食管鳞癌HPV感染与病毒致癌基因E6的关系

目的：探讨人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）与食管鳞状细胞癌的关系。方法：采用多重引物多聚酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）的免疫组化技术、对１０４例食管鳞癌进行ＨＰＶ ＤＮＡ和病毒癌基因Ｅ６蛋白检测。结果：ＨＰＶ ＤＮＡ阳性者占５０．９６％（５３／１０４），其中ＨＰＶ１６型ＤＮＡ４９．０６％（２６／５３），ＨＰＶ１８型 ＤＮＡ５．６％（３／５３），ＨＰＶ６／１１ ＤＮＡ７．５％（４／５３）；两上或三个类型的混合感染占３７．     

宫颈癌组织中HPV16,18E6蛋白表达的观察

目的观察ＨＰＶ１６、１８早期蛋白Ｅ６在人宫颈鳞状细胞癌中的表达并评价Ｅ６单抗的应用价值。方法采用ＳＰ免疫组化染色法,检测４０例宫颈鳞状细胞癌,３０例慢性宫颈炎及３０例正常宫颈组织中ＨＰＶ１６、１８Ｅ６蛋白的表达。结果癌组中Ｅ６的阳性率为６７．５％（２７／４０）,慢性宫颈炎中为３．３％（１／３０）,正常宫颈组织中均为阴性,良、恶组ＨＰＶ１６、１８Ｅ６的阳性率差异有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论ＨＰＶ１６、１８感染与本地区宫颈癌病因学密切相关,Ｅ６单抗可作为预测ＨＰＶ１６、１８感染及宫颈癌早期诊断的标记之一。     

卵巢上皮性肿瘤p16抑癌基因突变与HPV感染的研究

采用聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性分析（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）技术，对同一卵巢上皮性肿瘤石蜡包埋组织中ｐ１６基因（第二外显子）突变及人乳头状瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）感染进行相关性研究。并与正常卵巢组织进行对照。结果，２８例卵巢上皮性肿瘤组织中ｐ１６基因突变１５例，突变率为５３．６％（１５／２８），其中７例伴有ＨＰＶ１６型或ＨＰＶ１８型感染，占突变率的４６．７％。在卵巢上皮性肿瘤组ＨＰＶ１６、１８ＤＮＡ阳性率为５３．６％（１５／２８），对照组ＨＰＶ１６、１８ＤＮＡ阳性率为５．６（１／１８），二者比较有显著性差异。提示：卵巢上皮性肿瘤中ｐ１６基因突变与ＨＰＶ１６、１８型感染有关。ＨＰＶ１６、１８型感染与卵巢上皮肿瘤密切相关     

尖锐湿疣组织中人乳头状瘤病毒的检测

用免疫组织化学、ＤＮＡ原位杂交和聚合酶链反应技术，检测人生殖器尖锐湿疣和女阴假性湿疣组织中人乳头状瘤病毒衣壳抗原（ＨＰＶ－Ａｇ）和病毒核酸序列（ＨＰＶ－ＤＮＡ），并观察了ＨＰＶ在尖锐湿疣组织中的分布特点与病变组织学改变的关系。结果显示尖锐湿疣中ＨＰＶ－Ａｇ阳性率为７１．４％（３５／４９）；原位杂交ＨＰＶ６／１１ＤＮＡ阳性率为９６．５％（２８／２９）；ＰＣＲ扩增后尖锐湿疣ＨＰＶ６／１１／１６／１８ＤＮＡ阳性率为１００％（５３／５３）；假性湿疣ＨＰＶ６／１１／１６／１８ＤＮＡ阳性率为２１．４％（３／１４）。观察ＨＰＶ－Ａｇ和ＨＰＶ－ＤＮＡ分布，表明ＨＰＶ增殖性感染和尖锐湿疣特异的病理改变密切相关。     

用通用引物聚合酶链反应对宫颈刮片中人乳头瘤病毒感染的快速筛检

用通用引物聚合酶链反应（ＧＰ－ＰＣＲ）可同时对人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）６、１１、１６、１８、３１、３３等型进行检测。该方法成功地用于临床宫颈刮片样品广谱ＨＰＶ感染的筛检。结果，宫颈癌组ＨＰＶ检出率（８５．５％）明显高于非癌组（１３．９％）（Ｐ＜０．０１）；对宫颈癌放疗前后ＨＰＶ阳性率比较，二者亦有明显差异（８５．５％，４３．７％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。证明ＧＰ－ＰＣＲ是一种在大规模人群中快速筛检多型ＨＰＶ感染的有效方法。     

不同引物介导的聚合酶链反应检测人乳头瘤病毒DNA

应用３对人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）引物对１０７例各种宫颈标本进行了聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增。结果显示，共同引物（ＧＰ）扩增，有５８．８％（３０／５１）宫颈鳞癌，１００％（１４／１４）尖锐湿疣、１３．６％（３／２２）宫颈炎和１０％（２／２０）正常宫颈出现ＨＰＶ阳性。型特异性引物ＳＰ１６／ＳＰ１８扩增，有３７．２％（１９／５１）宫颈鳞癌２５．７％（５／１４）尖锐湿疣和５％（１／２０）正常宫颈出现ＨＰＶ１６型阳性，５．８％（３／５１）宫颈鳞癌为ＨＰＶ１８型阳性。进一步用ＳＰ１６ｂ引物扩增，没有１例ＨＰＶ１６ｂ亚型被发现。说明宜颈磷癌和尖锐湿疣与ＨＰＶ感染有关，结合应用共同引物和型特异性引物可作为ＨＰＶ检测与分型方法。     

膀胱移行细胞癌P21,P185,p53蛋白表达及ras,p53基因突变的检测

为探讨基因的改变在膀胱移行细胞癌发生过程中的意义，应用免疫组织化学及聚合酶链反应－限制性片段长度多肽性法，检测１５０例膀胱移行细胞癌Ｐ２１、Ｐ１８５、ｐ５３蛋白表达以及５０例ｒａｓ、ｐ５３基因突变。结果表明：膀胱移行细胞癌Ｐ２１、Ｐ１８５、ｐ５３蛋白表达阳性率分别为５９．３％（８９例）、５５．３％（８３例）、２９．３％（４４例）。Ｐ２１、ｐ１８５蛋白表达阳性率与膀胱移行细胞癌分级呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５），ｐ５３蛋白表达与膀胱移行细胞癌分级呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ｐ２１、ｐ５３蛋白表达阳性率与预后呈显著相关，Ｐ２１与预后呈负相关。７３例膀胱移行细胞癌存在两种以上蛋白共同表达。膀胱移行细胞癌Ｈａ－ｒａｓ癌基因第１２位密码子突变１６例（３２％），ｐ５３基因突变９例（１８％），均为２４８位点突变。Ｈａ－ｒａｓ第１２位点突变随病理分级增高而增高，与膀胱移行细胞癌分级显著相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ｒａｓ基因、ｐ５３基因突变与预后显著相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ｒａｓ基因、ｐ５３基因突变患者死亡率高于无突变患者。４例膀胱移行细胞癌存在ｒａｓ基因及ｐ５３基因共同突变。     

人喉癌组织中人乳头瘤病毒DNA的检测

目的为探讨喉癌与人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）感染的关系和ＨＰＶ在喉癌中基因组型的分布与表达。方法应用聚合酶链反应技术（ＰＣＲ）制备非放射性探针标记物－地高辛标记ＨＰＶ共有引物探针,对１４６例喉不同病变的新鲜组织标本（喉癌６８例,喉其它病变４８例,正常喉组织３０例）,进行ＨＰＶ６,１１,１６,１８,３１,３３,３５,４２,５８共９型ＨＰＶＤＮＡ感染的检测;阳性者用多重引物ＰＣＲ方法分型。结果喉癌ＨＰＶ感染阳性率４５．６％（３１／６８）,喉癌颈转移淋巴结组织阳性率２０．０％（３／１５）,喉癌前病变阳性率１１．８％（２／１７）,声带息肉阳性率６．３％（１／１６）,１５例癌旁及１５例癌周正常喉组织均为ＨＰＶＤＮＡ阴性。ＨＰＶＤＮＡ型别分布在喉癌中以ＨＰＶ１６、１８型为主,喉良性病变中以ＨＰＶ６、１１型为主。结论喉癌发生与ＨＰＶ感染有关。     

HPV16,18E6蛋白与p21ras,p53在食管癌组织中表达

采用ＳＰ免疫组化法对５２例食管鳞状细胞癌和３０例食管粘膜慢性炎（对照组）进行高危ＨＰＶ１６、１８Ｅ_６和ｐ２１ｒａｓ、ｐ５３癌基因产物的检测。结果表示：鳞癌组中Ｅ_６的阳性率为６７．３１％，与对照组相比差异有极显著性（Ｐ＜０．００１），其中Ｅ_６与ｐ５３呈双阳性者为５５．７７％（２９／５２）、８９．６６％（２６／２９），显示两者阳性着色出现在部分相同区域同一癌细胞核内（似表明Ｅ_６可与ｐ５３结合形成复合物从而导致野生型ｐ５３的降解）。本组ｐ２１ｒａｓ与ｐ５３、ｐ５３与Ｅ_６的阳性表达均具相关性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提出ＨＰＶ１６、１８感染与本地区食管癌病因学密切相关，Ｅ_６抗体是诊断ＨＰＶ１６、１８感染的良好标记。     

中国妇女宫颈癌组织中人乳头瘤病毒感染及其地理分布…

应用核酸印迹技术（Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ）对我国十四省市自治区的１４５５例来源宫颈癌，宫颈不典型增生，宫颈湿疣和正常宫颈组织，进行人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）感染的型别检测，并分析了其型别地理分布特点，结果发现，８１５例宫颈癌组织ＨＰＶ总检出率５３．５％，其中ＨＰＶ１６和５８型检出率最高，分别是３１．９％和７．６％，ＨＰＶ６／１１和１８型的检出率为２．３％和１．０％，而在１９５例宫颈上皮不典型增生中，     

Prevalence of six types of human papillomavirus in inverted papilloma and papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: an evaluation by polymerase chain reaction.

AIMS: To study the prevalence of high risk oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) in inverted papilloma and papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. METHODS: Ten cases of inverted papilloma and 20 cases of papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder from Chinese patients in Hong Kong were examined for the presence of HPV type 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 33 genomes using the polymerase chain reaction and HPV type specific primer probe combinations on paraffin wax embedded biopsy specimens. RESULTS: Of the 10 cases of inverted papilloma, cases 1 and 6 showed the presence of HPV types 16 and 18, respectively. Six of the 20 papillary transitional cell carcinomas were positive for HPV type 18. The other HPV types were not detected. CONCLUSIONS: HPV type 18 was found in 60% and 30% of cases of inverted papilloma and papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, respectively. These tumours were rarely associated with HPV types 6, 11, 16, 31, and 33. The role of HPV type 18 in oncogenesis of inverted papilloma and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder requires further studies.     

人乳头瘤病毒L2氨基端蛋白的同源性及其交叉反应特性研究

目的 研究人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)次要衣壳蛋白(L2)在临床常见HPV感染型别中的同源性及其交叉反应特性.方法 采用生物信息学方法对临床常见HPV感染型别中的L2氨基酸序列进行比对,发现其氨基端1～200序列具有高度同源性.采用PCR法从宫颈癌患者组织DNA中扩增HPV16 L2(1～200)肽段的碱基序列,将其克隆至原核表达载体PGEX-4T-1得到重组质粒PGEX-4T-1-HPV16 L2(1～200).将测序鉴定正确的重组质粒转入E.coli BL21(DF3)中,经异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达,SDS-PAGE和Western blot鉴定;进一步通过Western blot检测HPV16L2(1～200)融合蛋白与HPV6、11、16和18型DNA检测阳性临床患者血清的特异性结合能力;以镍螯合亲和层析柱(Ni-NTA Agarose)纯化的HPV16 L2(1～200)融合蛋白作为包被抗原,采用间接ELISA法对98例尖锐湿疣患者、135例宫颈癌患者及96例健康对照者血清进行特异性血清IgG抗体检测.结果 在HPV6、11、18、35等14个临床常见型别中,与HPV16 L2的1～200间的氨基酸序列比较,同源性达到52.7%～74.3%;成功构建了含有HPV16 L2(1～200)的重组质粒PGEX-4T-1-HPV16 L2(1～200),含有HPV16 L2(1～200)的融合蛋白在原核表达体系中呈高效表达,表达量占总蛋白的22.6%;表达产物的相对分子质量(Mr)约49×103,与预期Mr相符;以HPV6、11、16和18 DNA阳性患者血清为一抗进行Western blot分析,结果显示,在Mr约49×103处出现特异性条带.ELISA结果显示,尖锐湿疣组、宫颈癌组患者血清及健康对照者血清抗体均值分别为0.753±0.262、0.756±0.274和0.178±0.157,阳性率分别为89.8%、88.9%和9.4%.三组间血清抗体均值及阳性率比较差异均具有统计学意义(P均＜0.001),而尖锐湿疣组和宫颈癌组间的血清抗体均值比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 HPV L2 N端1～200氨基酸序列具有高度同源性,并在HPV6、11、16和18型别间具有交叉反应.     

Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in urinary bladder carcinoma by in situ hybridisation.

AIMS: To investigate the sensitivity of an in situ hybridisation system to detect human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in transitional cell bladder cancer and to evaluate the advantages of analysing multiple biopsies; to examine the correlation between HPV tumour infection detected by in situ hybridisation and the presence of serum anti-HPV antibodies detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); and to relate the presence of viral infection to grade, stage, and follow up in cases of bladder cancer. METHODS: The in situ hybridisation technique was used with broad spectrum and type specific (6/11, 16/18, 31/33/35) probes against HPV DNA in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues from 43 cases of bladder cancer. The results were analysed for the presence and type of papillomavirus and correlated with clinicopathological variables. RESULTS: The presence of HPV DNA was identified by the in situ hybridisation technique in 17 of 43 cases of bladder cancer; 12 of these were serum antibody positive and 10 had had multiple biopsies. Fifteen of the cases that were negative for HPV DNA by in situ hybridisation had positive serum serology when tested by ELISA. In 14 cases, the HPV was either types 16/18 or types 31/33/35, both of which carry high oncogenic risk. The stage (p < 0.05) and grade (NS) of the tumour and the outcome on follow up (p < 0.05) were correlated with the presence of HPV infection. CONCLUSIONS: ELISA is not useful in identifying patients with HPV positive bladder cancer, but the use of several probes and multiple biopsies increases the detection rate of HPV in neoplastic tissues. The association between tumour virus infection and high grade/high stage tumours and worse outcome suggests that HPV infection of neoplastic tissue has a negative effect on the behaviour and evolution of transitional cell bladder carcinoma.     

TP53 gene expression in HPV-positive oral tongue SCC and its correlation with nodal metastasis

In this study, we investigated the prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and TP53 expression in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue and, subsequently, its significance in cervical lymph node metastases and tumor differentiation. Sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from 94 histologically confirmed tongue SCC cases were investigated in this study. Immunohistochemistry was used to study TP53 expression, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for the detection of high risk HPV types (16 and 18). The frequency of HPV-16 and HPV-18 infection was 10.6% and 16%, respectively. Overexpression of TP53 was observed in 70.2% of patients. Young patients (aged below 45 years) comprised 20% of all patients. There was no significant association between TP53, HPV-16, or HPV 18 presence and higher stages of the tumor, tumor differentiation, or presence of nodal metastasis. Although an association between head and neck SCC and HPV infection is being recognized and reported, our data implicate that HPV infection or TP53 expression does not play a significant role in oral tongue SCC pathogenesis, differentiation, or metastasis, as seen in our patients.     

p53 OVEREXPRESSION AND HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION IN TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE URINARY BLADDER: CORRELATION WITH HISTOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

Seventy-nine transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) of the urinary bladder (25 grade 1, 22 grade 2, and 32 grade 3 tumours) were examined for p53 overexpression by immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody and for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Positive immunostaining for p53 was detected in 40·5 per cent of the cases; the percentage of positive cases was significantly lower in low-grade (G1 and G2) TCCs than in high-grade (G3) tumours (10·6 per cent vs. 84·4 per cent; P <0·0001). The overall rate of HPV infection was 32·9 per cent; 20·3 per cent of the cases were positive for HPV 16, 3·8 per cent for HPV 18, and 8·9 per cent for both. Consensus primers as well as type-specific primers for HPV types 6, 11, and 33 failed to detect any additional case with HPV infection. The prevalence of HPV 16 and/or HPV 18 infection was significantly higher in low-grade than in high-grade tumours (44·7 per cent vs. 15·6 per cent; P =0·0061). p53-positive cases were more common among papillary, deeply infiltrating tumours, and HPV-positive cases among papillary, non-infiltrating lesions. According to these data, p53 overexpression and HPV 16/18 infection are common findings in bladder TCC and there appears to be an inverse correlation of p53 overexpression and of HPV infection with tumour aggressiveness. The possibility of different molecular pathways in superficial low-grade and in invasive high-grade tumours is suggested.     

Characterization of human papillomavirus infection,P53 and Ki-67 expression in cervix cancer of Mozambican women

In this study, we aimed at evaluating the distribution of HPV types and the expression of P53 and Ki-67 in cervix carcinomas of Mozambican women. Fourty-seven invasive carcinomas, 10 CIN III, and 10 normal cervix were studied. P53 and Ki-67 expression was examined immunohistochemically. HPV infection and HPV types were detected by PCR (GP5+/bio-GP6+) and enzyme-immunoassay, respectively. Expression of P53 and Ki-67 and detection of HPV were as follows: normal cervix--0%, 10%, and 0%, respectively; CIN III--10%, 0%, and 100%, respectively; invasive carcinomas--50%, 55.5%, and 70%, respectively. HPV 16 was identified in 54% of invasive carcinomas, HPV 31, 33, 35, and 45 in 23%, "unidentified" HPV in 19%, and HPV 18 in 4% of invasive carcinomas. No significant associations were observed between P53 expression, Ki-67 expression, and HPV infection. In conclusion, we observed a high frequency of HPV infection in CIN III lesions and invasive carcinomas from Mozambican women, with HPV 16 representing the most frequent viral type. HPV status was not related to P53 and Ki-67 expression. Both P53 and Ki-67 are associated with invasive cervix carcinomas, mainly of the squamous keratinizing histotype.     

HPV感染和p53异常表达与宫颈鳞癌的关系

目的研究宫颈鳞癌与p53蛋白表达和HPV感染的关系,探讨宫颈鳞癌的形成机制。方法采用RT-PCR法分别检测p53基因在39例宫颈鳞癌组织和39例正常宫颈黏膜组织中的表达情况以及PCR方法检测HPV在这些组织中的感染情况。结果 HPV在宫颈鳞癌组中阳性率为48.72%(19/39),正常组织中为14.81%(4/27),p53基因表达在宫颈鳞癌组中阳性率为53.85%(21/39),正常组织中为18.52%(5/27),宫颈癌组的HPV感染和p53表达均高于正常组(P0.05)。结论 HPV感染与p53基因的异常表达与宫颈鳞癌发生密切相关,联合检测能提高准确性。     

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: low incidence of human papillomavirus DNA detected by the polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization

Viral studies on mammalian urothelium have shown an association between the bovine papillomavirus and cancer of the bladder in cattle. However, the evidence for human papillomavirus (HPV) involvement in urinary bladder in man is less clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between HPV DNA and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, using the highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and non-isotopic DNA in situ hybridization on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 76 patients. An HPV type specific set of primers was localized on the E6-gene for HPV 16/18 DNA. The second and third set of primers were specific for HPV 6/11 DNA. A biotinylated DNA probe which recognizes HPV 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33/35 was used for in situ hybridization. Of the 76 cases investigated, PCR analysis showed positive signals in seven (9.2%) of cases–six for HPV 16 DNA, and one for HPV 16 DNA and HPV 6 DNA. Four (5.2%) were also reactive for HPV 16/18 DNA using in situ hybridization. Most transitional cell carcinomas (71.4%) associated with HPV DNA were of high pathological grade/stage. One case had koilocytosis. Our results suggest that HPV DNA in transitional cell carcinoma is probably a rare occurrence, although the finding of the high risk HPV 16 DNA may indicate a role for it in this tumour's aetiology.     

阴茎癌中p53表达与HPV16、18 DNA的检测

目的：研究阴茎癌中p53表达与HPV DNA感染的关系。方法：应用免疫组化技术LSAB法检测33例阴茎癌p53表达及PCR技术检测HPV16、18DNA。结果：33例阴茎癌中，p53阳性表达率51.5%(17/33)；HPV16 DNA阳性率30.3%(10/33)；HPV18 DNA阳性率3.03%(1/33)。结论：阴茎癌中p53表达表明p53突变在阴茎癌发生中有一定意义。阴茎癌发生与HPV16和18型感染有关。