多层螺旋CT在肾盂癌诊断中的价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT在肾孟癌的诊断和鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法:经手术病理证实的20例患者,其中移行细胞癌16例,鳞状上皮癌4例,术前均行多层螺旋CT平扫和增强扫描,由两名主治医师以上职称共同阅片,将扫描图像进行平扫、动脉期、静脉期和分泌期及延迟期多期分析,与病理对照.结果:肾孟内肿决型15例,浸润肾实质型4例,肾孟壁增厚型1例.增强扫描动脉期18例肿瘤轻度不均匀强化,静脉期和分泌期11例病灶强化程度几乎没有改变,与相邻肾实质相比肿瘤呈低密度,15例延迟增强扫描见肾孟内充盈缺损.其中2例出现尿漏.1例肾孟内见型略高密度影,术前诊断凝血块,术后病理为乳头状移行细胞癌.结论:多屡螺旋CT平扫加增强扫描可提高肾孟癌的诊断正确率,平扫有利于和结石的鉴别,多平面重建更清晰显示病变位置及形态,增强扫描更有利于病变的定性诊断.     

胰腺实性-假乳头状肿瘤临床及多层螺旋CT表现特点

目的分析胰腺实性-假乳头状肿瘤（SPT）的临床及多层螺旋CT（MSCT）特点。方法回顾性分析19例经病理证实为胰腺SFr患者的临床及MSCT表现特点。结果19例SPT患者中21．1％（4／19）的肿瘤CT平扫上见新鲜出血,呈稍高密度影。26．3％（5／19）的肿瘤在CT上见钙化。19例肿瘤在CT上均呈囊实性。肿瘤包膜在囊性为主型及囊实性混合型肿瘤中显示清楚,实性为主型的肿瘤中显示不清。增强扫描肿瘤包膜及实性肿瘤成分见增强。结论胰腺实性一假乳头状肿瘤的临床及CT表现具有一定的特点,CT检查有助于肿瘤的诊断。     

多排螺旋CT对甲状腺乳头状癌颈淋巴结转移的诊断价值

目的评估多排螺旋CT(MSCT)诊断甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)伴颈淋巴结转移的临床价值。方法回顾性分析38例PTC行功能性颈清扫的术前MSCT结果,并与手术后病理诊断结果对比。结果 38例患者MSCT检查阳性率为84.2%(32/38),且绝大多数淋巴结转移灶有特征性影像学改变。颈中央区淋巴结转移率最高,达52.6%(20/38),但该区小的转移淋巴结MSCT难以检出,而致6例假阴性。结论 MSCT诊断PTC颈淋巴结转移具有较高的准确率。PTC初次手术建议常规行颈中央区淋巴结清扫。     

多层螺旋CT扫描结合三维重建对原发性输尿管癌诊断价值(附11例报告)

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT扫描结合三维重建对原发输尿管癌的诊断价值。方法:收集经手术病理证实的原发输尿管癌患者11例。所有患者常规行全尿路CT平扫及增强扫描,延迟8～120分钟行多次全尿路扫描,薄层重建数据应用AW4.3软件进行MPR、CPR、MIP及VR重建及三维成像,CPR选取动脉期、MIP及VR选取延迟期效果较好。结果:CT全部检出病灶。平扫显示病灶为输尿管腔内软组织肿块、管壁增厚及不同程度的扩张积水,增强扫描动、静脉期可见病灶呈不同程度强化。MPR从不同角度显示病变本身及病变与周围组织器官的关系。CPR通过动脉期重建对输尿管完整显示使病变整体形态范围变得更清晰。MIP、VR在延迟期能立体多方位显示输尿管充盈情况、局部梗阻形态等。结论:多层螺旋CT扫描结合三维重建基本上对原发输尿管癌做出正确诊断,提高小病灶检出率,为临床手术治疗提供可靠的信息,是很好的影像学检查方法。     

CT强化程度对甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移的诊断价值

目的探讨CT强化程度对甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyrroid carcinoma,PTC)颈部淋巴结转移的诊断价值。方法回顾分析经手术病理证实的251例PTC中535枚颈部淋巴结的CT资料,计算CT增强与平扫密度值的比值和差值,采用Mann-Whitney检验分析比值和差值在淋巴结转移组和非转移组中的分布,通过受试者工作特异度曲线(ROC)获得比值和差值在两组中的最佳阈值。结果535枚颈部淋巴结中,包括转移组271枚和非转移组264枚,两组的比值分别为2.30(2.04,2.76)和1.66(1.51,1.81)(Z=-16.94,P<0.05),差值分别为58(49,76)Hu和31(22,36)Hu(Z=-18.045,P<0.05)。两组比值和差值的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.923和0.951,最佳阈值分别为1.93和39.5 Hu,诊断淋巴结转移的敏感度和特异度分别为84.9%和87.1%、91.5%和86.0%。两者联合诊断淋巴结转移的敏感度和特异度为82.3%和91.7%。结论增强与平扫密度值的比值≥1.93和差值≥39.5 Hu对PTC颈部淋巴结转移具有较高的诊断效能,两者的特异度相仿,后者具有更高的敏感度,两者联合可明显提高特异度,从而减少不必要的手术创伤。     

数字化多层螺旋CT对骨关节创伤的评价

目的 探讨数字化多层螺旋CT对骨关节创伤的应用价值. 方法 对66例骨关节创伤患者行64层螺旋CT扫描,并进行二维多平面重建;23例患者行三维容积再现,对3例疑血管病变的患者行64层螺旋CT血管成像检查,对不同重建方法进行分析.结果 64层螺旋CT扫描成像对骨关节创伤显示清楚,诊断正确率为100%,二维多平面重建有助于骨折细节和错位的显示及软组织损伤的显示,三维容积再现有助于骨折和局部复杂的解剖结构直观的立体显示. 结论 数字化多层螺旋CT有助于创伤的正确分型和临床治疗方案的选择,可以对骨关节创伤做出正确的术前诊断并评价其疗效.     

多层螺旋CT在胰腺实性-假乳头状瘤诊治中的应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)在胰腺实性-假乳头状瘤(SPTP)的诊断和治疗中的意义,以提高SPTP的诊疗水平.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实12例SPTP的临床、病理学和CT资料.结果 SPTP具备典型的螺旋CT表现:平扫为边缘清晰的囊实性占位,增强扫描病灶囊性部分不强化,实性部分轻至中度强化,病灶边缘均可见光滑且明显强化包膜.MSCT三维成像可清楚显示病灶与周围脏器和血管的解剖关系.CT所见12例中2例包膜不完整,3例侵犯十二指肠肠壁,2例肠系膜上静脉受侵犯,1例与脾脏粘连紧密.12例均行手术切除,肿瘤均为单发,直径4 cm～18cm.术中所见的肿瘤与胰腺及周围脏器、血管的解剖关系与CT表现相符;病理所见与CT表现对应良好.结论 SPTP的CT表现具有一定的特征,结合临床表现,多数可在术前作出准确诊断,为治疗提供重要依据.MSCT三维成像技术可为术前评估和手术方案提供重要参考,提高SPTP的诊疗水平.     

多层螺旋CT在胰腺实性-假乳头状瘤诊治中的应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)在胰腺实性-假乳头状瘤(SPTP)的诊断和治疗中的意义,以提高SPTP的诊疗水平.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实12例SPTP的临床、病理学和CT资料.结果 SPTP具备典型的螺旋CT表现:平扫为边缘清晰的囊实性占位,增强扫描病灶囊性部分不强化,实性部分轻至中度强化,病灶边缘均可见光滑且明显强化包膜.MSCT三维成像可清楚显示病灶与周围脏器和血管的解剖关系.CT所见12例中2例包膜不完整,3例侵犯十二指肠肠壁,2例肠系膜上静脉受侵犯,1例与脾脏粘连紧密.12例均行手术切除,肿瘤均为单发,直径4 cm～18cm.术中所见的肿瘤与胰腺及周围脏器、血管的解剖关系与CT表现相符;病理所见与CT表现对应良好.结论 SPTP的CT表现具有一定的特征,结合临床表现,多数可在术前作出准确诊断,为治疗提供重要依据.MSCT三维成像技术可为术前评估和手术方案提供重要参考,提高SPTP的诊疗水平.     

甲状腺微小乳头状癌48例临床病理学分析

目的探讨甲状腺微小乳头状癌的病理学特征,提高甲状腺微小乳头状癌的病理学诊断水平。方法选取2014-06-2016-06接受手术并经病理学检查确诊为甲状腺微小乳头状癌的48例患者,对其病理学及临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果甲状腺微小乳头状癌的主要病理学特征是真乳头结构,其内可见毛玻璃样细胞核、核沟、核内包涵体及间质内有沙砾体及钙化。免疫组化结果为48例Tg、42例CK19和40例Ki-67呈阳性表达。结论熟练掌握甲状腺微小乳头状癌的病理学特点,对彩超扫查提示甲状腺微小恶性结节的手术送检标本,给予多取材、多切片并做出正确病理学诊断,对临床医生判断手术方式是否得当及是否需要后续治疗有重要价值。CK19、Ki-67及Tg的强阳性表达具有较高的诊断价值,应作为常规检查。     

多层螺旋CT在肝癌合并门静脉癌栓中的临床应用价值

目的 探讨肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的多层螺旋CT（MSCT）成像表现及其诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析35例经手术病理或临床综合诊断的肝癌合并门脉癌栓的MSCT增强扫描与图像后处理技术的影像学表现,图像重建方法包括多平面重建（MPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）和容积再现（VR）3种方式。结果 PVTT直接征象：门静脉腔内条形、树枝状及结节、肿块状的低密度充盈缺损区,动脉期门脉走行区线条样异常强化或迂曲成簇扩张滋养血管影,21例门静脉主干明显增宽。间接征象：肝实质灌注异常7例,门静脉海绵样变4例,表现为门静脉旁、肝内及胆囊窝增粗迂曲成团血管影,肝动脉-门静脉分流2例,24例瘤内显示异常粗大血管影,肝外异位供血动脉2例。结论 MSCT能够显示门静脉癌栓的准确部位和门静脉血流状况,可为临床手术、介入治疗及肝移植等提供更多重要信息。     

多层螺旋CT腹腔干重建在腹腔镜胃癌根治术术前评价的价值

目的评价多层螺旋CT血管造影（multi-slice spiral CT angiography,MSCTA）对腹腔干及其分支血管的三维重建能力,探讨MSCTA在进展期胃癌腹腔镜手术前的评估价值。方法25例拟行腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术行腹部螺旋CT增强扫描,用容积再现（volume rendering,VR）进行三维血管造影（CT angiography,CTA）,根据其CTA表现评价腹腔干及其分支血管的空间解剖特征,将所得的解剖学资料与腹腔镜下血管解剖对比。结果MSCTA准确显示胃左动脉25例,胃右动脉12例,胃十二指肠动脉全部显示,其中胃十二指肠动脉2例起自肝左动脉,1例起自肝右动脉。脾动脉起源相对固定。根据MSCTA结果指导腹腔镜下进展期胃癌D2根治术,手术均顺利完成,无中转开腹。重建的腹腔干及分支与术中活体解剖完全吻合。结论MSCTA能清晰显示腹腔动脉解剖和正确的空间关系,是一种有价值的腹腔镜辅助进展期胃癌D2根治术术前检查方法,可能为相关血管周围淋巴结的清扫提供线索。     

Prognosis After Reoperation for Local Recurrence of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Purpose To investigate the factors associated with a favorable prognosis after reoperation for local recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), we reviewed 45 patients who underwent surgery for first local recurrence of PTC.Methods We divided the patients into two groups. Group A (n = 28) had no second recurrence, and group B (n = 17) had second local recurrence after surgery for recurrence.Results The mean follow-up period after reoperation was 56.9 months. The mean age at the time of reoperation in group A was significantly lower than that in group B, at 48.1 years versus 62.3 years, respectively (P = 0.0007). The mean age at the time of the initial operation in group A was also significantly lower than that in group B, at 40.1 years versus 55.1 years, respectively (P = 0.0006). Patients with recurrent tumors only outside the area dissected at the initial operation (n = 27) had a better outcome than those with recurrence within the dissected area (n = 18; P = 0.0127). Patients who underwent systematic partial or modified neck dissection (n = 36) had a better outcome than those who underwent only simple local resection (n = 9; P = 0.0169).Conclusion For local recurrent PTC, systematic neck dissection is recommended over local resection of recurrent tumors.     

多层螺旋CT血管造影评价胰腺癌血管浸润的研究

目的了解多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)技术在评价胰腺癌血管浸润的价值。方法采用MSCTA技术对38例胰腺癌患者进行术前检查,利用多平面重建和最大密度投影技术结合横断面图像对胰腺癌血管浸润情况进行评价,并与手术结果进行对照分析。结果 MSCTA检查结果显示38例胰腺癌患者中有12例(31.6%)存在血管浸润,手术结果显示有16例(42.1%)存在血管浸润,两种结果有较强的吻合度(kappa=0.665,P=0.000)。MSCTA检查的灵敏度为68.8%(11/16),特异度为95.5%(21/22)。结论 MSCTA技术评价胰腺癌血管浸润具有较高的正确率,且与手术结果有较强的一致性,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Factors Influencing Recurrence and Survival

Background The prognosis of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is usually favorable; however, a subset of patients can develop local recurrence or distant metastases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic factors influencing the recurrence and the survival rate in 950 PTC patients. Materials and Methods From 1990 to 2005, 950 consecutive patients affected by PTC were operated on at our Department. We analyzed the prognostic role of the following parameters: gender, age at initial treatment, extent of thyroid surgery, node dissection, tumor size, node metastases, distant metastases, stage, and 131-I therapy. Results Seventy-nine patients (8.3%) developed locoregional or distant metastases after an average follow-up of 7.8 years (range 2–17 years); in particular local recurrence was observed in 25 cases and distant metastases in 54 cases. The global 10- and 15-year survival rates were 91.38% and 88.69%, respectively. At univariate analysis, all variables were significantly correlated with recurrence (P = .001) except gender (P = .3); moreover, gender (P = .2), node dissection (P = .5), and node metastases (P = .06) were not significant on 10- and 15-year survival. At multivariate analysis the age at first treatment, T4, M+, stage IV, the extent of thyroid surgery, and the 131-I therapy resulted to be significant and independent prognostic factors (P < .001). Conclusion Our data, in disagreement with other staging systems, suggest that gender does not play a significant role both in recurrence and survival. Moreover, the 131-I therapy was a statistically significant prognostic factor at univariate and multivariate analyses.     

甲状腺乳头状癌再次手术的原因探讨

目的通过统计残余癌灶和颈淋巴结转移数据以探讨甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)合理的切除范围。方法回顾性分析我院2009年1月至2011年9月期间收治的163例PTC再次手术患者的临床资料。结果 163例患者中男24例,女139例,年龄(38.22±14.57)岁(10～75岁)。在行残余甲状腺切除的131例患者中,<45岁者88例,残癌率为60.23%(53/88);≥45岁者43例,残癌率为76.74%(33/43),二者比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.062)。158例进行了颈淋巴结清扫术,其中<45岁者105例,淋巴结转移率为77.14%(81/105);≥45岁者53例,淋巴结转移率为81.13%(43/53),二者比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.958)。首次手术小于侧叶切除者78例,残癌率为74.36%(58/78);侧叶(峡部)切除者41例,残癌率为53.66%(22/41);侧叶加对侧次全切除者12例,残癌率为50.00%(6/12);全切除或近全切除者32例,残癌率为0(0/32)。再次手术后发现,总残癌率为65.65%(86/131),双侧癌发生率为52.76%(86/163)。首次手术未行颈淋巴结清扫术130例(79.75%)。再次手术对132例进行了中央区淋巴结清扫,中央区淋巴结转移率为71.21%(94/132);103例进行了颈侧区淋巴结清扫,颈侧区淋巴结转移率为80.58%(83/103)。结论本组中PTC的多灶性特点较明显;≥45岁的PTC患者的残癌率及淋巴结转移率均高于<45岁患者,但结果差异并无统计学意义;对于多数PTC病例,甲状腺切除范围越小,残余癌的几率越大,甲状腺全切除术后残余癌的可能性最小;颈淋巴结转移为其重要的转移途径,行颈淋巴结清扫是预防复发、减少再次手术的必要手段。美国甲状腺协会的《甲状腺结节与分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南》是目前治疗PTC较为合理的指南,同时建议首次手术常规行中央区淋巴结清扫。     

Prognostic Factors in Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma: Their Implications for Cancer Staging

Background Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) are two distinct histological types of thyroid carcinoma but have often been studied and staged as a collective group, known as differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). However, this may not be an optimal approach to cancer staging. Methods A total of 760 patients with DTC, comprising 589 (77.5%) with PTC and 171 with (22.5%) FTC, being managed at our institution from 1961 to 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. Their clinicopathological features, treatment modalities received, and postoperative outcome were analyzed. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors related to cancer-specific survival (CSS) for PTC and FTC. Results There were statistically significant differences between PTC and FTC in terms of age ≥50 years at diagnosis (P = .040), tumor size (P < .001), lymph node metastases (P < .001), distant metastases (P < .001), extrathyroidal extension (P < .001), multifocality (P = .002), capsular invasion (P < .001), extent of thyroid resection (P < .001), radioiodine ablation (P < .001), and external-beam irradiation (P = .003). Although PTC and FTC had similar 10-year and 15-year CSS (P = .846), each possessed its own set of independent prognostic factors for CSS. Age at diagnosis and completeness of resection were independent prognostic factors in both PTC and FTC. Conclusions There were marked differences in clinicopathologic features, treatment, and prognostic factors between the two histologic types of DTC. Different staging systems should be evaluated and validated for PTC and FTC individually in the future.     

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Variants

Papillary thyroid carcinomas are the most common thyroid cancers and constitute more than 70% of thyroid malignancies. The most common etiologic factor is radiation, but genetic susceptibility and other factors also contribute to the development of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The most common variants include conventional, follicular variant and tall cell variant. However, many other uncommon variants have been described including oncocytic, columnar cell, diffuse sclerosing and solid forms. Immunohistochemical staining with TTF-1 and thyroglobulin is very useful in confirming the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma especially in metastatic sites. Markers such as HBME-1 and CITED1 can assist in separating some difficult cases of follicular variants of papillary thyroid carcinomas from follicular adenomas. Molecular studies have shown that the BRAF V600E mutation is found mainly in papillary and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Other molecular markers such as HMGA2 and insulin-like growth factor II mRNA binding protein 3 have been used recently as molecular tests to separate papillary thyroid carcinoma and its variants from follicular adenomas and other benign thyroid nodules.     

组织蛋白酶D在甲状腺乳头状腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:研究组织蛋白酶D在甲状腺乳头状腺癌中的表达并探讨其能否成为甲状腺乳头状腺癌独立的预后因素。方法:应用免疫组化方法,对40例甲状腺乳头状腺癌、10例甲状腺滤泡型腺瘤及10例甲状腺正常组织进行了组织蛋白酶D表达的研究,并对可能影响甲状腺癌病人预后的有关因素进行了时序检验单因素生存分析。结果:19例(47.5％)甲状腺乳头状腺癌的组织蛋白酶D表达阳性,而甲状腺滤泡型腺瘤及正常组织的表达均为阴性,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。肿瘤大于4cm及有腺外侵犯者的甲状腺癌组织蛋白酶D阳性表达率(69.23％)明显高于肿瘤小于4cm及无腺外侵犯者(37.04％)(P<0.05)。经时序检验,组织蛋白酶D与甲状腺癌病人的预后并未表现出明显的相关关系。但组织蛋白酶D表达阳性病人的术后复发率为26.3％,表达阴性者复发率为14.3％,有一定的差异。结论:组织蛋白酶D在甲状腺乳头状腺癌中有一定的阳性表达率;当肿瘤大于4cm时,发生转移和侵袭的可能性明显增加,组织蛋白酶D表达阳性者其复发率有升高趋势。     

16层螺旋CT多平面重建技术对肠梗阻的诊断价值

目的 探讨多排螺旋CT多平面重建技术（MPR）对于肠梗阻的诊断价值。方法 收集30例经手术（27例）或临床（3例）证实的肠梗阻病例CT资料，其中10例为单纯CT平扫，20例在平扫基础上加作门静脉期增强扫描。采用MPR技术对CT原始数据进行冠、矢状位的图像重建，并分析其表现。结果 30例肠梗阻病例中粘连性8例，单纯肠肿瘤7例，肠套叠（包括肠肿瘤并发肠套叠）5例，腹部疝4例，肠扭转2例，回盲部脓肿1例，肠系膜动脉狭窄1例，腹膜后巨大囊肿1例，胰尾癌1例；其中6例合并肠壁缺血或肠绞窄。CT轴位图像、MPR冠状和矢状图像均显示了肠梗阻的存在；单独根据轴位图像能确定26例（86．7％）的梗阻部位和22例（73．3％）的梗阻原因，而结合MPR图像可以确定29例（96．7％）的梗阻部位和27例（90．0％）的梗阻原因；有5例（83．3％）肠壁缺血或绞窄病例均为两种方法所显示。结论 螺旋CT多平面重建技术在显示肠梗阻的存在、确定梗阻部位和梗阻原因以及肠道血运状态方面优于单纯的轴位图像。     

Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma Recurring as Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Report of a Case

We report a case of local squamous cell carcinoma recurrence of thyroid papillary carcinoma, 4 years after subtotal thyroidectomy, in an 82-year-old woman. The papillary cancer of the right thyroid was histopathologically classified as T2a, N0, M0, Ex1; pT2a, pN1b, pEx1; Stage III. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the recurrent tumor revealed atypical squamous epithelium-like cells with keratinization. The tumor was judged cytologically to be class III, defined as a suspicious malignancy and, after reoperation, it was diagnosed histopathologically as papillary carcinoma recurrence with extensive squamous metaplasia. The recurrent papillary carcinoma was thought to have changed to a squamous cell carcinoma because most of the tumor was occupied by atypical squamous cells, with a small amount of glandular tissue. The primary tumor was histologically diagnosed as a well-differentiated papillary carcinoma at the initial operation. It contained numerous tall neoplastic cells with eosinophilic granules and pseudostratified nuclei, indicating that it could potentially transform into squamous cell carcinoma. We report this case as an example of how squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid can develop.