 12.0 minutes/day (standard error (SE) 0.86) of moderate activity and 0.3 minutes/day (SE 0.08) of vigorous activity. Mean moderate to vigorous physical activity varied by trimester: 11.5 minutes/day in first trimester, 14.3 minutes/day in second trimester, and 7.6 minutes/day in third trimester. On average, women spent 57.1% of their monitored time in sedentary behaviors. In multivariable adjusted models, moderate to vigorous physical activity was higher in the first (p = 0.02) and second (p < 0.001) trimesters compared to the third trimester, and among women with higher household income (p = 0.03) compared to lower household income. In multivariable adjusted models, average counts/minute was higher in the second compared to the third trimester (p = 0.04).ConclusionMost pregnant women spent more than half of the monitored day in sedentary behaviors and did not meet recommendations for physical activity.     

静态职业人群身体活动现状调查

目的了解不同社会经济状况的静态职业人群的身体活动特点。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法,在北京市顺义区、海淀区和浙江省嘉兴市、桐乡市选取35—60岁以坐位读写为主要职业劳动形式的职业人群,进行有关社会经济状况和身体活动特点的问卷调查。结果共调查1031人。步行、骑车、中等强度业余锻炼、高强度业余锻炼等身体活动的总参与率为57．8％,并随文化程度和家庭人均收入的增长而增加（x2=25．699,P〈0．01;x2=8．768,P〈0．05）。48．0％的调查对象每周中、高强度身体活动合计量达到或超过了450～750（MET—min／w）的建议水平。不同年龄、不同文化程度者的身体活动达标情况的差异有统计学意义（x2=17．647,P〈0．01;x2=29．967,P〈0．01）,不同家庭人均收入水平者的身体活动达标情况的差异无统计学意义（x2=12．784,P〉0．05）。结论中等强度及以上身体活动的总参与率受文化程度和家庭人均收入的影响,身体活动达标情况与年龄、文化程度有关。     

Smoking and sedentary behavior as related to work organization

There is little research which has investigated whether working life may affect health behaviors. However, there is data suggesting that smoking as well as leisure activities are affected during times of stress. Both theoretical work and research suggests that work may socialize people such that the use of leisure time for active pursuits, including exercise, may be contingent upon jobs which promote interaction, learning, and activity on the job. In investigating whether the psychosocial structure of work might affect smoking and sedentary behavior, a subsample (n = 7.201) of a representative sample of the Swedish population aged 16-65 years was selected for study. Reports on job characteristics and health behaviors were obtained in personal or telephone interviews and a logistic regression analysis was performed. In general, job demands like shift work, piece work, hazardous exposure, and physical load tended to be associated with smoking and sedentary behavior, whereas job resources, including personal autonomy, were predictive of regular exercise, but unrelated to smoking behavior. Correlational patterns varied somewhat between sexes. The implications of these findings with respect to work organization, considerations in epidemiological research, and the conduct of health promotion programs are discussed.     

Development of new physical activity and sedentary behavior change self-efficacy questionnaires using item response modeling

Background  

Theoretically, increased levels of physical activity self-efficacy (PASE) should lead to increased physical activity, but few studies have reported this effect among youth. This failure may be at least partially attributable to measurement limitations. In this study, Item Response Modeling (IRM) was used to develop new physical activity and sedentary behavior change self-efficacy scales. The validity of the new scales was compared with accelerometer assessments of physical activity and sedentary behavior.     

The role of beverage consumption,physical activity,sedentary behavior,and demographics on body mass index of adolescents

The percentage of US adolescents who are overweight or at-risk of overweight has increased over the past 20 years. Using data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988–1994, multivariate regression models of body mass index (BMI) for adolescent males and females aged 12–16 years were developed to examine the relative importance of demographics, beverage consumption, physical activity, and sedentary behavior for maintaining a healthy body weight. The models explained between 11% and 19% of the variance in BMI. Demographic characteristics accounted for roughly one-half of the explained variance in the models. Age was positively associated with BMI for males and females. Family income had a negative association with BMI for females, but no association with BMI for males. The variables for race/ethnicity and region were only occasionally statistically significant. A strong negative association was found between BMI and participation in team sports or exercise programs for both males and females. The estimate of the relationship between television viewing and BMI was positive but not statistically significant. Consumption of regular carbonated soft drinks (RCSD) and fruit drinks/ades—two beverages widely hypothesized to be positively associated with BMI—were not statistically significant in any of the models. Consumption of diet carbonated soft drinks was very low and was positively associated with BMI for females but not for males. The potential impacts of increasing participation in teams or exercise programs, reducing television viewing, and reducing RCSD consumption on BMI were examined. Increasing participation in teams or exercise programs consistently had the largest impact on reducing predicted BMI. The impact of reducing television viewing had the next largest impact. Reducing consumption of RCSD had the smallest impact. Policies that revitalize physical activity and physical education programs for all students—not just student athletes—and educational efforts that discourage sedentary behavior will be far more successful in combating overweight than an undue focus on beverage consumption.     

The role of beverage consumption, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and demographics on body mass index of adolescents

The percentage of US adolescents who are overweight or at-risk of overweight has increased over the past 20 years. Using data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988-1994, multivariate regression models of body mass index (BMI) for adolescent males and females aged 12-16 years were developed to examine the relative importance of demographics, beverage consumption, physical activity, and sedentary behavior for maintaining a healthy body weight. The models explained between 11% and 19% of the variance in BMI. Demographic characteristics accounted for roughly one-half of the explained variance in the models. Age was positively associated with BMI for males and females. Family income had a negative association with BMI for females, but no association with BMI for males. The variables for race/ethnicity and region were only occasionally statistically significant. A strong negative association was found between BMI and participation in team sports or exercise programs for both males and females. The estimate of the relationship between television viewing and BMI was positive but not statistically significant. Consumption of regular carbonated soft drinks (RCSD) and fruit drinks/ades--two beverages widely hypothesized to be positively associated with BMI--were not statistically significant in any of the models. Consumption of diet carbonated soft drinks was very low and was positively associated with BMI for females but not for males. The potential impacts of increasing participation in teams or exercise programs, reducing television viewing, and reducing RCSD consumption on BMI were examined. Increasing participation in teams or exercise programs consistently had the largest impact on reducing predicted BMI. The impact of reducing television viewing had the next largest impact. Reducing consumption of RCSD had the smallest impact. Policies that revitalize physical activity and physical education programs for all students--not just student athletes--and educational efforts that discourage sedentary behavior will be far more successful in combating overweight than an undue focus on beverage consumption.