大脑中动脉供血区梗死灶形态与可能发病机制的回顾性研究

目的 探索大脑中动脉(MCA)供血区的梗死灶形态与脑卒中可能发病机制之间的关系.方法 回顾性分析了148例连续的急性缺血性脑卒中患者,所有患者均为颈内动脉(ICA)系统脑梗死,DWI显示相应MCA供血区责任病灶,根据血管及心脏检查将患者分为ICA病变组、MCA病变组、ICA+MCA病变组、心源性栓塞组(CE组)及检查结果阴性组(NR组).将梗死灶形态分为单发和多发,前者按部位分为:穿动脉梗死灶(PAI)、皮质支梗死灶(PI)、分水岭梗死灶(BZ)、大面积梗死灶.结果 MCA供血区的梗死灶形态可分为12种;不同病变所致脑卒中的梗死灶形态存在差异(χ2=55.88,P=0.004).但在MCA组、ICA组、MCA+ICA组及CE组中,未发现各自特异的梗死灶形态,仅PAI更多见于MCA组;与NR组相比,ICA组患者中更多出现PAI伴PI(7/27,χ2=6.61,P<0.05),而MCA组和CE组均未见特征性的梗死灶形态.动脉狭窄的程度与梗死灶形态亦存在一定关联,重度ICA病变更多地表现为PAl伴PI(5/16,χ2=7.32,P<0.05);而重度MCA病变则好发PAI伴BZ(4/30,χ2=5.59,P<0.05)及PAI伴PI和BZ(6/30,χ2=6.41,P<0.05).结论 MCA供血区内的梗死灶形态与其颅内动脉病变之间存在一定的关系,揭示脑卒中发生的不同机制,可能与动脉-动脉栓塞、灌注不良有关;我们以检查结果阴性患者为对照比较,尚不能完全揭示MCA供血区内的梗死灶形态和与脑卒中的不同机制之间的相关性.     

大脑中动脉狭窄与其深穿支供血区单发脑梗死的关系

目的 分析大脑中动脉(MCA)深穿支供血区单发脑梗死的形态学表现,进一步探讨其与MCA狭窄的关系.方法 连续入选2005年1月至2006年12月于北京协和医院神经科住院治疗急性脑梗死,并经头颅DWI检查明确急性梗死灶为单发,且位于MCA深穿支供血区域的55例患者;所有患者均行TCD和MRA检查,颅外颈内动脉狭窄>50%以及有可疑心源性栓子来源的患者从研究中排除.根据是否存在病灶同侧MCA狭窄将入选患者分为两组:MCA狭窄组(14例)与MCA正常组(41例).测量DWI上急性梗死灶的直径、面积和体积,并将直径≤2 cm归为经典腔隙性梗死,直径>2 cm归为纹状体内囊梗死.DWI上的梗死灶区分为基底节区、侧脑室体旁和同时累及上述2个部位,并判断MRI T2>像上皮质下多发陈旧性小梗死灶或白质疏松是否存在.结果 55例患者中,病灶侧MCA狭窄患者14例(25.5%),MCA正常患者41例(74.5%).MCA狭窄组中经典腔隙性梗死占71.4%,MCA正常组中经典腔隙性梗死占67.3%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.147,P=0.701).MCA狭窄组与正常组患者MCA深穿支梗死病灶的大小(包括直径、面积及体积)差异均无统计学意义.MCA正常组和MCA狭窄组病灶在基底节区、侧脑室体旁及基底节区+侧脑室体旁分布的比例依次为:正常组31.7%、17.1%和51.2%;狭窄组35.7%、28.6%和35.7%,两组间差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.272,P=0.529).同时存在皮质下多发陈旧性小梗死灶或白质疏松的患者在MCA正常组有23例(56.1%),在MCA狭窄组有3例(21.4%),二者差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.033,P=0.025).结论 MCA深穿支供血区梗死具有不同的发病机制,MCA狭窄和穿支动脉本身病变均可造成深穿支供血区单发脑梗死.梗死灶的大小、体积及梗死发生的部位与是否存在同侧大脑中动脉狭窄无明显相关性,而同时存在皮质下多发陈旧性小梗死灶或白质疏松对穿支动脉病变有提示作用.     

后循环梗死的危险因素分析

目的 探讨后循环梗死的主要危险因素.方法 回顾性分析216例急性后循环梗死患者的临床资料.根据头颅MRI的表现,将患者分为近段组、中段组、远端组、混合组以及单灶组、多灶组、单侧病灶组、双侧病灶组、腔隙性梗死(腔梗)组与非腔梗组;分析各组的危险因素.同时与同期住院的前循环梗死患者的危险因素进行对比.结果 216例后循环梗死患者中,有高血压为76.9%、糖尿病为36.6%、高脂血症为30.1%、既往有卒中史为26%、心脏疾病为22.2%;近段病变为6%,中段病变为24.5%,远段病变最高为49%;近端组的平均年龄[(57.92±12.81)岁]显著低于其他组(P<0.01),高脂血症发生率(61.5%)显著高于其他组(P<0.01);既往卒中史在多病灶组、双侧病灶组及腔梗组中明显高于单病灶、单侧病灶及非腔梗组(均P<0.01),而高脂血症在单病灶组中高于多病灶组,单侧病灶组高于双侧病灶组(均P<0.05).后循环梗死组平均年龄[(69.42±11.25)岁]大于前循环梗死组[(65.93±11.22)岁](P<0.01);高脂血症、糖尿病、既往卒中史发生率高于前循环梗死组(分别为20.7%、16.9%、14.6%)(P<0.05～0.01),而吸烟率(18.5%)低于前循环梗死组(38.5%)(P<0.01).结论 后循环梗死常见的危险因素是高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症与既往卒中史.与前循环梗死组相比,后循环梗死组年龄较大、血管危险因素患病率高.     

脑梗死患者血浆同型半胱氨酸与颅内动脉狭窄的相关性

目的 探讨脑梗死患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(plasma homocysteine,pHcy)与颅内动脉狭窄的相关性.方法 对185例脑梗死患者行MRA检查并按动脉硬化程度分组,比较不同程度颅内动脉硬化组患者血浆pHcy水平的变化.记录所有患者年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、高血压、糖尿病等传统危险因素,以及pHcy、三酰甘油(TG)、胆固醇(TC)等血生化指标.结果 (1)正常组、动脉硬化组和动脉狭窄组脑梗死患者高pHcy检出率分别为12.5%、37.5%、57.0%,随颅内动脉病变程度加重高pHcy检出率增高(P<0.05).(2)经多元逐步Logistic回归分析发现,pHcy水平升高是颅内动脉狭窄的独立危险因素(OR=2.033,95%CI:1.041～3.967,P<0.05).结论 pHcy水平升高与颅内动脉硬化程度有关,是脑梗死患者颅内动脉狭窄的独立危险因素.     

高同型半胱氨酸血症与颅内外血管狭窄的相关性研究

目的 探讨缺血性脑血管病患者高同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)血症与颅内外血管狭窄的关系.方法 应用全自动生化分析仪,用循环酶法检测405例缺血性脑血管病患者血清Hcy水平,同时检测血清叶酸、维生素B12水平,应用经颅多普勒(TCD)检测所有患者的颅内血管,应用双功能彩色多普勒检测颅外血管.根据检测结果将颈内动脉(ICA)分为:正常、轻度狭窄(＜50%)、中度狭窄(50%～69%)、重度狭窄(70%～99%)、闭塞;大脑中动脉(MCA)分为:正常、中度狭窄(50%～69%)、重度狭窄(70%～95%)、极度狭窄(＞95%).结果 有颅内外血管狭窄组血清Hcy水平显著高于无颅内外血管狭窄组(P<0.01),血清叶酸水平显著低于无颅内外血管狭窄组(P<0.05),血清维生素B12水平两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);ICA、MCA不同程度狭窄患者间血清Hcy水平差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01),血清叶酸水平差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),维生素B12水平差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);Hcy水平与ICA、MCA狭窄程度呈正相关(r=0.356 ,P<0.01;r=0.345 ,P<0.01);血清叶酸水平与ICA、MCA狭窄程度呈负相关(r=-0.272 ,P<0.05;r=-0.265,P<0.05).结论 高Hcy血症与颅内外血管狭窄程度密切相关,高Hcy血症可能是缺血性脑血管病新的危险因素.     

糖尿病性脑梗死临床特点分析

目的 评价首次发生糖尿病性脑梗死(DCI)的危险因素、影像学特征.方法 DCI组52例,非糖尿病性脑梗死(NDCI)组60例,比较2组的危险因素、梗死部位、梗死类型.结果 DCI组TG升高及HDL降低者较NDCI组显著(P<0.05).梗死部位两组无统计学差异,均以幕上病灶为主(P>0.05).DCI组更易发生腔隙性脑梗死(LACI)(P<0.01).结论 DCI具有血脂异常、梗死部位多位于皮层下及基底节区,易发生LACI等特点.     

428例短暂性脑缺血发作患者的临床资料分析

目的 分析短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的临床特点,探讨影响其预后的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析428例顺序入组的VIA患者的临床资料,按受累血管分为颈内动脉系统TIA和椎-基底动脉系统VIA两组,分别比较其症状持续时间和相应动脉狭窄与否与患者预后的相关性.结果 本研究共纳入VIA患者428例,其中颈内动脉系统295例(68.93%),椎-基底动脉系统133例(31.07%).颈内动脉系统TIA患者中,症状持续时间<10min者94例(31.86%),10min～1h者147例(49.83%),1～6h之间者44例(14.92%),>6h者10例(3.39%);椎-基底动脉系统TIA患者中,症状持续时间<10min者40例(30.08%),10min～1h者56例(42.11%),1～6h之间者24例(18.05%),>6h者13例(9.77%).患者的预后与发作持续时间显著相关(P<0.005).颈内动脉系统TIA患者接受血管检查276例,相应动脉有狭窄者148例(53.62%),其中,症状缓解者动脉狭窄发生率为47.17%,反复发作后缓解者54.59%,发展为梗死者62.5%;椎-基底动脉系统VIA患者受检117例,相应动脉有狭窄者37例(31.62%),其中,症状缓解者发生率28.00%,反复发作后缓解者28.24%,发展为梗死者85.71%.患者的预后与发作持续时间有相关性(P<0.05).椎-基底动脉系统TIA患者的预后与相应动脉狭窄密切相关(P<0.01),颈内动脉系统TIA患者转归与重度相应动脉狭窄相关(P<0.05).结论 TIA患者的预后与症状持续时间及相应动脉狭窄密切相关.在临床工作中,应密切关注TIA症状持续时间,并应高度重视患者脑动脉狭窄情况的检查.     

维、汉族缺血性脑血管病患者颅内外动脉狭窄的发生率、分布及危险因素

目的 探讨维、汉族缺血性脑血管病(ICVD)患者颅内外动脉狭窄的发生率、分布及危险因素.方法 对165例汉族、108例维族ICVD患者行DSA检查,以及血糖、血脂水平检查.对两组患者的颅内外动脉狭窄发生率、分布特点和脑卒中危险因素进行统计分析.结果 汉族组有颅内外动脉狭窄103例(62.4%),维族组为70例(64.8%),两组差异无统计学意义.汉族组与维族组颅内动脉、颅外动脉及颅内外动脉狭窄的比率差异无统计学意义.汉族组患者颅内外动脉狭窄与年龄、高血压、吸烟、低高密度脂蛋白(HDL)血症有关(P<0.05～0.01);维族组患者动脉狭窄与年龄、高血压、糖尿病、高三酰甘油(TG)血症有关 (均P<0.05).Logistic多因素回归分析显示,年龄、高血压、低HDL血症是汉族组颅内外动脉狭窄的独立危险因素 (P<0.05～0.01);而维族组的则为高血压、糖尿病、高TG血症(均P<0.05).结论 维、汉族ICVD患者颅内外动脉狭窄的发生率及分布差异无统计学意义;高血压是维、汉族ICVD患者颅内外动脉狭窄的共同的独立危险因素,而年龄、低HDL血症和糖尿病、高TG血症则分别是汉族和维族的独立危险因素.     

急性脑梗死的体积及部位与脑卒中相关性肺炎的关系

目的 探讨急性脑梗死(ACI)的体积及部位与脑卒中相关性肺炎(SAP)的关系.方法 分析281例ACI患者的梗死灶体积及部位与SAP的关系.结果 281例ACI患者根据其梗死灶体积分为微小病灶组(54例)、中等病灶组(127例)、大病灶组(61例)及超大病灶组(39例),SAP发生率分别为13.0%、11.0%、31.1%、61.5%,超大病灶组SAP的发生率明显高于其他3组(均P<0.01).按梗死灶的部位分组的左半球组(97例)、右半球组(122例)和双侧病灶组(11例),SAP发生率分别为16.5%、24.6%、72.7%,双侧病灶组SAP发生率较单侧半球组明显增加(均P<0.05);皮质组(57例)、皮质下组(126例)、皮质+皮质下组(47例)SAP的发生率分别为16.3%、11.1%、53.2%,皮质+皮质下组SAP的发生率显著高于其他两组,并且皮质组显著高于皮质下组(均P<0.05);前循环组(161例)、后循环组(61例)、前+后循环组(59例)SAP的发生率分别为15.5%、19.7%、45.8%,前+后循环组SAP发生率较其他两组明显增高(均P<0.05).结论 大病灶脑梗死、皮质脑梗死、多发性脑梗死患者更容易发生SAP.     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者短期预后及相关危险因素的分析

目的 观察短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者发病后90 d的预后及其与各种危险因素的相关性.方法 对61例临床确诊为TIA患者的90 d随访及相关危险因素的资料进行分析;并对其头颅MR弥散加权成像(DWI)异常与正常患者的预后进行比较.结果 61例中90 d内发生各种严重血管事件10例(16.4%).其中DWI异常者发生率为50%(8/16),正常者发生率为4.7%(2/43).二者预后的比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);伴有糖尿病的TIA患者与预后存在相关性(OR值为7.6,P<0.05).结论 DWI异常、伴有糖尿病的TIA患者预后差.DWI的结果对TIA预后的判断有较大帮助.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.