颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及其相关因素与脑梗死的关系

目的 探讨颈动脉粥样硬化(CAS)斑块及血脂、血糖(BG)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)水平与脑梗死的关系.方法 对91例脑梗死患者应用彩色多普勒检测其颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)、斑块数和性状,同时检测血脂、BG、Fbg 水平,并与正常对照组比较.结果 (1)与正常对照组比较,脑梗死组IMT明显增厚、CAS斑块检出率、软斑百分比明显增高(均P＜0.05).(2)血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、BG及Fbg水平脑梗死组明显高于正常对照组(均 P＜0.05～0.01);脑梗死有斑块亚组明显高于无斑块亚组(均 P＜0.05～0.01).(3)脑梗死组IMT与TC、LDL、BG、Fbg水平呈正相关(r分别为0.32、0.34、0.30、0.36,P＜0.05～0.01).结论 脑梗死患者IMT增厚,CAS斑块及软斑发生率高.BG、TC、LDL及Fbg水平增高是脑梗死及CAS斑块发生的危险因素.     

急性脑梗死患者血浆纤维蛋白原和C反应蛋白水平的改变及其与病情和预后的关系

目的 探讨急性脑梗死(ACI)患者血浆纤维蛋白原(Fib)和C反应蛋白(CRP)水平的改变及其与病情和预后的关系.方法 检测86例脑梗死患者(CI组)、27例腔隙性脑梗死患者(LCI组)和48名健康人(正常对照组)的血浆Fib及CRP含量.在CI患者入院当天和4周时进行临床神经功能缺损程度评分(NDS)评定.结果 CI组和LCI组血浆Fib、CRP水平和异常率明显高于正常对照组(均P＜0.01);NDS重型患者血浆Fib、CRP含量明显高于中型、轻型患者(均P＜0.01);中型患者血浆CRP含量显著高于轻型患者(P＜0.01).血浆Fib和CRP含量异常组患者住院4周时显著进步和进步的比率明显低于正常对照组(均P＜0.01),而无变化和死亡的比率明显高于正常对照组(均P＜0.01).结论 ACI患者血浆Fjb和CRP水平均明显升高,病情重的患者升高更明显;血浆Fib、CRP含量升高的患者预后较差.     

脑梗死患者血尿酸水平与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的 探讨脑梗死患者血尿酸水平与颈动脉粥样硬化之间的关系.方法 对159例在我院住院的脑梗死患者,记录一般临床资料.同时检测血尿酸、血脂水平、血糖、血尿素氮、血肌酐,应用彩色多普勒超声检测其颈总动脉、颈内动脉及其分叉处的内膜中层厚度、斑块数,将其分为有颈动脉粥样硬化组和无颈动脉粥样硬化组,对影响动脉硬化发生的因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析,并比较各组间血尿酸水平.结果 动脉硬化组92例,无动脉硬化组67例,2组患者的性别、年龄、BMI、SUA、TC比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),2组患者的吸烟、高血压、糖尿病发生率及TG、HDL-C、LDL-C水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).Spearman相关分析结果显示,脑梗死患者SUA水平与BMI、LDL-C、TC、Cr及IMT呈正相关,与BG呈负相关,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Logistic回归分析表明,年龄、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟、SUA水平是AS的危险因素,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 脑梗死患者血尿酸水平与颈动脉粥样硬化的发生有相关性,血尿酸水平是颈动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因素.     

高尿酸对急性脑梗死患者近期疗效的影响

目的探讨高尿酸对急性脑梗死患者近期疗效的影响。方法回顾性分析160例急性脑梗死(发病<48h)患者血尿酸水平,分为高尿酸血症组80例和尿酸正常组80例,于治疗前及治疗后14d进行神经功能评分。结果高尿酸血症组神经功能缺损评分明显高于尿酸正常组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。脑梗死病死率高尿酸血症组较尿酸正常组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论高尿酸对急性脑梗死患者近期疗效差,测定急性脑梗死患者的血尿酸有助于判断病情及预后。     

脑梗死患者颈动脉斑块与血浆白介素-6、脂蛋白(a)、纤维蛋白原的关系

目的 观察脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与血浆白介素-6(IL-6)、脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]及纤维蛋白原(Fib)水平的关系.方法 对60例脑梗死患者行颈动脉超声检查,以发现颈动脉粥样硬化斑块并确定性质.检测脑梗死患者和30例健康体检者的血浆IL-6、Lp(a)、和Fib水平.结果 44例(73.3%)脑梗死患者有颈动脉斑块,16例(26.7%)无斑块;其中易损斑块27例(45%),非易损斑块17例(28.3%).脑梗死患者的血浆Fib水平均显著高于正常对照组(P均<0.05);易损斑块组的IL-6、Lp(a)水平显著高于非易损斑块组及正常对照组.IL-6 与Lp(a)、Fib水平呈正相关(P均<0.05).结论 血浆IL-6、Lp(a)与颈动脉粥样硬化易损斑块并发的脑梗死有关;血浆高Fib水平可促进脑梗死的发生.     

颈动脉内膜—中层厚度与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 探讨脑梗死患者颈动脉内膜—中层厚度(IMT)与胰岛素抵抗的关系.方法 选择106例脑梗死患者,采用彩色多普勒对颈动脉IMT进行测定,将研究对象分为两组:IMT＜1.0 mm组和IMT≥1.0 mm组.采用放射免疫法测定两组的空腹血胰岛素(FIns)水平,同时检测空腹血糖( FBG)、血脂,计算胰岛素敏感指数(ISI).结果 IMT≥1.0 mm组FIns显著高于IMT＜1.0 mm组,IMT≥1.0mm组ISI较IMT＜1.0 mm组显著降低,比较有差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 脑梗死患者IMT与胰岛素抵抗存在密切的关系.     

急性缺血性卒中患者血尿酸水平与脑白质病变的相关性研究

目的 探讨急性缺血性卒中患者血尿酸水平与脑白质病变（white matter lesions,WMLs）的相关性。 方法 连续入选2011年1月～2012年12月发病48 h内的首发缺血性卒中患者进行横断面研究,按 照Ylikoski评分将患者分为两组：重度WMLs组、无或轻度WMLs组。比较两组患者血糖、甘油三酯 （triglyceride,TG）、总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（low density lipoproteincholesterol, LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C）及血尿酸水 平,并行Logistic回归分析重度WMLs危险因素。 结果 共入选急性缺血性卒中患者321例,其中重度WMLs组159例,无或轻度WMLs组162例。重度 WMLs组患者年龄（P＜0.001）、糖尿病发生率（P =0.011）、血糖（P＜0.001）、血尿酸水平（P＜0.001）、 高尿酸血症发生率（P =0.002）均高于无或轻度WMLs组（P均＜0.05）,两组性别、高血压发生率、收 缩压、舒张压、心房颤动发生率、血TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C水平、吸烟史比例无显著差异。校正年 龄、性别、血压、伴发高血压、糖尿病、心房颤动、血糖、血脂及吸烟史后,年龄［比值比（odds ratio, OR）1.062,95%可信区间（confidence interval,CI）1.0008～1.119,P =0.023］、血尿酸水平（OR 1.531, 95%CI 1.186～1.975,P =0.001）和高尿酸血症（OR 1.131,95%CI 1.047～1.222,P =0.002）是急性缺血 性卒中患者发生重度WMLs的独立危险因素。 结论 血尿酸水平和高尿酸血症是急性缺血性卒中患者伴发重度WMLs的独立危险因素     

脑梗死与颈动脉粥样斑块及相关生化指标的关系

目的评价脑梗死与颈动脉粥样斑块及其相关生化指标的关系。方法对53例脑梗死患者进行颈动脉彩色超声检查,并取同期住院患者中无脑梗死者53例作为对照组,同时监测两组患者入院24 h内空腹血浆总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、血糖(FBG)及纤维蛋白原(Fib)的含量。结果脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样斑块发生率明显高于对照组,差别有显著性意义(P＜0．05);颈动脉粥样斑块阳性患者与颈动脉粥样斑块阴性患者的TC、TG、Fib及FBG的含量间差别均有显著性意义(P＜0．05)。结论脑梗死的发病与颈动脉粥样斑块的形成密切相关,有效控制血脂、Fib及FBG水平可降低颈动脉粥样斑块发生率;早期干预高血脂、高血糖、颈动脉斑块等对降低脑梗死发病率具有重要临床意义。     

高尿酸血症与颈动脉、股动脉粥样硬化及脑梗死的关系

目的探讨高尿酸血症与颈动脉、股动脉粥样硬化及脑梗死的关系。方法对410例脑梗死患者与126例非脑血管病患者行颈动脉、股动脉血管超声检查和血液生化检查,比较2组间尿酸与动脉粥样硬化斑块及脑梗死的关系。结果 脑梗死组血尿酸增高率48.8%,高于对照组的23.0%（P〈0.01）。尿酸正常者脑梗死组颈动脉、股动脉斑块检出率34.3%、19.0%,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。尿酸增高者脑梗死组颈动脉、股动脉斑块检出率67.5%、30.5%,明显高于对照组的24.1%、17.2%（P〈0.01）。在脑梗死组中,有动脉硬化情况者尿酸水平和高尿酸百分比高于无动脉硬化情况者;与无动脉硬化情况患者相比,随动脉硬化程度的加重尿酸水平呈上升趋势,且高尿酸百分比逐渐升高（P〈0.01）。结论 在脑梗死患者动脉粥样硬化斑块形成的过程中,血尿酸水平起重要作用。通过检查血尿酸、颈动脉与股动脉斑块可早期预防脑梗死,降低脑梗死发病率及致残率。     

急性脑梗死患者血尿酸水平与C反应蛋白纤维蛋白原相关性分析

目的：探讨急性脑梗死患者血脂、血尿酸、纤维蛋白原和C反应蛋白的变化及意义。方法检测并进行比较120例急性脑梗死患者与110例健康体检者血脂、血糖、血尿酸;120例急性脑梗死患者依据血尿酸水平,分为正常血尿酸组与高血尿酸组,比较2组甘油三酯（TG）、总胆同醇（TcH）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-c）、低密度脂蛋白胆同醇（LDL-c）、血尿酸（μA）、纤维蛋白原（Fib）、血糖（GLU）、C反应蛋白（CRP）。结果脑梗死组μA、GLU水平较健康对照组升高,差异有统计学意义（t＝4·736,P＝0·000;t＝5·99,P＝0·000）;脑梗死组依据尿酸进行分组,高尿酸组纤维蛋白原（Fib）差异有统计学意义（t＝2·279,P＝0·025）;血甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TcH）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-c）、低密度脂蛋白胆同醇（LDL-c）、血糖（GLU）、C反应蛋白（CRP）差异无统计学意义（P＞0·05）。结论血尿酸是急性脑梗死重要危险因素之一,血尿酸水平与纤维蛋白原呈正相关,可能参与凝血功能改变。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.