Fracture rare du corps du talus: à propos d’un cas et revue de littérature

Fracture of the talar body is rare; it reaches articular congruence and determines the ankle’s functional prognosis. We report the case of a fracture of the talar body with sagittal features associated with fracture of the medial malleolus in an 18-year-old patient; the mechanism of the fracture was plantar hyperflexion, internal rotation and axial compression. The patient was treated with open reduction and stabilization with two small screws for the talus and two others for the medial malleolus. The outcome after six months was good. A study of the mechanism is presented along with a literature review, therapeutic factors and prognosis.     

Fracture dislocation of the talus combined with pilon or bimalleolar fracture: a report of two cases

Talar fractures are uncommon and talar body fracture dislocations are still rare. Simultaneous fractures of the ankle and the talar body are rare and the reported incidence in the literature is fewer than 1% of the ankle fractures. We present two cases of patients, who sustained a simultaneous fracture dislocation of talar body with fracture of medial malleolus and/or tibial pilon. The patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation of talus through the malleolar fracture. They were evaluated at 1 year (case 1) and 8 years (case 2) of follow-up. The prognosis after this fracture dislocation is poor because of the very high risk of avascular necrosis and arthritis, even after anatomic reduction.     

急诊经内踝截骨入路治疗距骨颈骨折合并距骨体脱位

目的：探讨急诊经内踝截骨入路治疗距骨颈骨折合并距骨体脱位的疗效。方法：1995年6月至2007年10月收治24例距骨颈骨折合并距骨体脱位患者,男18例,女6例;年龄28～58岁,平均35.4岁。伤后到就诊时间0.5～12h。右侧15例,左侧9例;闭合伤22例,开放性创伤2例。均在入院后5h内采用急诊经内踝截骨入路整复固定。结果：24例均获随访,时间6～60个月,采用Kenwright评定标准,优18例,良4例,可2例,差0例。结论：急诊经内踝截骨手术入路,操作简单,显露清楚,复位固定容易,对距骨血运破坏小,是治疗距骨颈骨折合并距骨体脱位,降低距骨坏死率的有效方法。     

Peroneal Tendons Rupture in a Closed Talar Body Fracture: A Rare Injury

The combination of tendon and ligament ruptures with fracture of the talus is very rare. We demonstrate our experience in the acceptable management of a 34-year-old male referred with a closed comminuted fracture of the talar body after falling 7 meters. During the surgery, complete rupture of the peroneus brevis tendon, partial rupture of the peroneus longus tendon, and an avulsed superficial deltoid ligament from medial malleolus were found. Twelve months after open reduction and internal fixation of the talar body fracture and repair of the peroneal tendons and superficial deltoid ligament, the patient was satisfied, without any talar dome collapse, sclerosis, or arthritic changes. It is recommended to take care of possible tendon or ligament ruptures during fixation of talar fractures in cases of high-energy trauma.     

Hawkins-Typ-III-Fraktur

These injuries are extremely rare and severe. The literature describes only individual cases of such injuries. We report a case of a displaced fracture of the talar neck with a complete posterior dislocation and rotation of the body of the talus (Hawkins type III) associated with medial malleolus fracture, treated with the method of urgent open reduction and internal fixation of the talar neck and medial malleolus as well as with the method of distraction external fixation.A 26-year-old male was injured after a fall from a height of over 8 m and was admitted as an emergency to the University Orthopedic and Traumatology Clinic in Nis. Surgery was performed within 4 h postinjury. He was mobilized with crutches with non-weight bearing. The external fixator was removed 10 weeks postsurgery, when physical therapy was initiated. The follow-up was 3 years. There were neither early nor late postoperative complications. Three years postinjury, movements in the ankle joint were satisfactory (plantar flexion 35 degrees , dorsal flexion up to 10 degrees , moderately limited movements in the subtalar joint). There were no signs of avascular necrosis; the patient walked normally and went back to physical work 2 years postinjury.Urgent open reduction and internal fixation of the Hawkins type III fracture with dislocation of the talus and distraction external fixation can play an important role in the prevention of avascular necrosis of the talus and other complications which follow this injury.     

Fourteen years follow up of an unclassified Talar body fracture with review of literature

Talar body fractures are rare. Four major types of talar neck fractures are known but talar body fractures are rarely described. An unusual case of a sagittal fracture of the body of talus is reported in this article. No similar cases are reported in the English literature to the best of our knowledge. The risk of avascular necrosis is very high and accurate reduction with solid fixation remains the key to better outcome. We discuss the possible mechanism of injury along with review of literature.     

Closed total (pan-talar) dislocation of the talus with delayed presentation: a rare case report and review of the literature

Major fractures and dislocation of the talus and peritalar joint are uncommon. We present here a very rare case of injury with delayed presentation of closed total talus dislocation with fractured medial malleolus and posterior talar tubercle fracture. This report analyzes previous reports in the literature and the proposed treatment.     

A talar body fracture combined with bimalleolar ankle fracture

Ankle fractures combined with a talar body fracture imply either the medial or the lateral malleolus. The only report of a talar fracture combined with a bimalleolar ankle fracture found in the literature is referred to a talar neck fracture. We report a case of a simultaneous talar body fracture and bimalleolar ankle fracture in a young patient. This combined injury pattern appears to be very rare; one similar case was reported in the literature. An open reduction and internal fixation of the talar body fracture as well as the bimalleolar fracture, followed by a prolonged non-weight bearing, led to a fracture healing with no evidence of osteonecrosis. At the last follow-up, the functional result was satisfactory.     

The key role of the lateral malleolus in displaced fractures of the ankle.

The reason why late degenerative arthritis developed in some patients who had sustained displaced bimalleolar fractures of the ankle was investigated. The roentgenograms indicated that incomplete reduction of the lateral malleolus and a residual talar tilt were present. When bimalleolar fractures were created in cadavera the talus could be anatomically repositioned only when the lateral malleolus was accurately reduced. Fifty-three patients with bimalleolar fractures were treated by anatomically fixing the lateral malleolus with a four-hole plate. There was an anatomical reduction of the talus and medial malleolus in each instance and there were no late cases of degenerative arthritis when these patients were followed for from six months to nine years. We concluded that the lateral malleolus is the key to the anatomical reduction of bimalleolar fractures, because the displacement of the talus faithfully followed that of the lateral malleolus.     

Hawkins Group I fracture of neck of talus and Salter Harris Type III tibial epiphyseal injury of medial malleolus

We are reporting an unusual combination of Hawkins Group I fracture of the neck of left talus in association with Salter Harris Type III distal tibial epiphyseal injury of medial malleolus in a child with cerebral palsy and hemiplegia of contralateral limbs and discussed the possible mechanism as well as management. Fractures of medial malleolus usually occur in Hawkins Group III fracture-dislocations in adults. Forced dorsiflexion of talus against the anterior edge of tibia appears to be the accepted common mechanism, despite limited experimental and clinical evidence incriminating axial compression. Fracture of medial malleolus implicates supination. We managed this unusual pattern of injury conservatively. At 15 months, the child was asymptomatic with no radiological evidence of avascular necrosis of body of talus or growth disturbance of distal tibial epiphysis.     

The Edinburgh variant of a talar body fracture: a case report

We describe a novel closed pantalar dislocation with an associated sagittal medial talar body and medial malleolus fractures. Closed reduction was attempted unsuccessfully. Open reduction was performed, revealing a disrupted talonavicular joint with instability of the calcaneocuboid joint. This configuration required stabilisation with an external fixator. There were no signs of avascular necrosis, or arthrosis at 15 months follow but is currently using a stick to mobilise.     

The inverted Y approach to the talus and ankle joint

A case of a comminuted fracture of the body of the talus and the medial malleolus is reported. The inverted Y approach was used to expose the talus and ankle joint, facilitating reduction and internal fixation.     

踝关节镜在踝关节骨折治疗中的价值

目的探讨踝关节镜在踝关节骨折治疗中的价值。方法 2009年12月～2011年7月26例踝关节骨折在踝关节镜下探查踝关节腔,清理撕裂韧带、水肿滑膜、损伤软骨,在踝关节镜辅助下复位、固定骨折,修复、重建损伤的韧带。结果软骨损伤部位同时累及胫骨远端关节面及距骨上关节面6例;累及距骨内侧面12例,其中5例同时合并内踝损伤,1例同时合并内、外踝损伤;同时合并外踝及距骨外侧面损伤8例,其中1例同时合并内踝及距骨体部损伤。关节镜下软骨碎片取出术11例,软骨复位固定9例,关节面修整、微骨折术6例;距下关节镜检查示软骨损伤及韧带松弛5例,距跟韧带断裂3例,均在关节镜辅助下行修复重建术。手术时间40～160 min,平均90 min;术中出血量10～300 ml,平均100 ml。术中均无神经、血管损伤,术后无感染病例,切口一期愈合。术后3个月采用改良McGuire评分系统评定临床疗效：优15例（81～100分）,良9例（71～80分）,可2例（65～70分）。26例随访3～24个月,平均9个月,骨折全部愈合。结论踝关节镜辅助治疗踝关节骨折能够精确解剖复位关节面,及时发现、处理软骨、韧带等合并损伤,创伤小,治疗效果满意。     

Talar body fracture combined with bimalleolar fracture

The incidence of talar fractures is relatively low affecting usually young patients, while recent epidemiological studies have shown that talar body fractures represent a significant proportion of the total number of talar fractures. Talar body fractures are usually high-energy injuries and often a combined talar neck and body fracture is noted. An association between talar body fractures and ankle fractures has also been recorded involving the medial or lateral malleolus. The only report of a talar fracture combined with a bimalleolar ankle fracture that was found in the literature is referred to a talar neck fracture. In this report, a combination of a talar body fracture and bimalleolar ankle fracture in a polytraumatised young patient is presented. This combined injury pattern seems to be very rare, since a similar case was not found in the literature. An open reduction and internal fixation of the talar body fracture as well as the bimalleolar fracture, followed by a prolonged non-weight bearing, led to a fracture healing with no evidence of osteonecrosis. Minimal osteoarthritic changes of the tibiotalar joint were noted at 3 years follow-up with satisfactory functional results.     

Subtalar dislocation: management and prognosis for an uncommon orthopaedic condition

Subtalar dislocations were first described in 1811 as the simultaneous dislocation of the talo-calcaneal and talo-navicular joints without any tibio-talar or talar neck associated fractures. They were classified in 1853 as: medial, lateral, posterior and anterior based on the displacement of the foot in relationship to the talus. These are uncommon injuries, representing approximately 1 % of all traumatic injuries of the foot and 1–2 % of all dislocations, being associated with high energy trauma.Closed reduction of these dislocations should be performed as early as possible to avoid further damage to the skin and neurovascular structures. If this is not possible, then open reduction without further delay is recommended. Irreducible injuries have been reported in 0 to 47 % of cases. Open dislocations represent between 46 and 83 % of all cases, and have been associated with poor prognosis. Associated fractures have a high incidence, the most frequent ones are the posterior process of the talus, talar head, external malleolus, medial malleolus and the tubercle of the fifth metatarsal.These types of injuries are not faced by orthopaedic surgeons on a daily basis and having a source of information on how to manage and what to expect is important. We present an up-to-date literature review on the epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiologic assessment, treatment options and prognostic factors of these uncommon injuries.     

Entire posterior process talus fracture: a report of two cases

The complex anatomy of the posterior process of the talus includes the medial and lateral tubercles extending from the talar body. Review of the current literature indicates that fracture of the entire posterior process of the talus is a rare injury. Two patients presented to our emergency department after motor vehicle accidents, and both were diagnosed with entire posterior process talus fractures. After evaluation of each patient, treatment of each was undertaken by means of open reduction and internal fixation via the posteromedial approach to fracture. Headless screws were used to fixate the reduced posterior tubercle in each case. Based on our experience with the patients described in this report, open reduction and internal fixation appear to be suitable methods of treatment for complete posterior process fractures of the talus.     

To wedge or not to wedge; A cadaveric comparison study of two medial malleolar osteotomy modalities

ObjectiveTo quantify the surface area of the talus accessible with a uniplanar and a biplanar medial malleolus osteotomy. Our secondary purpose study is to quantify the amount of weightbearing area that each osteotomy effects on the tibial articular surface.Patients and methodsEight ankle joint specimens were dissected for this study. The uniplanar osteotomy was performed first. A K-wire marked the limits of access at two different angles: 90° and 30°. The boundaries were marked with a skin marker. Wedges were then created on the tibia plafond, and the osteotomy was converted into a biplanar one. Measurements were repeated again for this osteotomy. The talus, the tibial plafond, and the medial malleolus were then excised. Images were taken and then electronically calibrated for two-dimensional digital measurement of accessible areas. Areas of perpendicular and 30-degree access were recorded for both osteotomies. The articular surface of the tibia was also measured, and an area analysis was performed to calculate the amount of weightbearing cartilage removed by each osteotomy.ResultsAlmost the entire sagittal plane was accessible with both osteotomies. At a 30° angle, bone purchase was achieved for 67.7 % of the talar articular surface with the uniplanar osteotomy and for 74.8 % with the biplanar osteotomy. At a 90° angle, uniplanar osteotomy provided access to 32.7 % of the talar articular area, whereas the biplanar osteotomy achieved an average coverage of 52.8 %. The difference was statistically significant. On average, 25.3 % of the weightbearing area of the tibial plafond is affected when a biplanar osteotomy is performed.ConclusionMedial malleolar osteotomy provides varying degrees of access to the talar dome depending on how it is performed. A wedge-shaped biplanar osteotomy provides greater access and is therefore more suitable for defects located deeper on the talar dome. Despite providing wider access, it results in greater disruption of the weightbearing cartilage of the tibial plafond.Level of evidenceLevel V.     

经踝后内侧入路切开复位内固定治疗距骨后突骨折

目的 评估经踝后内侧入路切开复位内固定治疗距骨后突骨折的疗效.方法 2006年1月至2008年12月共收治12例距骨后突骨折患者,男8例,女4例;年龄24～66岁,平均46.2岁.其中单纯距骨后突骨折7例,合并距骨体骨折2例,合并距下关节脱位3例.所有患者入院后常规行X线摄片和CT三维重建明确受伤情况,待软组织条件允许后,平均于伤后第5天(第4～10天)行经踝后内侧入路切开复位螺钉内固定治疗.术后患者定期复查X线片,并采用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分系统评估功能恢复情况. 结果 10例患者术后获平均18个月(12～48个月)随访.所有患者术后均无伤口感染、神经损伤等并发症发生.术后AOFAS踝与后足评分平均为83分(58～95分).2例患者于术后1年继发创伤性关节炎,其中1例因疼痛及行走困难而行距下关节融合术. 结论 经踝后内侧入路治疗距骨后突骨折安全可靠,术中暴露清晰,有利于复位固定,且可避免内踝截骨.     

Talus fractures: evaluation and treatment

Fractures of the talus are uncommon. The relative infrequency of these injuries in part accounts for the lack of useful and objective data to guide treatment. The integrity of the talus is critical to normal function of the ankle, subtalar, and transverse tarsal joints. Injuries to the head, neck, or body of the talus can interfere with normal coupled motion of these joints and result in permanent pain, loss of motion, and deformity. Outcomes vary widely and are related to the degree of initial fracture displacement. Nondisplaced fractures have a favorable outcome in most cases. Failure to recognize fracture displacement (even when minimal) can lead to undertreatment and poor outcomes. The accuracy of closed reduction of displaced talar neck fractures can be very difficult to assess. Operative treatment should, therefore, be considered for all displaced fractures. Osteonecrosis and malunion are common complications, and prompt and accurate reduction minimizes their incidence and severity. The use of titanium screws for fixation permits magnetic resonance imaging, which may allow earlier assessment of osteonecrosis; however, further investigation is necessary to determine the clinical utility of this information. Unrecognized medial talar neck comminution can lead to varus malunion and a supination deformity with decreased range of motion of the subtalar joint. Combined anteromedial and anterolateral exposure of talar neck fractures can help ensure anatomic reduction. Posttraumatic hindfoot arthrosis has been reported to occur in more than 90% of patients with displaced talus fractures. Salvage can be difficult and often necessitates extended arthrodesis procedures.