The burden of disease due to tuberculosis in the state of Santa Catarina,Brazil,

OBJECTIVE:

To estimate the burden of disease due to tuberculosis in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 2009.

METHODS:

This was an epidemiological study with an ecological design. Data on tuberculosis incidence and mortality were collected from specific Brazilian National Ministry of Health databases. The burden of disease due to tuberculosis was based on the calculation of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The DALYs were estimated by adding the years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs). Absolute values were transformed into rates per 100,000 population. The rates were calculated by gender, age group, and health care macroregion.

RESULTS:

The burden of disease due to tuberculosis was 5,644.27 DALYs (92.25 DALYs/100,000 population), YLLs and YLDs respectively accounting for 78.77% and 21.23% of that total. The highest rates were found in males in the 30-44 and 45-59 year age brackets, although that was not true in every health care macroregion. Overall, the highest estimated burden was in the Planalto Norte macroregion (179.56 DALYs/100,000 population), followed by the Nordeste macroregion (167.07 DALYs/100,000 population).

CONCLUSIONS:

In the majority of the health care macroregions of Santa Catarina, the burden of disease due to tuberculosis was concentrated in adult males, the level of that concentration varying among the various macroregions.     

上海市结核分枝杆菌耐药性监测研究报告

目的完善上海市结核病耐药监测网络，获得国际可比性的结核病耐药率资料，评价现行结核病控制策略的效果。方法按照WHO／IUATLD的标准，采用100％诊断中心抽样方法，全市各区县结核病定点医院2004年2月～2005年1月诊治的所有新发及复治培阳肺结核病例同时纳入，并对所有分离培养阳性菌株进行菌型鉴定及利福平（RFP）、异烟肼（INH）、链霉素（SM）及乙胺丁醇（EMB）敏感性测试。结果共入选l076例培养阳性肺结核患者，最后获得1015例（94．3％）患者的菌型鉴定及药敏结果，其中结核分枝杆菌964例，占95．0％；非结核分枝杆菌51例，占5．0％。肺结核患者初始耐药率为15．4％（118／764），初始耐多药率为3．9％（30／764）；获得性耐药率为27．5％（55／200），耐多药率为12．5％（25／200）。结论上海市结核病耐药率仍然处于国际上相对较高的水平，今后要进一步加强耐药结核病的防治工作。     

上海市结核分枝杆菌耐药性监测研究报告

目的完善上海市结核病耐药监测网络,获得国际可比性的结核病耐药率资料,评价现行结核病控制策略的效果。方法按照WHO/IUATLD的标准,采用100%诊断中心抽样方法,全市各区县结核病定点医院2004年2月—2005年1月诊治的所有新发及复治培阳肺结核病例同时纳入,并对所有分离培养阳性菌株进行菌型鉴定及利福平(RFP)、异烟肼(INH)、链霉素(SM)及乙胺丁醇(EMB)敏感性测试。结果共入选1076例培养阳性肺结核患者,最后获得1015例(94.3%)患者的菌型鉴定及药敏结果,其中结核分枝杆菌964例,占95.0%;非结核分枝杆菌51例,占5.0%。肺结核患者初始耐药率为15.4%(118/764),初始耐多药率为3.9%(30/764);获得性耐药率为27.5%(55/200),耐多药率为12.5%(25/200)。结论上海市结核病耐药率仍然处于国际上相对较高的水平,今后要进一步加强耐药结核病的防治工作。     

The outcome of tuberculosis treatment in subjects with chronic kidney disease in Brazil: a multinomial analysis

OBJECTIVE:

To analyze the association between clinical/epidemiological characteristics and outcomes of tuberculosis treatment in patients with concomitant tuberculosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Brazil.

METHODS:

We used the Brazilian Ministry of Health National Case Registry Database to identify patients with tuberculosis and CKD, treated between 2007 and 2011. The tuberculosis treatment outcomes were compared with epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the subjects using a hierarchical multinomial logistic regression model, in which cure was the reference outcome.

RESULTS:

The prevalence of CKD among patients with tuberculosis was 0.4% (95% CI: 0.37-0.42%). The sample comprised 1,077 subjects. The outcomes were cure, in 58%; treatment abandonment, in 7%; death from tuberculosis, in 13%; and death from other causes, in 22%. The characteristics that differentiated the ORs for treatment abandonment or death were age; alcoholism; AIDS; previous noncompliance with treatment; transfer to another facility; suspected tuberculosis on chest X-ray; positive results in the first smear microscopy; and indications for/use of directly observed treatment, short-course strategy.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our data indicate the importance of sociodemographic characteristics for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients with CKD and underscore the need for tuberculosis control strategies targeting patients with chronic noncommunicable diseases, such as CKD.     

Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by nested polymerase chain reaction in pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens ,

OBJECTIVE:

To compare the performance of nested polymerase chain reaction (NPCR) with that of cultures in the detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens.

METHODS:

We analyzed 20 and 78 pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens, respectively, of 67 hospitalized patients suspected of having tuberculosis. An automated microbial system was used for the identification of Mycobacterium spp. cultures, and M. tuberculosis IS6110 was used as the target sequence in the NPCR. The kappa statistic was used in order to assess the level of agreement among the results.

RESULTS:

Among the 67 patients, 6 and 5, respectively, were diagnosed with pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and the NPCR was positive in all of the cases. Among the 98 clinical specimens, smear microscopy, culture, and NPCR were positive in 6.00%, 8.16%, and 13.26%, respectively. Comparing the results of NPCR with those of cultures (the gold standard), we found that NPCR had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 83%, respectively, in pulmonary specimens, compared with 83% and 96%, respectively, in extrapulmonary specimens, with good concordance between the tests (kappa, 0.50 and 0.6867, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:

Although NPCR proved to be a very useful tool for the detection of M. tuberculosis complex, clinical, epidemiological, and other laboratory data should also be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis.     

COVID-19 pneumonia in an HIV-positive woman on antiretroviral therapy and undetectable viral load in Porto Alegre,Brazil

COVID-19 pandemic has been a problem worldwide. It is important to identify people at risk of progressing to severe complications and to investigate if some existing antivirals could have any action against SARS-CoV-2. In this context, HIV-infected individuals and antiretroviral drugs might be included, respectively. Herein we present the case of a 63-year-old HIV-infected woman with undetectable viral load, on dolutegravir, tenofovir and lamivudine, who was hospitalized due to COVID-19 pneumonia. In spite of having some clinical markers of severity on admission, the patient improved and was discharged after a week. To our knowledge, this is the first report of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in an HIV-infected individual in Brazil.     

Comparison between reference values for FVC,FEV1, and FEV1/FVC ratio in White adults in Brazil and those suggested by the Global Lung Function Initiative 2012

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the spirometry values predicted by the 2012 Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) equations, which are recommended for international use, in comparison with those obtained for a sample of White adults used for the establishment of reference equations for spirometry in Brazil.

METHODS:

The sample comprised 270 and 373 healthy males and females, respectively. The mean differences between the values found in this sample and the predicted values calculated from the GLI equations for FVC, FEV₁, and VEF₁/FVC, as well as their lower limits, were compared by paired t-test. The predicted values by each pair of equations were compared in various combinations of age and height.

RESULTS:

For the males in our study sample, the values obtained for all of the variables studied were significantly higher than those predicted by the GLI equations (p < 0.01 for all). These differences become more evident in subjects who were shorter in stature and older. For the females in our study sample, only the lower limit of the FEV₁/FVC ratio was significantly higher than that predicted by the GLI equation.

CONCLUSIONS:

The predicted values suggested by the GLI equations for White adults were significantly lower than those used as reference values for males in Brazil. For both genders, the lower limit of the FEV₁/FVC ratio is significantly lower than that predicted by the GLI equations.     

新发涂阳肺结核患者就诊与诊断延误对产生耐药的影响

目的了解新发涂阳肺结核患者就诊与诊断延误对产生耐药的影响,为制定耐药结核病防治策略提供科学依据。方法采取典型调查的方法。在我国东、中、西部各选1个省,每省各选择1个县作为研究现场;采用课题组编制的《新发涂阳肺结核患者诊疗过程调查表》对研究现场结核病防治机构2010年59月登记发现的329例初治涂阳肺结核患者进行面对面的问卷调查,共收回329份,有效率100．0％。对329人份痰标本进行痰培养检查,并对痰培养阳性的标本进行包括异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇和链霉素4种抗结核药物的药敏试验;使用非参数检验比较耐药患者和非耐药患者的延误时间,以P〈0．05为差异有统计学意义。结果患者痰培养阳性率为88．8％（292／329）,痰培养阳性的标本中总耐药率为12．7％（37／292）,耐多药率为2．8％（8／292）。耐药患者总延误、就诊延误和诊断延误分别为37d（8～465d）、15d（0～462d）和12d（0～218d）;非耐药患者总延误、就诊延误和诊断延误分别为38d（1～597d）、16d（0～594d）和10d（0～429d）,耐药与非耐药患者在总延误、就诊延误和诊断延误水平上差异均无统计学意义（Z值分别为0．377、0．142、0．069,P值均〈0．05）。结论延误与耐药发生问没有直接的因果关系。     

2009年上海市耐药肺结核患者二线抗结核药物耐药状况调查

目的 了解上海地区耐药结核病患者二线抗结核药物的耐药现状,为制定耐药结核病控制策略提供依据.方法 对上海市各区(县)结核病定点医院2009年1-12月诊治的肺结核患者4380例的痰培养阳性菌株,进行常规菌种鉴定和一线抗结核药物敏感性检测,对其中耐药肺结核患者431例进行二线抗结核药物敏感性检测.结果 431例耐药肺结核患者中120例(27.8%)对6种二线抗结核药物中任何一种具有耐药性,其中耐药率最高为氧氟沙星(68/431,15.8%),注射类药物中耐药率最高为卡那霉素(37/431,8.6%),其次为卷曲霉素(28/431,6.5%)和阿米卡星(23/431,5.3%),对氨基水杨酸钠的耐药率为8.1%(35/431),丙硫异烟胺的耐药率最低(8/431,1.9%).二线抗结核药物的耐药类型以单药耐药为主,耐利福平、耐异烟肼、其他耐药和耐多药组单药耐药例数分别为2/2、20/36、22/24和43/58例.结论 上海地区耐药肺结核患者对二线抗结核药物的耐药率较高,提示在常规检测一线抗结核药物敏感性的基础上,应开展二线抗结核药物敏感性检测,以早期发现耐药肺结核患者并给予合理治疗.

Abstract：

Objective To determine the pattern of resistance to second-line drugs(SLDs) in patients with tuberculosis(TB) in Shanghai, China. Methods All sputum culture positive patients detected at each district/county TB hospital/clinic in Shanghai during January to December 2009 were enrolled. First-line drug susceptibility testing was routinely performed for each clinical isolate. All clinical isolates with any resistance to first-line anti-TB drug were tested for second-line drug susceptibility. Results Of the 431 TB patients with any resistance to first-line anti-TB drugs included in this study, 27.8%(120/431) were resistant to any SLDs tested. The rank of drug resistance was as follows: ofloxacin(68/431, 15.8%) > kanamycin(37/431, 8.6%) > para-aminosalicylic acid(35/431, 8.1%) > capreomycin(28/431, 6.5%) > amikacin(23/431, 5.3%) > prothionamide(8/431, 1.9%). Mono-resistance to SLD was the most predominant pattern. Among patients with resistance to SLD, the percentages of mono-resistance were 2/2, 20/36, 22/24 and 43/58 for rifampin-resistant group, isoniazid-resistant group, other-resistant group, and MDR group, respectively. Conclusion The high prevalence of resistance to SLDs in TB patients suggests the necessity to strengthen the TB control program for drug-resistant TB in Shanghai.     

WHO浙江省结核病耐药监测研究报告

目的获得初始和获得性耐药资料,评价现行结核病控制措施效果。方法采用ＷＨＯ／ＩＵＡＴＬＤ《结核病耐药监测指南》要求的群整抽样方法,在浙江省随机抽取３０个县（市）为监测点。为了使耐药监测结果具有国际可比性,药敏试验采用比例法,由韩国超国家参比实验室进行质控。结果共入选 １０１３例,其中培养阳性９５４例（１例感染非结核分支杆菌）,培养阳性率为９４．６％,污染率为３．２％。对９５３例培养阳性结核分支杆菌菌株进行４种抗结核药物（ＩＮＨ、ＳＭ、ＲＦＰ、ＥＭＢ）的耐药性测定。总耐药率为２１．５％;其中初始耐药率为１４．８％,初始耐多药率为４．４％;获得性耐药率为５９．０％,获得性耐多药率为３４．７％。结论本次调查初始耐药率结果与浙江省１９９０年（２４．０％）相比呈下降趋势,证明近几年执行的面视下的短程化疗政策取得了良好效益。但耐多药率比一些国家要高,耐药状况仍需密切关注。     

基于疗程费用测算耐药结核病患者药物负担

目的 从宏观层面上测算不同化疗方案与药品价格来源下耐药结核病患者治疗的疗程费用。方法 基于中国《耐多药肺结核临床路径(2012年版)》和2018年WHO发布的《耐多药和利福平耐药结核病的治疗(更新版)》(以下简称“2012版中国指南”和“2018版WHO指南”)推荐的治疗方案,分别测算中国大陆市场价格和WHO集中采购价格下耐药结核病治疗的疗程费用,以“灾难性卫生支出(指家庭现金支付医疗费用占家庭消费支出的比例≥40%)”为指标评估耐药结核病患者的药物可负担性。结果 在2012版中国指南治疗方案及中国大陆市场价格下,耐药结核病治疗总疗程费用的区间为1.95万元(人民币,下同)/例~12.70万元/例,总疗程自付费用区间为5322元/例~78482元/例,其中,部分治疗方案下,仅药物费用的支出就产生灾难性卫生支出,城镇居民的卫生支出占比为2.19%~32.25%,农村居民为5.87%~86.60%。在相同治疗方案下(2018版WHO指南),中国大陆市场价格下的耐药结核病的全疗程自付费用为74.5万元/例~77.0万元/例,且所有治疗方案均导致灾难性卫生支出,而WHO集中采购价格下耐药结核病的全疗程自付费用为8.07万元/例~9.59万元/例。结论 对比WHO集中采购价格,国内二线抗结核药物价格较为昂贵,耐药结核病治疗给患者带来了沉重的经济负担,且农村情况更为严峻。     

广东省东莞地区结核病控制措施与起始耐药状况分析

目的 掌握东莞地区肺结核病人起始耐药特征,评价本地区结核病控制实施效果.方法 采用WHO制定的全球结核病耐药监测方案,使用比例法对东莞地区初治涂阳肺结核病人进行耐药性测定.结果 558例肺结核病人的初始耐药率为18.1%,以耐链霉素（9.9%）及异烟肼（11.6%）为主,50.5%的耐药病人耐1药,耐利福平和异烟肼2药及以上病人的耐药率为5.7%.但初始耐药病人的化疗效果较好.结论 东莞地区肺结核初始耐药水平较高,应进一步加强结核病控制工作.     

广东省东莞地区结核病控制措施与起始耐药状况分析

目的　掌握东莞地区肺结核病人起始耐药特征,评价本地区结核病控制实施效果。方法 采用WHO制定的全球结核病耐药监测方案,使用比例法对东莞地区初治涂阳肺结核病人进行耐药性测定。结果 558例肺结核病人的初始耐药率为18.1%,以耐链霉素(9.9%)及异烟肼(11.6%)为主,50.5%的耐药病人耐1药,耐利福平和异烟肼2药及以上病人的耐药率为5.7%。但初始耐药病人的化疗效果较好。结论 东莞地区肺结核初始耐药水平较高,应进一步加强结核病控制工作。     

广西壮族自治区肺结核耐药性调查及复治患者耐药相关因素分析

目的 了解广西壮族自治区（简称“广西”）肺结核耐药现状,探讨影响复治患者耐药产生的因素。 方法2010年8月至2011年7月在广西开展结核病耐药性监测,对14个市采取整群分层抽样方法随机抽取30个结核病防治（简称“结防”）机构门诊为监测点,每个监测点纳入新发涂阳肺结核患者41例、复治涂阳肺结核患者22例。收集复治患者社会和既往临床诊疗信息。收集痰标本培养,培养阳性菌株采用比例法进行异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇、链霉素、卡那霉素、氧氟沙星药敏试验。对硝基苯甲酸(PNB)培养法鉴定结核分枝杆菌复合群。对复治患者社会经济以及既往诊疗因素对耐药的影响进行单因素统计分析。 结果 监测收集到1545例结核分枝杆菌复合群阳性患者,总耐药率17.22%（266/1545）;其中新发涂阳患者耐药率为11.97%（142/1186）,复治涂阳患者耐药率为34.54%（124/359）,复治患者总耐药率高于新发患者（χ²=98.473,P=0.000）。耐多药率为6.28%(97/1545);其中新发涂阳患者耐多药率为2.45%（29/1186）,复治患者耐多药率为18.94%（68/359）,复治患者耐多药率高于新发患者（χ²=127.450,P=0.000）;广泛耐多药率为0.19%（3/1545）,全部为复治患者,复治患者广泛耐多药率0.84%（3/359）。复治患者耐药单因素分析表明,女性患者耐药率高于男性（OR=2.009,95%CI:1.145～3.523, χ²=6.062,P=0.014）;壮族患者耐药率高于汉族（OR=1.609,95%CI:1.024～2.529,χ²=4.289, P=0.038）;首次诊疗机构为综合医院的患者耐药率高于到结防机构或专科医院诊疗的患者（OR=1.967,95%CI:1.210～3.198,χ²=7.565, P=0.006）;既往治疗次数2次及以上的患者耐药率高于仅接受过1次治疗的患者（OR=4.128,95%CI:2.506～6.801,χ²=33.160, P=0.000）;非联合用药患者耐药率高于联合用药者（OR=3.419,95%CI:1.952～5.988,χ²=19.775, P=0.000）;低收入家庭患者耐多药率高于高收入患者（OR=4.777,95%CI: 1.117～20.435,χ²=5.336, P=0.021）。 结论 当前广西耐药肺结核疫情仍处于全国较低水平。女性、壮族、低收入、不到定点结防机构诊治、反复多次治疗、不联合用药等可能是导致复治患者耐药的危险因素。     

The emergence of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB): TB/HIV coinfection, multidrug-resistant TB and the resulting public health threat from extensively drug-resistant TB, globally and in Canada

Resistance to anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs continues to present a major challenge to global public health. Resistance usually develops due to inadequate TB management, including improper use of medications, improper treatment regimens and failure to complete the treatment course. This may be due to an erratic supply or a lack of access to treatment, as well as to patient noncompliance. However, the emergence and transmission of drug-resistant TB, including the recently detected extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB), is driven, in part, by the synergistic relationship between TB and HIV (TB/HIV coinfection). There is evidence that persons infected with HIV are more likely to experience XDR-TB. XDR-TB is virtually untreatable with available TB medications. XDR-TB presents a grave global public health threat, particularly in high HIV prevalence settings. The present commentary discusses the current status of XDR-TB and draws attention to the urgency in addressing this problem, for both the global and Canadian public health networks. XDR-TB and the apparent XDR-TB and HIV association warrants further study.     

Survival of HIV patients with tuberculosis started on simultaneous or deferred HAART in the THRio cohort,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil

BackgroundThe timing of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) after a tuberculosis diagnosis in HIV-infected patients can affect clinical outcomes and survival. We compared survival after tuberculosis diagnosis in HIV-infected adults who initiated HAART and tuberculosis therapy simultaneously to those who delayed the start of HAART for at least two months.MethodsThe THRio cohort includes 17,983 patients receiving HIV care in 29 public clinics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. HAART-naïve patients at the time of a new TB diagnosis between September 2003 and June 2008 were included. Survival was measured in days from diagnosis of TB. We compared survival among patients who initiated HAART within 60 days of TB treatment (simultaneous – ST) to those who started HAART >60 days of TB treatment or never started (deferred – DT). Kaplan–Meier plots and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted.ResultsOf 947 patients diagnosed with TB, 572 (60%) were HAART naïve at the time of TB diagnosis; 135 were excluded because of missing CD4 count results. Among the remaining 437 TB patients, 56 (13%) died during follow-up: 25 (10%) among ST patients and 31 (16%) in DT group (p = 0.08). ST patients had lower median CD4 counts at TB diagnosis than DT patients (106 vs. 278, p < 0.001). Cox proportional hazards utilizing propensity score analysis showed that DT patients were more likely to die (adjusted HR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.05–3.40; p = 0.03).ConclusionHAART administered simultaneously with TB therapy was associated with improved survival after TB diagnosis. HAART should be given to patients with HIV-related TB as soon as clinically feasible.     

Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV: Compliance with the Recommendations of the Brazilian National STD/AIDS Control Program for Prenatal and Perinatal HIV Testing in Porto Alegre, Brazil

In order to benefit from antiretroviral therapy, pregnant women infected with HIV must be tested and diagnosed. Not infrequently, however, women present in labor without prior prenatal care and are thus unable to benefit fully from HIV testing and, if infected, antiretroviral therapy. In this study we evaluated the need for rapid perinatal HIV testing for untested mothers presenting in labor in a public maternal–child hospital that provides care for metropolitan Porto Alegre, Brazil, and potentially modifiable risk factors for noncompliance with national recommendations. We surveyed a consecutive sample of women who gave birth at Hospital Materno–Infantil Presidente Vargas (Presidente Vargas Mother-and-child Hospital) in August–October 2001and administered a structured questionnaire to consenting participants. The questionnaire consisted of demographic data, information on health-seeking behavior, knowledge of HIV infection, and testing during pregnancy. We confirmed information on HIV testing, syphilis, and hepatitis B by examination of the patient's prenatal records. We also obtained data regarding laboratory testing and treatment during labor and delivery (e.g., HIV testing, antiretroviral treatment, and suppression of lactation) from hospital inpatient charts. Of 214 eligible participants, 209 (98%) agreed to participate in the study. Overall 173 (83%) of the 209 participants had had a previous HIV test and 36 (17%) had not. Women with fewer pregnancies were more likely to have been tested (p = .017), as were women with lower family incomes (p = .007). No women had received rapid tests in the delivery room. Of the 209 participants, 201 (96%) had had at least one prenatal visit and 169 (81%) had had three or more visits; 12 (6%) of these reported that they had not been offered an HIV test, 5 (2%) did not know if testing had been offered or not, and 191 (95%) reported that they had been offered a test. We were able to obtain prenatal records for 190 (95%) of the 201participants who had received prenatal care. HIV testing was not mentioned in 9% of charts. Results of syphilis tests were recorded on prenatal records or hospital charts for 167 (80%)participants, and results of hepatitis B surface antigen were found for 93 (45%). Women who to 30pchad had three or more prenatal visits were significantly more likely to have been tested for to 30pcHIV (OR 46.96, 95% CI, 15.92–144.85, .0001), syphilis (OR 31.64, 95% CI, 11.81–87.42, p < .0001) or HBsAg (OR, 4.88, 95% CI, 1.91–12.99, p < .0001) than women who had had two prenatal visits or fewer. Our study showed shown that in 12% of the pregnancies included in our sample national recommendations for prenatal or perinatal testing were not followed, and in an additional 5%, HIV testing, though offered, was not obtained. These women could potentially have benefited from rapid HIV testing. As knowledge of HIV and risk factors for transmission were almost universal in our sample, we believe that the passive health-seeking behavior we observed may offer an opportunity for targeting new efforts to promote the importance of prenatal care and prenatal diagnosis of HIV.