Human reticulocyte maturation and its relevance to erythropoietic stress

A comparative study of circulating human reticulocytes by phase-contrast microscopic observation and NMB staining revealed two different forms of reticulocytes which could be clearly distinguished by their distinctive morphologic appearance. These were (1) a multilobular motile form and (2) a cup-shaped nonmotile form. Sequential studies of different populations in the circulation of newborns showed that the multilobular form was the youngest and the cup-shaped form the more mature reticulocyte. The multilobular form was found in the circulation only under conditions of erythropoietic stress and could not be detected in the circulation of hematologically normal individuals. The presence of these characteristic forms in peripheral blood can be used as a reliable indicator of transient or persistent erythropoietic stress.     

Cerebrovascular response to acute hypocapnic and eucapnic hypoxia in normal man

Alterations in human cerebral blood flow and related blood constituents were studied during exposure to acute hypoxia. Observations were made during serial inhalation of decreasing O(2) concentrations with and without maintenance of normocarbia, during 8 min inhalation of 10% O(2), and after hyperventilation at an arterial P(O2) of about 40 mm Hg. In the range of hypoxemia studied, from normal down to arterial P(O2) of about 40 mm Hg, the magnitude of the cerebral vasodilator response to hypoxia appeared to be largely dependent upon the coexisting arterial CO(2) tension. The mean slope of the increase in cerebral blood flow with decreasing arterial O(2) tension rose more quickly (P < 0.05) when eucapnia was maintained when compared with the slope derived under similar hypoxic conditions without maintenance of eucapnia. When 12 subjects inhaled 10% oxygen, cerebral blood flow rose to more than 135% of control in four whose mean decrease in arterial CO(2) tension was - 2.0 mm Hg. The remaining eight had flows ranging from 97 to 120% of control, and their mean decrease in CO(2) tension was - 5.1 mm Hg. When mean arterial P(O2) was 37 mm Hg, hyperventilation was carried out in 10 subjects. Arterial P(O2) increased insignificantly, arterial P(CO2) declined from 34 to 27 mm Hg (P < 0.05), and cerebral blood flow which had been 143% of control decreased to 109%, a figure not significantly different from control.These data demonstrate the powerful counterbalancing constrictor effects of modest reductions in CO(2) tension on the vasodilator influence of hypoxia represented by arterial P(O2) reductions to about 40 mm Hg. Indeed, mild hyperventilation completely overcame the vasodilator effect provided by an arterial O(2) tension as low as 40 mm Hg. The effects of hypoxia on the control of the cerebral circulation must be analyzed in terms of the effects of any associated changes in CO(2) tension.     

Endocrine and renal response to water loading and water restriction in normal man

1. Nine normal subjects (eight male, one female) on a fixed daily intake of 150 mmol of sodium and 80 mmol of potassium, were randomized to receive either 3 days of 1.0 litre total water intake/24 h (food + fluid) or 4 days of 6.8 litres total water intake/24 h, and were then crossed over after a 3 day control period (2.7 litres water/24 h). 2. During water restriction, urine volume fell from 1.94 litres/24 h to less than 1 litre/24 h by the first day and was 0.77 litre/24 h on the final day. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels were unchanged from baseline despite a large increase in plasma vasopressin and plasma and urine osmolality. Urinary sodium was unaltered throughout, while urinary potassium was increased on the final 2 days of water restriction. 3. During water loading, urine volume increased from 1.85 litres/24 h to 5.44 litres/24 h on the first day and remained at approximately 6 litres/24 h for the final 3 days. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide showed no change. Plasma vasopressin and plasma and urine osmolality were reduced. Urinary sodium and potassium output were unchanged from baseline. 4. These results suggest that changes in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide are unlikely to be involved in the normal homoeostatic response to changes in water balance in man.     

网织红细胞参数在再生障碍性贫血治疗中的意义

目的 探讨网织红细胞参数在再生障碍性贫血患者治疗过程中的变化及其临床意义。方法 将35例患者分成2组：治疗有效组（27例）和治疗无效组（8例）；测定其治疗前、后外周血的网织红细胞参数，并对结果进行对比分析，同时分析相应骨髓象。并与正常对照组比较。结果 ①再生障碍性贫血组治疗前网织红细胞参数均低于正常对照组，差别有显著性意义（P〈0．01）；②治疗有效组治疗后网织红细胞参数比治疗前升高，差别有显著性（P〈0．01），骨髓增生度比治疗前增高；③治疗无效组治疗后网织红细胞参数（网织红细胞百分数及绝对值、高散射光网织红细胞百分数及绝对值和未成熟网织红细胞指数）与治疗前无明显差别（P〉0．05），治疗前后骨髓造血功能无明显改变；④治疗中各参数开始升高时间（中位数）：网织红细胞百分数为11．4d：高散射光网织红细胞百分数为5d；未成熟网织红细胞指数5．6d。结论网织红细胞参数为反映骨髓造血功能较好的指标，其中高散射光网织红细胞百分数、未成熟网织红细胞指数为更灵敏指标：网织红细胞参数测定对于再障治疗效果监测具有重要意义。     

Urine electrolyte response to 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone in normal man.

1. To assess whether the adrenal corticosteroid 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone [18-(OH)-DOC] affects urine electrolyte excretion in normal man, seven male volunteers received 120 microgram (353 nmol) intravenously in 1 h. This was compared with glucose (50 g/l; control) and aldosterone (80 microgram, 222 nmol) infusions in the same subjects. 2. A definite though weak antinatriuretic response to 18-(OH)DOC was observed, whereas urine potassium excretion was not altered. Aldosterone increased urine potassium excretion and reduced sodium output. Urine pH was lowered by both corticosteroids, aldosterone in general having a more marked effect. Urine volume was not altered by 18-(OH)DOC. 3. Plasma concentrations of 18-(OH)DOC and aldosterone rose approximately tenfold during their respective infusions. Compared with that of aldosterone, the metabolic clearance rate of 18-(OH)DOC was slower andits plasma half-life was longer. 4. We have been able to demonstrate that 18-(OH)DOC has a definite, albeit weak antinatriuretic action in normal man, but whether or not this corticosteroid is capable of elevating the blood pressure in man remains to be shown.     

骨髓间充质干细胞干预再生障碍性贫血患者树突状细胞的成熟分化

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞对再生障碍性贫血患者T细胞增殖的影响国内仅见少量报道,而骨髓间充质干细胞是否通过调节树突状细胞来影响再生障碍性贫血患者T细胞的增殖,国内未见报道,其机制值得深入研究.目的：观察骨髓间充质干细胞对再生障碍性贫血患者树突状细胞的免疫调节作用.方法：将培养第5天的再生障碍性贫血患者外周血单个核细胞来源的树突状细胞与第3代健康人骨髓间充质干细胞混合培养,加入脂多糖、肿瘤坏死因子促树突状细胞成熟,应用流式细胞仪检测骨髓间充质干细胞与未成熟、成熟树突状细胞共培养前后树突状细胞表面标志表达.结果与结论：未成熟的树突状细胞在脂多糖的刺激诱导下与骨髓间充质干细胞共培养前后,树突状细胞表面标志CD14,CD1a,CD83,CD80表达无变化（P〉0.05）;成熟树突状细胞与骨髓间充质干细胞共培养前后,树突状细胞表面标志CD14,CD1a,CD83,CD80表达降低（P〈0.05）.结果说明骨髓间充质干细胞可抑制再生障碍性贫血患者单核细胞来源的树突状细胞的发育和成熟,进而发挥调节再生障碍性贫血患者的免疫作用.     

网织红细胞的多参数分析在贫血患者临床鉴别诊断中的价值

目的：探讨血液中网织红细胞的各项参数在贫血患者临床诊断与鉴别中的价值。方法主要采取美国贝克曼库尔特L H-750自动分析仪对本院2012年1～12月间的50例贫血患者（研究组）和50例健康体检者（对照组）血液中网织红细胞各项参数进行测定。结果研究中失血性贫血、二联性贫血、溶血性贫血、缺铁性贫血患者的网织红细胞百分率（RET％）、未成熟网织红细胞百分率（IFR％）较对照组均有不同程度的升高,研究组中溶血性贫血患者网织红细胞绝对数（RET＃）较对照组有明显的升高,数据比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;失血性贫血、二联性贫血、和缺铁性贫血的RET＃与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论临床中检测血液中网织红细胞的各项参数对贫血患者的诊断与鉴别具有重要的意义,在临床中具有较好的应用价值。     

肾性贫血中未成熟网织红细胞的变化及意义

目的:探讨未成熟网织红细胞指数(IRF)在肾性贫血中的变化及意义。方法:采用Beckman-CoulterGen.S自动血细胞分析仪,检测135例慢性肾功能不全患者不同病期(包括肾功能不全代偿期41例、肾功能不全失代偿期45例、肾功能衰竭期49例)和50例正常对照组的IRF、网织红细胞百分比(Ret%)、红细胞(RBC)计数和血红蛋白(Hb)含量,同时检测其血清肌酐(Cr)和尿素氮(BUN)含量,并与50例正常对照组进行比较分析。结果:IRF在肾功能不全代偿期组显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而肾功能不全失代偿期组和肾功能衰竭期组均显著高于对照组(分别P<0.05和P<0.01)。Ret%在肾功能不全失代偿期组和肾功能衰竭期组显著高于对照组(分别P<0.05和P<0.01)。RBC、Hb水平均随着Cr和BUN水平的升高而显著减低,互相间有较好的相关性(分别为r=-0.604和-0.627;r=-0.600和-0.628,P<0.01),而IRF、Ret%与Cr、BUN的变化无明显相关性。结论:IRF及其相关参数的检测,有助于了解肾病患者的骨髓增生程度和红系的生长情况。IRF在肾病早期时降低,肾病末期由于EPO...     

网织红细胞参数在缺铁性贫血诊断中的价值

目的 探讨新型网织红细胞参数在缺铁性贫血（IDA）诊断中的临床诊断价值。方法 用Bayer ADVIA 120全自动血液分析仪对236例健康人群、101例非IDA患者和78例IDA患者的外周血红细胞和网织红细胞诸参数进行了检测，并对检验结果进行了对比分析。结果IDA患者的血红蛋白（Hb）、平均红细胞体积（MCV）、红细胞内血红蛋白量（CH）、平均网织红细胞体积（MCVr）、网织红细胞内血红蛋白量（CHr）及网织红细胞内血红蛋白量浓度（CHCMr）检测结果明显低于健康人群和非IDA患者（P〈0．01）；而网织红细胞体积分布宽度（RDWr）和网织红细胞细胞内血红蛋白量分布宽度（HDWr）的检测结果明显高于健康人群和非IDA患者（P〈0．01）。如果分别以RDWr〉11．0％、HDWr〉31．6g／L、CHr〈28．0pg／L、CHCMr〈285．0g／L及CH〈27．0pg／L为临界值诊断IDA，其灵敏度和特异性分别为：92．3％、75．6％、100％、100％、92．3％和74．2％、82．2％、89．6％、85．5％和90．2％。结论以CHr〈28．0pg／L及CH〈27．0pg／L为临界值联合诊断IDA效率最优，其假阳性率、假阴性率分别为9．2％和0％。次之为CHr〈28．0pg／L，诊断IDA的假阳性率、假阴性率分别为10．4％和0％。     

MCV/RDW结合网织红细胞参数在诊断贫血中的价值探讨

目的　观察各种疾病中度贫血患者平均红细胞体积 (MCV)、红细胞体积分布宽度(RDW )和网织红细胞 (RET)参数的指标变化。方法　采用Advia 12 0血细胞分析仪检测 2 0 0例各种疾病中度贫血患者MCV、RDW和RET参数 ,将所得数据进行统计学处理。结果　与正常对照组比较 ,急性白血病、大出血和血栓性血小板减少性紫癜贫血组MCV和RDW明显升高 ;在缺铁性贫血组RDW升高 ,但MCV降低 ;RET %除急性白血病和再障贫血组外 ,其余均偏高 ,中荧光强度网织红细胞 (MFR % )和高荧光强度网织红细胞 (HFR % )在各组贫血患者均显著升高。结论　MCV/RDW贫血分类法结合网织红细胞参数指标 ,不仅有助于贫血的病因分析 ,而且也是观察贫血疗效的一个可靠指标     

网织红细胞及红细胞相关参数在贫血鉴别诊断中的应用

目的探讨网织红细胞参数联合红细胞参数在临床常见3种贫血鉴别诊断中的价值。方法检测3种贫血患者和体检健康者的红细胞相关参数MCV、MCH、MCHC、RDW-SD及网织红细胞相关参数RET%、RET#、IRF、LFR。结果与健康对照组比较,IDA组MCV、MCH、MCHC、LFR明显减低,RDW-SD、RET%、IRF明显增高;慢性病贫血组,MCHC、LFR明显减低,RED-SD、RET%、IRF明显增高;肾性贫血组MCV、MCH、MCHC、RET#、LFR明显减低,RDW-SD、IRF明显增高。缺铁性贫血组与慢性病贫血组比较,MCV、MCH、MCHC显著减低;缺铁性贫血组与肾性贫血组比较,MCV、MCH、MCHC、LFR显著减低,IRF显著升高;慢性病贫血组与肾性贫血组比较,MCHC、LFR显著降低,而RDW-SD、RET%、RET#、IRF显著升高。结论网织红细胞联合红细胞相关参数对3种类型贫血的鉴别诊断具有一定临床意义。     

网织红细胞血红蛋白水平在巨幼红细胞性贫血鉴别诊断中的应用

目的探讨网织红细胞血红蛋白水平(Ret-He)对巨幼红细胞性贫血(MA)的鉴别诊断价值。方法检测并比较53例不同类型MA患者、13例骨髓异常增生综合征难治性贫血亚型(MDS-RA)患者和50例健康者Ret-He水平;绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线),计算Ret-He诊断MA的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值。结果单纯MA组、伴血小板减少MA组与健康对照组比较,单纯MA组、伴血小板减少MA组与MDS-RA组比较,Ret-He水平差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),MDS-RA组与健康对照组Ret-He水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。当Ret-He临界值为36.45pg时,诊断MA的灵敏度为64.9%、特异度为92.3%、阳性预测值为96.0%、阴性预测值为48.0%、ROC曲线下面积为0.811。结论 Ret-He对MA具有一定的鉴别诊断价值,可为进一步阐明贫血形态学分类提供信息。     

The effect of propranolol and phentolamine on serum gastrin concentration in response to respiratory acidosis in normal man.

Serum gastrin concentration and basal acid secretion were studied in normal subjects under the influence of respiratory acidosis induced by CO2 rebreathing. During the intragastric instillation of 100 ml/h 0.5 M bicarbonate a significant increase of gastrinaemia from 133 to 158 pg/ml (p less than 0.01) occurred in ten subjects during respiratory acidosis (pCO2 62 torr, pH 7.25). Under the intragastric instillation of 100 ml/h 0.1 N HCl the rise of gastrin concentration in response to CO2 rebreathing (pCO2 68 torr, pH 7.20) was not significant. The relationship between the decrease of pH and the increase of the gastrin concentration was shifted in the direction of a greater systemic acidosis compared to the results performed in the presence of a neutral intragastric pH. 50 mug/kg propranolol intravenously produced a decrease of gastrin concentrations from 145 to 127 pg/ml (p less than 0.01) and a total suppression of hypergastrinaemia in response to CO2 rebreathing, suggesting activation of beta-cell receptors in respiratory acidosis. The infusion of phentolamine in a dose of 0.6 to 1.8 mg/min. resulted in a rise of gastrin concentration from 140 to 165 pg/ml (p less than 0.01) which was not further elevated during respiratory acidosis. The basal acid secretion showed a significant rise in response to CO2 rebreathing, which was abolished by the administration of propranolol.     

Oral carbidopa has no effect on the renal response to angiotensin II in normal man.

1. The effect of inhibition of intrarenal dopamine synthesis by carbidopa on the renal response to angiotensin II infusion was studied in six healthy salt-loaded volunteers. 2. Subjects received an infusion of angiotensin II at two doses (0.5 and 1.0 ng min-1 kg-1) on two occasions. Before one study they took a single dose of carbidopa (100 mg) by mouth. 3. The plasma concentrations of angiotensin II produced by the infusion were similar on both study days. Angiotensin II infusion reduced urinary dopamine excretion on the control day. Urinary dopamine excretion was undetectable at all times after carbidopa, but carbidopa did not change the basal excretion rate of sodium. Despite inhibition of renal dopamine synthesis, the reductions in both absolute and fractional sodium excretion during the angiotensin II infusion were not different from those seen in the control study. 4. The reductions in glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow which occurred during angiotensin II infusion were not modified by pretreatment with carbidopa. 5. The renal response to angiotensin II is not modulated either wholly or in part by endogenous intrarenal dopamine levels. The fall in urinary dopamine excretion which occurs during angiotensin II infusion is consistent with a modulatory role for tubular reabsorptive capacity in the regulation of proximal tubular dopamine synthesis.     

Erythropoietic response to acute anemia.

Reliance on a brisk erythropoietic response to untreated blood loss is an alternative to transfusion of homologous blood. Slow erythropoiesis has been observed in ICU patients who refused blood. Many of these patients received supplemental oxygen therapy and Fluosol-DA, a temporary red cell substitute. This study reports the erythropoietic response, in the baboon, to moderate (Hct 20%) and severe (Hct 10%) anemia. In addition, the effect of oxygen therapy (FIO2 0.6 for 1 wk) and fluorocarbon emulsions (Oxypherol) on erythropoiesis was evaluated. Baboons uniformly survived acute normovolemic anemia with Hct 10%. In all cases, the response to anemia was characterized by a lag period (with no change in Hct), and a nonlinear recovery period. A lag period of 3 days was observed in both moderate and severe anemia for baboons breathing room air or FIO2 0.6. The lag period was prolonged to 1 wk in the presence of Oxypherol. The recovery period exhibited a uniform and negative correlation between the rate of Hct change and the Hct, in all cases. The theoretical maximum rate of increase of Hct was 2.6%/day. In untreated blood loss, shortening the lag period and increasing the slope of the recovery period will decrease the length of time that the patient is anemic.