Open Reduction and Pin Fixation of Severely Displaced Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus in Children

Out of 87 displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children, 17 were treated by open reduction and internal fixation, in eight cases because of vascular complications (with or without neurological complications) and in nine cases after unsatisfactory closed reduction. in the eight cases with vascular impairment, evacuation of the haematoma, reduction of the fracture and division of the fascia of the forearm caused a return of the radial pulse. Median nerve paralysis, in the four cases with neurological complications as well, recovered within 7 months. Fractures fixed with one pin only redislocated and needed an additional reduction-this procedure was associated with impairment of the range of motion. in spite of the selection of the most severe cases for surgery, the end result was excellent in all cases expect one and considerably better than previous results of closed reduction. Rotational deformity, however, did not decrease with age and growth.     

闭合复位,经皮克氏针固定治疗儿童完全移位的肱骨髁上骨折

目的 评价闭合复位、经皮克氏针固定治疗儿童完全移位的肱骨髁上骨折的临床效果。方法从１９９７年２月～１９９８年７月在“Ｃ”型臂Ｘ线机透视下,采用闭合复位、经皮克氏针固定治疗儿童完全移位的肱骨髁上骨折共４３例。患儿的平均年龄为６岁７个月（２－１２．８岁）。伸直尺偏型２７例,伸直桡偏型１４例,屈曲型２例。在臂丛麻醉和“Ｃ”型臂Ｘ线机透视下,先行闭合整复骨折,然后经皮穿入两枚交叉克氏针固定。结果 本组４２     

Reduction of Displaced Supracondylar Fracture of the Humerus in Children by Manipulation in Flexion

Sixty-one children with posteriorly displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus were treated by manipulation with the elbow flexed 40°-60°. This method proved to be safe, easy to apply and was followed by a high rate of success. The elbow was immobilized using a collar-and-cuff or a broad sling and binding of the arm to the forearm with zinc oxide adhesive plaster. In difficult children, the limb was put under the child's clothing to avoid its being used. Redisplacement occurred in only 8.2 per cent of the patients and in none of these was it severe enough to justify remanipulation.     

Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus in Children: A Follow-Up With Particular Reference to Late Results After Severely Displaced Fractures

A follow-up of 73 cases out of a 10-year material of 90 children with supracondylar fractures of the humerus is described. Forty-three children had fractures with gross displacement, whereas 30 children had undisplaced or slightly displaced fractures. This last group all achieved excellent results after simple conservative treatment. Twenty-three cases among the group with severe displacement were treated with vertical extension, 17 eases with one or more attempts at manipulative reduction and plaster fixation, and three with operation using Kirschner wires. The functional results were approximately the same in the first two groups and were satisfactory in 85-100 per cent. The results with varus derformity were better in the group treated by extension (82 per cent as opposed to 50 per cent in the group treated by manual reposition). We conclude that extension in a vertical direction is the most suitable method of treatment of these often severely displaced fractures.     

Percutaneous Pinning of Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus

Six cases of supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children were treated by closed reduction and percutaneous pinning with two Kirschner wires inserted laterally through the capitellum of the humerus. This treatment has the same advantages as the commonly used percutaneous pinning with crossed Kirschner wires inserted through the epicondyles of the humerus, and it further eliminates the risk of damaging the ulnar nerve by the insertion of the medial Kirschner wire.     

儿童移位型肱骨髁上骨折致神经损伤

目的:探讨儿童移位型肱骨髁上骨折致神经损伤类型、保守治疗时间和损伤机理。方法:对53例伴神经损伤的儿童移位型肱骨髁上骨折进行回顾性分析。结果:53例54条神经损伤涉及桡神经29条、骨间后神经13条、骨间前神经6条、正中神经4条、尺神经2条。46条神经保守治疗,8条神经手术探查连续性完整,呈牵拉和挤压伤,2条伴挫伤,伤后8～12周2条桡神经行松解术。伤后8～12周神经功能恢复48条,超过12周6条,最长时间24周。结论:儿童移位型肱骨髁上骨折所致的神经损伤,多数功能可自然恢复。伤后4～6周对神经恢复情况综合评定,肌电图神经传导速度测定功能无恢复及早手术,观察到伤后8～12周为宜。神经在肘部的临床解剖学特点是损伤的基础。     

张力带法治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折

目的 介绍一种治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折的方法。方法 采用交叉克氏针加桡侧“8”字钢丝内固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折26例。结果 全组经6个月以上随访，无骨不连发生，肘关节活动良好，无肘内翻发生。结论 张力带法治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折是一种比较理想的方法之一。     

可吸收螺钉内固定治疗小儿肱骨髁上骨折疗效观察

目的观察可吸收螺钉内固定治疗小儿肱骨髁上骨折的疗效。方法18例小儿肱骨髁上骨折(伸直型16例,屈曲型2例;Gartland型Ⅱ15例,Ⅲ型3例),应用G randfix可吸收螺钉行内固定手术,观察术后伤口恢复、肘关节功能、骨折愈合、术后并发症及手术部位的炎症异物反应发生情况。结果本组18例均获随访,平均8(3~12)个月,伤口均一期愈合,无异物反应,无骨折不愈合及肘内、外翻畸形,无神经血管迟发性损伤。疗效评价:优15例,良2例,可1例。结论可吸收螺钉内固定治疗小儿肱骨髁上骨折疗效可靠,值得推广应用。     

小儿肱骨髁上骨折内固定的生物力学评价

目的　比较三种治疗小儿肱骨髁上骨折的内固定方法 ,为临床选用提供科学依据。方法　采用 8具尸体上肢标本 ,制成骨折损伤模型 ,随机分组分别适用交叉克氏针加 8字钢丝 ,交叉克氏针、平行克氏针等三种方法固定后 ,模拟肘关节伸、屈和扭转三种情况下进行加载。结果　采用交叉克氏针加 8字钢丝无论在强度还是刚度方面均优于单用交叉克氏针内固定 ,更比平行克氏针内固定的效果好 ,前者比后者强度平均高出 12 %和 30 %。刚度平均高出 15 %和 33% (P <0 0 1)。结论　交叉克氏针加钢丝固定 ,它操作简单、牢固、稳定性好 ,是治疗肱骨髁上骨折防止肘内翻的较好方法。     

不同类型儿童肱骨髁上骨折的治疗探讨

目的探讨不同类型儿童肱骨髁上骨折的治疗方法。方法对GartlandⅠ型骨折,单纯应用石膏外固定;GartlandⅡ型和Ⅲ型骨折,选择闭合复位、经皮穿针内固定;对于闭合复位、经皮穿针失败或伴有明显血管、神经损伤症状以及患肢肿胀特别严重的病例,采用切开复位克氏针内固定。结果未出现骨筋膜室综合征、血管或神经受损等并发症。术前合并神经损伤的病例,其神经功能得以完全恢复。56例随访16~28个月,平均20.6月,按F lynn功能评价标准,优38例,良16例,可1例,差1例。结论针对不同类型儿童肱骨髁上骨折采取相应的治疗方法,疗效满意。     

解剖型锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨远端C型骨折

目的探讨应用解剖型锁定钢板内固定治疗C型肱骨远端骨折的疗效。方法肱骨远端C型骨折28例,按AO/ASIF分类:C1型10例,C2型15例,C3型3例;均采用采用尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路,解剖型锁定钢板内固定。受伤至手术时间平均5.8 d(2 h~10 d)。结果术后28例均获随访,平均20(2~30)月。骨折愈合时间平均3.5(2~10)个月。根据Cassebaum评分系统评定肘关节功能:优10例,良12例,可5例,差1例,优良率为78.6%,结论采用尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路,早期切开解剖复位、解剖型钢板内固定及早期有计划地康复训练治疗肱骨远端骨折,复位良好,固定可靠,能最大限度地恢复肘关节功能。     

Supracondylar Fracture of the Humerus in Children: A Long-Term Follow-up Study of 107 Cases

A total of 107 cases of supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children were examined after a follow-up period of 8 to 18 years. No serious complications were found. Conservative treatment gave good results, and open reduction was seldom indicated. Rotational displacement and displacement in the frontal or sagittal plane remodelled by the end of the growth period, whereas tilting of the distal fragment into varus or valgus remained. The position of reduction should be checked roentgenologically until bony consolidation occurs, by measuring Baumann's angle or the carrying angle, and rereductions should be performed within 2 weeks.     

肱骨近端复杂骨折的治疗策略

目的探讨肱骨近端复杂骨折的合理治疗策略,明确治疗方法和具体治疗手段。方法回顾总结32例肱骨近端复杂骨折病例资料。按Neer四部分骨折分类：一或二部分骨折8例采用保守治疗,18例[三部分骨折14例（其中4例伴肩关节脱位并有3例合并臂丛神经损伤）、四部分骨折4例]采用切开复位解剖型LC—DCP钢板内固定,6例（四部分骨折伴脱位）采用人工肱骨头假体置换术。结果32例均获随访,时问6～36个月,平均16个月。Constant Functional Score总体平均评分80．7分,总体优良率75％。无一例肱骨头坏死和关节脱位发生。结论对于肱骨近端复杂骨折只要根据骨折具体情况严格分型并选用合理治疗手段,术中充分保留肱骨头血供,有效修复肩袖和大小结节,坚强骨折内固定,尽早合理的关节功能锻炼,可以达到满意的治疗效果。     

C臂引导下双入路微创治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折

目的探讨C臂引导下儿童肱骨髁上骨折行双切口入路微创内固定术的可行性及疗效。方法 10例儿童肱骨髁上骨折患者,取肘外侧髁切口为主内侧髁切口为辅的＂一主一辅＂双切口入路,C臂引导下行肱骨髁上骨折复位交叉克氏针内固定。结果本组均获随访,平均3.5（2-5）个月。术后3 d复查X线显示均达解剖复位。本组无术中神经损伤及切断肱三头肌,无感染及术后内固定松动移位发生。骨折均在12周内达骨性愈合,其中6周愈合4例,8周愈合5例,12周愈合1例,无一例骨化性肌炎。肘关节功能按Cassebaum标准评定疗效,优8例,良2例,优良率100%。恢复良好。结论该切口术式对伸肘结构损伤小,肘关节功能恢复良好,并发症少,效果优良。     

锁定钛板治疗老年肱骨外科颈骨折

目的探讨应用肱骨近端锁定钛板治疗肱骨外科颈骨折的手术方法和疗效。方法应用肱骨近端锁定钛板治疗60岁以上肱骨外科颈骨折32例,对其疗效进行回顾性分析。结果本组32例均获随访,平均13（4～31）个月,骨折均在平均68（66～70）d内达到骨性愈合,肩关节功能按Neer评分法：优23例,良6例,可3例。结论锁定钛板设计合理,固定强度能达到早期功能锻炼的要求,而且手术时不需过多剥离软组织,减少肩袖损伤和肱骨头坏死的发生率,特别是其特殊的依靠钛板与螺钉之间的成角稳定性的固定方式更适合不同程度的骨质疏松老年肱骨外科颈患者,是治疗老年肱骨外科颈骨折的较好内固定方法。     

外翻夹板治疗儿童伸直型肱骨髁上骨折

目的：探讨儿童伸直型肱骨髁上骨折既可靠而肘内翻发生率又低的外固定方法。方法：将150例患者分为甲、乙两组。甲组98例采用长板式夹板将肘关节部固定成外翻15°并塑为＂L＂形,内外侧夹板超肘关节的前后长板式四夹板固定治疗。乙组52例采用传统的超肘关节四夹板固定治疗。结果：两组病例的骨折愈合时间无明显差异（P〉0.05）,但在骨折端对位的保持上甲组明显优于乙组,从第8d起就出现显著的差异（P〈0.01）。肘关节功能恢复甲组优于乙组（P〈0.05）。结论：前后长板式四夹板外固定治疗伸直型肱骨髁上骨折,骨折端固定可靠,能有效地防止肘内翻的发生,疗效优于传统的超肘四夹板外固定法。     

肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的手术治疗

目的：讨论肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的手术效果。方法：2004年11月至2007年12月,手术治疗粉碎移位的肱骨近端骨折80例,行切开复位内同定手术65例,其中选用肱骨近端解剖型钢板28例、肱骨近端锁定钢板22例,三叶草钢板15例,行人工肱骨头置换手术15例。结果：所有病例均获随访,时间8～30个月,平均16．5个月。根MichaelReese医疗中心评分标准,内固定术或肱骨头置换术后肩关节功能评分,优良率分别为87％和75％。结论：对肱骨近端粉碎性骨折采用手术治疗可取得较为满意的效果,对不同情况的患者可采用个体化的治疗方案。     

成人肱骨远端经关节骨折特制钢板内固定探讨

目的：探索复杂的成人肱骨远端经关节骨折的治疗。方法：２３例复杂的肱骨远端经关节骨折，按ＡＯ／ＡＳＩＦ分型，Ｂ型８例，Ｃ型１５例。切开复位，分别采用多枚克氏针、松质骨螺丝钉、特制解剖钢板和拉力螺钉等内固定方法，术后良好的功能锻炼。结果：１３个病人平均随访２６个月，按改良Ｒｉｓｅｂｒｏｕｇｈ和Ｒａｄｉｎ功能评定标准，优良率８５％，尚可１５％。结论：作者认为解剖钢板更适合人体解剖特点，有利于骨折愈合和关节重建，确保良好的功能恢复