A comparison of sodium hypochlorite and sodium dichloroisocyanurate products

A comparison of commercial sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) products was made. Solutions of NaOCl and NaDCC containing the same levels of available chlorine (av.Cl) exhibited very similar bactericidal activities, despite significant differences in pH. A level of 12.5 ppm av. Cl achieved a greater than 5 log 10 reduction of Staphylococcus aureus in 2 min. A level of 5 ppm av.Cl achieved a greater than 5 log 10 reduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 2 min whilst approximately 100 ppm av.Cl achieved the same reduction in the presence of 1% horse serum, and approximately 200 ppm av.Cl in the presence of 2% horse serum, indicating inactivation levels of around 95 and 97.5% respectively. Tablets of NaDCC were stable but solutions were unstable and decomposed much faster than NaOCl solutions of the same strength. Batch-to-batch variability of different NaOCl and NaDCC products was investigated; whilst NaDCC products always contained the minimum level of av.Cl specified, concentrated NaOCl products sometimes did not due to inherent instability.     

依地酸钙钠与二巯基丁二酸钠驱铅效果观察

目的对比分析依地酸钙钠（CaNa_2-EDTA）和二巯基丁二酸钠（Na-DMS）驱铅效果,比较两种驱铅药物和毒、副作用,探索一种驱铅治疗效果更好方法。方法将78例疑似职业性慢性铅中毒病例随机分成两组,分别使用依地酸钙钠与二巯基丁二酸钠驱铅,并观察每个病例每个疗程前后中毒症状改善、血铅、尿6-氨基乙酰丙酸（6-ALA）及药物不良反应。鳍果两者排铅效果、临床症状体征改善、Hb的提高等差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但副作用二巯丁二酸钠较CaNa_2-EDTA轻,对铅性肾损害有一定保护作用。结论虽然依地酸钙钠目前仍然是国内首选的驱铅药物,但是口服二巯基丁二酸钠（Na-DMS）驱铅亦是一种不错的选择,特别对铅性肾损害性慢性铅中毒患者有益。     

头孢呋辛/他唑巴坦注射剂的毒理学研究

目的分析头孢呋辛/他唑巴坦注射剂对小鼠的急性毒理学和大鼠的长期毒理学实验,为指导临床抗菌药物的合理应用提供参考依据。方法对60只小鼠及120只大鼠进行急性毒性实验及长期毒性实验,急性毒性实验选取禁食24h的60只的小鼠,每20只分别尾静脉注射头孢呋辛、他唑巴坦和头孢呋辛/他唑巴坦(4∶1)3种抗菌药物,连续注射1周;长期毒性试验选取120只大鼠,每20只分别腹腔注射头孢呋辛、他唑巴坦和头孢呋辛/他唑巴坦(4∶1)高2.4g/(kg·d)、中1.2g/(kg·d)、低0.6g/(kg·d)3个剂量,连续注射4周,注射后立刻观察动物的毒性反应,记录中毒情况;观察大鼠的各种临床表现、血液指标和解剖后的脏腑变化。结果急性毒性实验结果显示,头孢呋辛、他唑巴坦和头孢呋辛/他唑巴坦(4∶1)3种抗菌药物注射后,均无明显毒性异常表现发生;长期毒性实验结果显示,头孢呋辛/他唑巴坦(4∶1)高中低剂量组大鼠给药期间并无明显的异常表现;给药4周后,除高剂量组的红细胞和白细胞总数偏高之外,其他各项指标和单剂量相比差异无统计学意义;病理组织学检查和单剂量相比,差异无统计学意义。结论头孢呋辛/他唑巴坦(4∶1)与两者单剂量应用其急性毒性和长期毒性差异不大,且两者作为复方制剂联合应用,可以降低细菌的耐药性,在临床上对细菌的感染治疗值得推广。     

Ecotoxicological evaluation of the biocidal agents sodium o-phenylphenol, sodium o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol, and sodium p-tertiary amylphenol

The ecotoxicological effects of three biocidal agents frequently employed as active ingredients in phenolic-based disinfectants were evaluated using a test battery comprising of organisms representing three aquatic trophic levels. Phenolic-based disinfectants are commonly used by mushroom growers to disinfect spent mushroom compost. In general, the most sensitive assay used in this study was the Microtox test. In the case of the fish lethality assay, sodium o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol was found to be slightly more sensitive than the bacterial test system. The freshwater alga and invertebrate tests were also among the most sensitive test species employed. The active ingredient, sodium o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol (with the exception of the Microtox assay), was the most toxic chemical tested on each species. The majority of ecotoxicity data obtained in this research has not been previously reported and may therefore assist in the management and planning decisions regarding the application of pesticides and utilisation of SMC.     

Comparison of sodium hypochlorite and sodium dichloroisocyanurate disinfectants: neutralization by serum

A comparison has been made of the activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) solutions containing 0-40% and 0-70% horse serum respectively. The degree of inactivation of NaOCl and of NaDCC solutions by different concentrations of horse serum is expressed in terms of a neutralization coefficient, which demonstrates that NaDCC solutions are less prone to inactivation by serum than are NaOCl solutions, the disparity diverging as serum concentration is increased. In 30% serum an NaDCC solution containing 4000 ppm of available chlorine exhibited similar bactericidal activity to an NaOCl solution containing 17,000 ppm available chlorine.     

Maternal sodium intake does not affect postprandial sodium concentrations in human milk

Sodium concentration in human milk is known to vary diurnally and throughout lactation. To investigate potential postprandial variation, eight exclusively breast-feeding mothers of infants 10-19 wk of age were visited on two different days after a 3-h fast. On one day, they were fed a low sodium lunch (130 mg), and on the other, the same lunch with a high sodium content (2175 mg). Milk samples were collected before each lunch and breasts were emptied with an electric pump. After lunch, samples were collected from each breast every 15 min for 2 h. No significant postprandial variation was found in mean sodium or potassium concentrations, nor were significant differences found in sodium or potassium values after the high sodium or the low sodium lunch. We conclude that there is no significant influence of maternal sodium intake on postprandial milk sodium or potassium concentrations.     

The antibacterial properties of sodium hypochlorite and sodium dichloroisocyanurate as hospital disinfectants

The antibacterial activity of unbuffered sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) (pH 6.6) and of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) buffered to pH 7.2, 9.0 and 10.6 was compared. Under clean conditions, solutions of NaDCC at pH 6.6 or NaOCl at pH 7.2 and 9.0 with 100-200 mg l-1 available chlorine showed satisfactory disinfectant activity against vegetative bacteria. Sporicidal action required higher concentrations of both agents, and NaOCl at pH 7.2 showed most activity. In the presence of organic matter NaDCC offers significant advantages over NaOCl, a 3000 mg l-1 solution of NaDCC giving satisfactory activity in the presence of plasma concentrations up to 20% v/v compared with NaOCl solutions at pH 7.2, 9.0 and 10.6 which were inactivated at chlorine concentrations up to 5000 mg l-1. Although NaOCl pH 10.6 showed satisfactory disinfectant activity under clean conditions, our results indicate that formulations at this pH should not be used where sporicidal action is required or where substantial organic soiling is anticipated.     

Chronic toxicity tests of sodium thiocyanate with sodium nitrite in F344 rats

Sodium thiocyanate, a common environmental chemical, was found to increase the incidence of liver tumors in a group of rats treated with 0.08% in drinking water. To test the possibility that thiocyanate was catalyzing the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines from amines and nitrite in the food, a group of 20 male and 20 female rats was given a higher dose of sodium thiocyanate (0.32%) together with sodium nitrite (0.2%) in drinking water. Similar groups of rats were given 0.32% sodium thiocyanate or 0.2% sodium nitrite in drinking water or were untreated. All treatments lasted most of the lifetime of the rats, at least 2 years. There was no difference between the groups, treated or untreated, in survival, or in the incidence of any tumor that could be related to the treatment. The results indicate that sodium thiocyanate is without carcinogenic activity in rats, alone or combined with sodium nitrite.     

Joint toxicity of sodium arsenate and sodium perchlorate to zebrafish Danio rerio larvae

Joint toxicity of arsenate and perchlorate was tested in larvae of Danio rerio. Results indicated that the 96-h median lethal concentrations of sodium arsenate and sodium perchlorate were 258.8 and 1,401.2 mg/L, respectively, and that arsenate and perchlorate generally showed a concentration-additive effect.     

Measurement of sodium intake and its relationship to blood pressure and salivary sodium concentration

The mean daily sodium intake was determined for 33 normotensive subjects by analysis of a 7 day 24 h urine collection. The intake range was 1.75–5.77 g Na/day with an intra-individual standard deviation of 1.08 g Na and an inter-individual standard deviation of 0.80 g Na giving a ratio of intra-to inter-individual variance of 1.82, 79% of the subjects were correctly classified into the approapriate tertile for sodium intake after the 7 day collection. The intake range for potassium was 1.54 to 4.2 g/day.No relationship was observed between blood pressure and sodium or potassium intake. Salivary sodium levels (both stimulated and unstimulated) were positiviely correlated with sodium excretion of the day preceding saliva collection.     

注射用哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠致局部组织坏死1例

目的探讨注射用哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠的药物不良反应。方法研究分析笔者所在医院在使用该药过程中发生的1例药物不良反应。结果注射用哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠静脉滴注致局部组织坏死。结论该药物不良反应可能是由于静脉滴注过程中药液渗漏所致。