Iron supplementation of breast-fed Honduran and Swedish infants from 4 to 9 months of age

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to study the effects of iron supplementation on hemoglobin and iron status in 2 different populations. Study design: In a randomized, placebo-controlled, masked clinical trial, we assigned term Swedish (n = 101) and Honduran (n = 131) infants to 3 groups at 4 months of age: (1) iron supplements, 1 mg/kg/d, from 4 to 9 months, (2) placebo, 4 to 6 months and iron, 6 to 9 months, and (3) placebo, 4 to 9 months. All infants were breast-fed exclusively to 6 months and partially to 9 months. RESULTS: From 4 to 6 months, the effect of iron (group 1 vs 2 + 3) was significant and similar in both populations for hemoglobin, ferritin, and zinc protoporphyrin. From 6 to 9 months, the effect (group 2 vs group 3) was significant and similar at both sites for all iron status variables except hemoglobin, for which there was a significant effect only in Honduras. In Honduras, the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia at 9 months was 29% in the placebo group and 9% in the supplemented groups. In Sweden, iron supplements caused no reduction in the already low prevalence of iron deficiency anemia at 9 months (<3%). CONCLUSION: Iron supplementation from 4 to 9 months or 6 to 9 months significantly reduced iron deficiency anemia in Honduran breast-fed infants. The unexpected hemoglobin response at 4 to 6 months in both populations suggests that regulation of hemoglobin synthesis is immature at this age.     

Effect of micronutrient sprinkles on reducing anemia: a cluster-randomized effectiveness trial

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of Sprinkles alongside infant and young child feeding (IYCF) education compared with IYCF education alone on anemia, deficiencies in iron, vitamin A, and zinc, and growth in Cambodian infants. DESIGN Cluster-randomized effectiveness study. SETTING Cambodian rural health district. PARTICIPANTS Among 3112 infants aged 6 months, a random subsample (n?=?1350) was surveyed at baseline and 6-month intervals to age 24 months. INTERVENTION Daily micronutrient Sprinkles alongside IYCF education vs IYCF education alone for 6 months from ages 6 to 11 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence of anemia; iron, vitamin A, and zinc deficiencies; and growth via biomarkers and anthropometry. RESULTS Anemia prevalence (hemoglobin level <11.0 g/dL [to convert to grams per liter, multiply by 10.0]) was reduced in the intervention arm compared with the control arm by 20.6% at 12 months (95% CI, 9.4-30.2; P?=?.001), and the prevalence of moderate anemia (hemoglobin level <10.0 g/dL) was reduced by 27.1% (95% CI, 21.0-31.8; P?<?.001). At 12 and 18 months, iron deficiency prevalence was reduced by 23.5% (95% CI, 15.6-29.1; P?<?.001) and 11.6% (95% CI, 2.6-17.9; P?=?.02), respectively. The mean serum zinc concentration was increased at 12 months (2.88 μg/dL [to convert to micromoles per liter, multiply by 0.153]; 95% CI, 0.26-5.42; P?=?.03). There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of zinc and vitamin A deficiencies or in growth at any time. CONCLUSIONS Sprinkles reduced anemia and iron deficiency and increased the mean serum zinc concentration in Cambodian infants. Anemia and zinc effects did not persist beyond the intervention period. TRIAL REGISTRATION anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12608000069358.     

Double burden of iron deficiency in infancy and low socioeconomic status: a longitudinal analysis of cognitive test scores to age 19 years

OBJECTIVE: To assess change in cognitive functioning after iron deficiency in infancy, depending on socioeconomic status (SES; middle vs low). DESIGN: Longitudinal study. SETTING: Urban community in Costa Rica (infancy phase [July 26, 1983, through February 28, 1985] through 19-year follow-up [March 19, 2000, through November 4, 2002]). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 185 individuals enrolled at 12 to 23 months of age (no preterm or low-birth-weight infants or infants with acute or chronic health problems). The participants were assessed in infancy and at 5, 11 to 14, 15 to 18, and 19 years of age. A total of 97% were evaluated at 5 or 11 to 14 years and 78% at 15 to 18 or 19 years. Individuals who had chronic iron deficiency in infancy (iron deficiency with hemoglobin concentrations < or =10.0 g/dL or, with higher hemoglobin concentrations, not fully corrected within 3 months of iron therapy) were compared with those who had good iron status as infants (hemoglobin concentrations > or =12.0 g/dL and normal iron measures before and/or after therapy). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cognitive change over time (composite of standardized scores at each age). RESULTS: For middle-SES participants, scores averaged 101.2 in the group with chronic iron deficiency vs 109.3 in the group with good iron status in infancy and remained 8 to 9 points lower through 19 years (95% confidence interval [CI], -10.1 to -6.2). For low-SES participants, the gap widened from 10 points (93.1 vs 102.8; 95% CI for difference, -12.8 to -6.6) to 25 points (70.4 vs 95.3; 95% CI for difference, 20.6 to 29.4). CONCLUSIONS: The group with chronic iron deficiency in infancy did not catch up to the group with good iron status in cognitive scores over time. There was a widening gap for those in low-SES families. The results suggest the value of preventing iron deficiency in infancy.     

血常规指标对儿童铁缺乏的预测作用

目的探讨血常规指标在筛查儿童铁缺乏中的预测价值。方法回顾性分析2017年6月至2019年5月浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院1443名6月龄~18岁健康体检儿童(男862名、女581名)的血常规指标及血清铁蛋白(SF)水平。以SF<20μg/L为铁缺乏判断依据,同时伴有贫血(6月龄~5岁血红蛋白<110 g/L,6~18岁血红蛋白<120 g/L)为缺铁性贫血(IDA)组:SF<20μg/L同时排除贫血为无贫血铁缺乏组,SF≥20μg/L合并贫血者为铁状态不明贫血组,SF≥20μg/L无贫血者为健康对照组。定量资料以±s或M(四分位间距)描述,组间比较应用方差分析或非参数秩和检验分析,并应用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析血常规指标及低血红蛋白密度百分比(LHD)对IDA及铁缺乏的预测价值。结果1443名儿童年龄2.1(3.3)岁,健康对照组1061例,无贫血铁缺乏组292例,铁状态不明贫血组43例,IDA组47例。铁缺乏发生率高于贫血发生率[23.5%(339/1443)比6.2%(90/1443),χ2=169.76,P<0.01]。无贫血铁缺乏组LHD、红细胞分布宽度(RDW)均高于健康对照组[0.088(0.093)比0.073(0.068),0.131±0.013比0.126±0.008,P均<0.01],平均红细胞体积(MCV)、平均血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)均低于健康对照组[(80±4)比(83±4)fl,(326±9)比(329±8)g/L,P均<0.01];IDA组LHD[0.322(0.544)]、RDW(0.151±0.018)均高于无贫血铁缺乏组,MCV[(73±6)fl]、MCHC[(309±14)g/L]均低于无贫血铁缺乏组(P均<0.01)。MCHC、LHD、RDW、MCV预测铁缺乏的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.63(95%CI:0.60~0.67)、0.63(95%CI:0.60~0.67)、0.67(95%CI:0.63~0.70)和0.73(95%CI:0.69~0.76)。以MCV<80.2 fl、RDW>0.131或MCHC<322 g/L为界值,筛查铁缺乏的灵敏度分别为0.540、0.469和0.336,均高于血红蛋白筛查铁缺乏的灵敏度(0.139,χ2=121.70、87.47、35.56,P均<0.01)。结论血常规中MCV、RDW、MCHC均可作为铁缺乏的筛查指标,简便易于基层推广。     

Incidence of high erythrocyte count in infants and young children with iron deficiency anemia: re-evaluation of an old parameter

PURPOSE: To investigate the frequency of high erythrocyte count (red blood cell count >or=5.0 x 106/microL) in infants and young children with iron deficiency anemia and to document the differences in hematologic parameters at diagnosis and during iron therapy in IDA patients with and without a high erythrocyte count. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 140 infants and young children aged 6 to 48 months with nutritional IDA without a history of any bleeding disorder were the subjects of this study. The patients were divided into three groups according to the severity of anemia. Group A1 children had Hb values 8.0 g/dL or less (severe anemia); group A2, 8.1 to 10.0 g/dL (moderate anemia); and group A3, 10.1-11.0 g/dL (mild anemia). All children received oral iron (3-5 mg/kg per day) for 12 weeks. Complete blood counts were done weekly during treatment. RESULTS: A total of 36 of the 140 patients (26%) had a high erythrocyte count. Of the 140 patients, 37 were in group A1, 80 in A2, and 23 in A3. The frequency of high erythrocyte count was 11%, 23%, and 61% in groups A1, A2, and A3, respectively. The patients with a high erythrocyte count had significantly higher Hb and Hct but significantly lower mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) values than those with a low erythrocyte count (n = 104). A continuous elevation in the erythrocyte count has been observed in patients with a high red cell count, as in those with a low red cell count, after the institution of iron therapy. CONCLUSIONS: A high erythrocyte count is a common feature of iron deficiency anemia in infants and young children, with an increasing frequency from severe to moderate to mild anemia. High erythrocyte count cannot be regarded as a reliable preliminary parameter in differentiating iron deficiency from thalassemias in infants and children aged up to 48 months.     

Do cerebral blood flow velocities change in iron deficiency anemia?

Infants with iron deficiency had lower scores when tested for mental and motor development than their peers with better iron status. The aim of this study was to examine cerebral blood flow velocity in infants with iron deficiency anemia. Thirty-six infants (27 male, 9 female) with iron deficiency anemia, aged 6 to 36 months were divided into 2 groups according to the hemoglobin (Hb) values [group 1 (n=23) Hb<10 g/dL and group 2 (n=13) 11 >Hb> or =10 g/dL]. In anterior and middle cerebral arteries only end-diastolic velocity (EDV) was increased in group 1 as compared with group 2 (P=0.05 and P=0.016, respectively), whereas in posterior cerebral artery both EDV and peak-systolic velocity were different between the groups (P=0.024 and P=0.004). Both peak-systolic velocity and EDV showed significant correlation with Hb level in the posterior cerebral artery (r=-0.38, P=0.023 and r=-0.35, P=0.037) but not in the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Increased cerebral blood flow velocities in children with lower Hb values may be due to increased cardiac output, decreased vascular resistivity caused by anemia.     

Iron deficiency anemia: adverse effects on infant psychomotor development

In a double-blind, placebo-control prospective cohort study of 196 infants from birth to 15 months of age, assessment was made at 12 months of age of the relationship between iron status and psychomotor development, the effect of a short-term (10-day) trial of oral iron vs placebo, and the effect of long-term (3 months) oral iron therapy. Development was assessed with the mental and psychomotor indices and the infant behavior record of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development in 39 anemic, 30 control, and 127 nonanemic iron-deficient children. Anemic infants had significantly lower Mental and Psychomotor Developmental Index scores than control infants or nonanemic iron-deficient infants (one-way analysis of variance, P less than .0001). Control infants and nonanemic iron-deficient infants performed comparably. No difference was noted between the effect of oral administration of iron or placebo after 10 days or after 3 months of iron therapy. Among anemic infants a hemoglobin concentration less than 10.5 g/dL and duration of anemia of greater than 3 months were correlated with significantly lower motor and mental scores (P less than .05). Anemic infants failed specifically in language capabilities and body balance-coordination skills when compared with controls. These results, in a design in which intervening variables were closely controlled, suggest that when iron deficiency progresses to anemia, but not before, adverse influences in the performance of developmental tests appear and persist for at least 3 months despite correction of anemia with iron therapy. If these impairments prove to be long standing, prevention of iron deficiency anemia in early infancy becomes the only way to avoid them.     

SEVERE IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN 42 PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

The objective of this study was to determine the clinical and laboratory features of children with severe iron deficiency anemia. The authors retrospectively reviewed the charts of 198 children with iron deficiency anemia to ascertain cases of severe iron deficiency anemia. Forty-two children with severe iron deficiency anemia were evaluated. The median age was 21 months (range, 7-240 months) at diagnosis and 27 children were 13-24 months of age. For 35 children the major source of calories was derived from cow's milk. The median hemoglobin was 4.6 g/dL (range, 2.1-6 g/dL) and the median serum ferritin was 5 &#119 g/L (range, 1-11 &#119 g/L). Twenty-nine received oral iron and 13 required packed red blood cell transfusions because of co-morbid cardiorespiratory distress. Severe iron deficiency anemia mostly affects children during their second year of life. Oral iron therapy is sufficient for most children, but packed red blood cell transfusions may be needed.     

Iron status with different infant feeding regimens: relevance to screening and prevention of iron deficiency

The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefit of screening for anemia in infants in relation to their previous diet. The iron status of 854 nine-month-old infants on three different feeding regimens and on a regimen including iron dextran injection was determined by analysis of hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels and of serum transferrin saturation. Infants were categorized as having iron deficiency if two or three of the three biochemical test results were abnormal and as having iron deficiency anemia if, in addition, the hemoglobin level was less than 110 gm/L. The prevalence of iron deficiency was highest in infants fed cow milk formula without added iron (37.5%), intermediate in the group fed human milk (26.5%), much lower in those fed cow milk formula with added iron (8.0%), and virtually absent in those injected with iron dextran (1.3%). The corresponding values for iron deficiency anemia were 20.2%, 14.7%, 0.6%, and 0%, respectively. The use of iron supplements is therefore justified in infants fed cow milk formula without added iron, even when there is no biochemical evidence of iron deficiency. The low prevalence of iron deficiency in the group fed iron-fortified formula appears to make it unnecessary to screen routinely for anemia in such infants. These results also support the recommendation that infants who are exclusively fed human milk for 9 months need an additional source of iron after about 6 months of age.     

Severe iron deficiency anemia in 42 pediatric patients

The objective of this study was to determine the clinical and laboratory features of children with severe iron deficiency anemia. The authors retrospectively reviewed the charts of 198 children with iron deficiency anemia to ascertain cases of severe iron deficiency anemia. Forty-two children with severe iron deficiency anemia were evaluated. The median age was 21 months (range, 7-240 months) at diagnosis and 27 children were 13-24 months of age. For 35 children the major source of calories was derived from cow's milk. The median hemoglobin was 4.6 g/dL (range, 2.1-6 g/dL) and the median serum ferritin was 5 μg/L (range, 1-11 μg/L). Twenty-nine received oral iron and 13 required packed red blood cell transfusions because of co-morbid cardiorespiratory distress. Severe iron deficiency anemia mostly affects children during their second year of life. Oral iron therapy is sufficient for most children, but packed red blood cell transfusions may be needed.     

Effects of iron therapy on infant blood lead levels

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of iron therapy on blood lead levels in infants with mildly elevated lead levels and varied iron status. METHODS: Infants from a community-derived sample in Costa Rica were categorized into five groups. Group 1 had iron-deficiency anemia with hemoglobin levels 相似文献   

Measurement of reticulocyte hemoglobin content to diagnose iron deficiency in Saudi children

Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia are common conditions in children, especially in developing countries. It is often difficult for the pediatrician to know which indices should be used in the diagnosis of these conditions in children. Reticulocyte hemoglobin (Hb) content (CHr) has been shown to be an accurate indicator of anemia, however whether its use suits the situation in developing countries or not is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value and effectiveness of using CHr as a method to diagnose iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in Saudi children. The samples for the study were collected from 305 children suspected to have anemia. Complete blood count, transferrin saturation (Tfsat), ferritin, circulating transferrin receptor (TfR) and CHr were measured. Three groups were defined, iron deficiency (Tfsat <20%, Hb >11 g/dL; n=120), iron deficiency anemia (Tfsat <20%, Hb <11 g/dL; (n=73) and controls (Tfsat >20%; n=112). The anemic group had significantly lower macrocytic anemia (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and CHr. All of the variables in the anemia group were significantly lower than those of the control group except for the ferritin level. Compared to the control group, the iron deficiency group also showed significantly lower values except for transferrin receptor and the ferritin levels. CHr levels of <26 pg correlated well with anemic states. CHr together with a complete blood count may provide an alternative to the traditional hematologic or biochemical panel for the diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in young children and is cost-effective in developing countries. A CHr cut-off level of 26 pg is considered to be a reasonable indicator of anemic states.     

早产儿贫血140例相关因素分析

目的 探讨早产儿贫血的发生及其相关因素.方法 对本院2009年1月-2010年12月收治的140例发生贫血的早产儿进行回顾性研究,分析早产儿贫血的好发时间及主要病因.并按发生贫血的时间,将早产儿分为早期贫血组和晚期贫血组,进行与贫血发生早晚有关的围生因素分析.结果 发生贫血的早产儿中95％的贫血发生在出生2周内,早期及晚期贫血组中分别有67.0％及82.7％的早产儿的贫血是由感染、失血共同引起.早期贫血组早产儿出生时的基础Hb值较晚期贫血组低[(154.0±17.2)g·L-1vs(177.0±11.6)g·L-1],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),而早期贫血组早产儿初始出现贫血时平均红细胞体积较晚期贫血组高[(107.0±5.5)fLvs(105.0±5.4)fL],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 早产儿贫血大部分发生在出生2周内,通常为感染、失血多因素共同引起,且早产儿贫血发生的早晚与其出生时基础Hb密切相关.     

The prevalence of anemia in adolescents: a study from Turkey

A cross-sectional method was used to study a group of 400 high school students in Kocaeli, Turkey, aged 14 to 16 years, identified among 17,812 high school students. Students from 10 high schools were selected using a random sampling method. Whole blood counts were performed as a screening test for anemia. Serum ferritin levels and, when necessary, hemoglobin electrophoresis were determined for anemic students. Iron medication was prescribed for iron deficiency and genetic counseling was given to adolescents with thalassemia trait. Out of 338 participating students (mean age, 14.72+/-0.71 y), anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dL for girls and <13 g/dL for boys) was detected in 17/174 girls (9.7%) and 6/164 boys (3.6%). Iron deficiency anemia was detected in 20/23 (86.9%) of anemic children [15/17 (88.2%) girls and 4/6 (66.6%) boys]. Of 23 students with anemia 2 had beta-thalassemia trait and 2 had both iron deficiency, and beta-thalassemia trait. Etiology of anemia could not be defined in 1 student. The prevalence of adolescent anemia in Kocaeli is almost equal to that in developed countries.     

Occult blood in stool in exclusively formula fed infants versus exclusively breast fed infants in the first six months of life

BackgroundSince most of infant’s formula are based on cow’s milk to which allergy can occur, and considering the neurodevelopmental consequences of iron deficiency during infancy; we aimed to verify the occurrence of occult intestinal blood loss during the first 6 months of life in response to being fed cow’s milk based formula versus breast milk. We also studied the iron status in order to assess prevalence of iron deficiency anemia.MethodsHealthy full term infants from birth to 6 months who were either exclusively breast fed (BF) (n = 50) or formula fed (FF) (n = 50) were considered for enrollment. Detailed questionnaire describing perinatal period was taken from the mothers. Complete blood count, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), serum transferrin and occult blood in stool were requested for each infant.ResultsWe reported no significant differences in hemoglobin, hematocrit and MCV between both groups. FF infants had higher levels of TIBC. We found that 4/50 FF infants had positive occult blood in stool; while only 1/50 BF infants was positive. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was higher in the FF group (14%) rather than in the BF group (8%).ConclusionAlthough iron content in formula is higher than breast milk, BF infants attained better iron status than FF infants and the prevalence of anemia among the FF group was higher.     

6个月内川崎病患儿临床特点

目的 分析6个月内川崎病(KD)患儿的临床特点,提高对该年龄组KD患儿的认识和早期诊断水平.方法 收集2005年1月-2010年12月本院收治的KD患儿487例,分为≤6个月组67例(14%),>6个月组420例(86%).≤6个月又分为冠状动脉病变组(CAL组)和冠状动脉正常组(NCAL 组),对患儿相关临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果≤6个月组和>6个月组临床表现(球结膜充血:68.7% vs 79.5%,P<0.05;颈部淋巴结大:25.4% vs 64.3%,P<0.05)及实验室检查[白细胞计数(20.31±0.83)×109 L-1 vs (16.56±0.29)×109 L-1,P <0.05;血红蛋白 (97.37±1.22) g·L-1 vs (109.01±0.64) g·L-1,P<0.05;血小板(453.34±22.99 )×109 L-1 vs (338.26±6.33)×109 L-1,P<0.05;AST (43.87±6.52) U ·L-1 vs (67.64±4.23) U·L-1,P<0.05]均存在显著差异.虽然≤6个月组不完全KD的发病率明显升高(59.7% vs 33.6%,P<0.05),但冠脉损害率无显著差异(52% vs 53%,P>0.05).≤6个月CAL组和NCAL 组血红蛋白及血小板比较,差异均有统计学意义.结论 6个月内小婴儿由于临床表现迟发,且不典型,诊断及治疗也就相应延迟,心脏超声示冠状动脉异常可作为6个月内完全KD确诊的金指标.     

Interaction of iron deficiency and lead and the hematologic findings in children with severe lead poisoning

Microcytic anemia, long considered an effect of lead poisoning, may in fact result from coexisting iron deficiency. In this study, how RBC size, hemoglobin, and zinc protoporphyrin vary as a function of iron status in a group of children with high lead levels was examined. Charts of all children (N = 51) admitted to Cook County Hospital for treatment of lead poisoning in 1981 to 1983 were reviewed for data on age, blood lead level, hemoglobin concentration, MCV, transferrin saturation and zinc protoporphyrin level. The mean lead level was 86 micrograms/dL and the range was 63 to 190 micrograms/dL. Children with transferrin saturation values less than 7% had a mean MCV of 56 microL, hemoglobin of 8.9 g/dL, and zinc protoporphyrin of 693 micrograms/dL; for those with saturations of 7% to 16%, the values were 61 microL, 10.1 g/dL, and 581 micrograms/dL, respectively; the children with saturations greater than 16% had normal mean MCVs and hemoglobin concentrations (74 microL and 11.4 g/dL) and a mean zinc protoporphyrin value of 240 micrograms/dL (P less than .0005). Multiple linear regression was used to correct for effect of age, and transferrin saturation remained the most important predictor of MCV, hemoglobin, and zinc protoporphyrin levels; the addition of lead did not improve the models. Results of this study suggest that iron deficiency is strongly associated with some of the observed toxicities of lead. Also, lead poisoning can exist without producing microcytosis or anemia, and zinc protoporphyrin concentration may not be a sensitive indicator of lead level in the absence of iron deficiency.     

Duration of exclusive breastfeeding is a positive predictor of iron status in 6‐ to 10‐month‐old infants in rural Kenya

The prevalence of iron‐deficiency anemia (IDA) is high in infants in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Exclusive breastfeeding of infants to 6 months of age is recommended by the World Health Organization, but breast milk is low in iron. Some studies suggest exclusive breastfeeding, although beneficial for the infant, may increase risk for IDA in resource‐limited settings. The objective of this study was to determine if duration of exclusive breastfeeding is associated with anemia and iron deficiency in rural Kenyan infants. This was a cross‐sectional study of 6–10‐month‐old infants (n = 134) in southern coastal Kenya. Anthropometrics, hemoglobin (Hb), plasma ferritin (PF), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and C‐reactive protein were measured. Body iron stores were calculated from the sTfR/PF ratio. Socioeconomic factors, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, nature of complementary diet, and demographic characteristics were determined using a questionnaire. Mean ± SD age of the infants was 7.7 ± 0.8 months. Prevalence of anemia, ID, and IDA were 74.6%, 82.1%, and 64.9%, respectively. Months of exclusive breastfeeding correlated positively with Hb (r = 0.187; p < .05) and negatively with sTfR (r = ?0.246; p < .05). sTfR concentrations were lower in infants exclusively breastfed at least 6 months compared with those exclusively breastfed for less than 6 months (7.6 (6.3, 9) vs. 8.9 (6.7, 13.4); p < .05). Controlling for gender, birth weight, and inflammation, months spent exclusively breastfeeding was a significant negative predictor of sTfR and a positive predictor of Hb (p < .05). The IDA prevalence in rural Kenyan infants is high, and greater duration of exclusive breastfeeding predicts better iron status and higher Hb in this age group.     

Iron status at 9 months of infants with low iron stores at birth

OBJECTIVE: To determine the 9-month follow-up iron status of infants born with abnormally low serum ferritin concentrations.Study design: Ten infants of >34 weeks' gestation with cord serum ferritin concentrations <5th percentile at birth (<70 microg/L) and 12 control infants with cord serum ferritin concentrations >80 microg/L had follow-up serum ferritin concentrations measured at 9 +/- 1 month of age. The mean follow-up ferritins, incidences of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia, and growth rates from 0 to 12 months were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: At follow-up, the low birth ferritin group had a lower mean ferritin than the control group (30 +/- 17 vs 57 +/- 33 microg/L; P =.03), but no infant in either group had iron deficiency (serum ferritin <10 microg/L) or iron-deficiency anemia. Both groups grew equally well, but more rapid growth rates were associated with lower follow-up ferritin concentrations only in the low birth ferritin group (r = -0.52; P =.05). Both groups were predominantly breast-fed without iron supplementation before 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Infants born with serum ferritin concentrations <5th percentile continue to have significantly lower ferritin concentrations at 9 months of age compared with infants born with normal iron status, potentially conferring a greater risk of later onset iron deficiency in the second postnatal year.     

强化乳铁蛋白配方奶粉对人乳喂养婴儿生长发育和铁代谢影响的前瞻性多中心非随机对照研究

目的 了解添加强化乳铁蛋白(LF)配方奶粉对婴儿生长发育和铁代谢的影响。方法 本研究为前瞻性多中心非随机对照试验,生后以人乳喂养的4~6月龄健康足月儿自愿添加配方奶粉者纳入本研究,按门诊顺序分别纳入强化组(LF 38 mg·100 g-1 ,铁元素4 mg·100 g-1)和对照组(LF 0,铁元素4.2 mg·100 g-1,其余成分与强化组相同)。两组干预时间均为3个月。两组婴儿在干预前后分别测定身长、体重、头围、Hb、血清铁蛋白(SF)、血清转铁蛋白受体(sTfR);同时计算TFR-F指数、机体总铁含量(TBIC)、年龄别身高Z评分(HAZ)、年龄别体重Z评分(WAZ)、身高别体重Z评分(WHZ),比较上述指标的干预前后和组间差异。结果 213名婴儿完成了研究,强化组115名,对照组98名。强化组和对照组婴儿人均日摄入配方奶粉量(94.3±9.8) vs (88.2±8.7) g, P>0.05;人均日铁剂摄入量(3.8±0.4) vs (3.7±0.6) mg, P>0.05。强化组人均日LF摄入量为(35.8±3.7) mg。强化组与对照组干预后各指标改变值比较,体重：(2 213±82) vs (2 033±77) g, WAZ: (0.82±0.22) vs (-0.05±0.01), WHZ: (0.74±0.32) vs (0.20±0.06), Hb: (13.9±4.1) vs (7.2±1.8) g·L-1, SF: (1.37±0.08) vs (0.55±0.04) μg·L-1, TFR-F指数：(0.86±0.11) vs (0.39±0.05),TBIC: (19.4±8.8) vs (9.1±3.4) mg·kg-1, P均<0.05。同时干预后强化组贫血、铁缺乏和缺铁性贫血检出率均显著低于对照组,贫血： 4.1% vs 7.5%,铁缺乏：13.9% vs 24.4%,缺铁性贫血：1.7% vs 8.2%,P均<0.05。结论 添加强化LF配方奶粉干预可以显著改善人乳喂养婴儿生长发育以及铁营养状况