乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播预防临床指南(2020)

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)母婴传播是我国慢性乙型肝炎(乙肝)的主要原因,预防HBV母婴传播是控制慢性乙肝的关键。本指南在《乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播预防临床指南(第1版)》基础上,更新了推荐建议,主要包括:(1)所有孕妇产前需筛查乙肝血清学指标;(2) HBsAg阴性母亲,其新生儿按"0、1、6月"方案接种乙肝疫苗,通常不需使用乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG);(3) HBsAg阳性母亲,其新生儿出生后12 h内(越快越好)肌内注射1针HBIG,并同时肌内注射第1针乙肝疫苗(越快越好),1月和6月龄分别接种第2针和第3针疫苗;(4)为进一步减少母婴传播,孕妇HBV DNA2×10~5IU/ml或HBeAg阳性,从妊娠28～32周可开始服用抗病毒药物,分娩当日停药;(5)不推荐以减少HBV母婴传播为目的的剖宫产术。     

替比夫定阻断HBV感染妊娠垂直传播的疗效和安全性评价

【据J Hepatol2011年12月报道】题:一项前瞻性开放性研究:替比夫定阻断HBV感染妊娠妇女母婴垂直传播的疗效和安全性评价(作者Han GR等)在亚太地区,HBV母婴垂直传播是慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染的主要原因。在母亲患有高病毒血症,使用乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)联合乙肝疫苗阻断HBV母婴垂直传播(PT)的情况下,仍有10%～30%的婴儿免疫失败。我国东南大学妇产科     

不同临床类型老年慢性乙型肝炎患者的HBsAg、HBV DNA水平及与肝功能的关系

目的探讨不同临床类型慢性乙型肝炎的表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒(HBV)DNA水平及与肝功能的关系。方法收集该院2011年2月至2012年7月127例老年慢性乙型肝炎患者的临床资料及血清标本,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测其HBsAg水平,聚合酶链式反应检测HBV DNA的拷贝情况:分析不同临床类型(慢性重乙型肝炎、乙肝肝硬化及慢性乙型肝炎)的HBsAg和HBV DNA水平;两指标不同水平的肝功能情况。结果慢性乙型肝炎组的HBsAg和HBV DNA水平均高于慢性重乙型肝炎组和乙肝肝硬化组(P<0.05);三组两指标的分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。慢性乙型肝炎组<100 IU/ml(HBsAg)、<4 log10/ml(HBV DNA)的例数少于其余两组(P<0.05),>200 IU/ml(HBsAg)、>5 log10/ml(HBV DNA)的例数多于其余两组(P<0.05);两指标不同HBsAg和HBV DNA水平的丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBIL)和直接胆红素(DBIL)水平存在差异(P<0.05),其中100²00 IU/ml和4200 IU/ml和4⁵ log10/ml的上述4个肝功能指标均高于<100 IU/ml和<4 log10/ml(P<0.05),而>200 IU/ml和>5 log10/ml的均高于其余两组(P<0.05)。结论不同临床类型慢性乙型肝炎的HBsAg和HBV DNA水平存在差异,且与肝功能相关。     

乙型肝炎病毒母婴垂直传播机制及阻断的研究进展

慢性乙型肝炎患者感染HBV的主要途径为母婴传播,母婴传播的机制不完全明确.阻断母婴传播的措施应该贯穿从孕前到婴儿出生后的全过程,HBsAg阳性孕妇娩出的新生儿应在24 h内尽早进行主-被动联合免疫,以尽可能减少围产期感染及哺乳期感染,乙型肝炎高病毒载量(≥106 IU/ml)孕期应抗病毒治疗,以降低宫内传播的发生率.     

替诺福韦酯治疗妊娠期慢性乙型肝炎患者的疗效及母婴阻断效果

目的探讨替诺福韦酯对妊娠期慢性乙型肝炎患者的临床疗效,以及对HBV DNA母婴阻断的有效性。方法选取2016年10月至2017年10月就诊于我院感染科,妊娠合并HBsAg、HBeAg阳性的慢性乙型肝炎患者87例,按用药意愿,分为治疗组(48例)和对照组(39例)。治疗组给于替诺福韦酯治疗(300mg/次,1次/d),对照组采用常规保肝治疗。各组婴儿出生后立即注射100IU乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白,并按照免疫程序注射乙型肝炎疫苗。在服药前、服药第5周、分娩前分别检测两组孕妇的ALT、HBV DNA水平,并比较两组孕妇分娩婴儿在出生时、出生7个月、12个月的血清HBsAg(+)、HBV DNA 100IU/mL例数。结果在服药前,两组孕妇的血清ALT、HBV DNA水平比较均差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。治疗组孕妇在服药第5周、分娩前的血清ALT、HBV DNA水平均明显低于对照组(均P0.05),治疗组孕妇分娩婴儿在出生时、出生7个月、出生12个月的血清HBsAg(+)、HBV DNA 100IU/mL例数均低于对照组(均P0.05)。结论妊娠期慢性乙型肝炎患者服用替诺福韦酯可改善肝功能、降低HBV DNA水平,且能提高HBV母婴阻断率。     

被动-主动免疫阻断HBV母婴传播效果观察

目的重点探讨乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白(HBIG)在母婴组和婴儿组应用对阻断乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)母婴传播的效果。方法母婴组从产前3个月,即妊娠28周起每隔4周注射HBIG,HBeAg(-)/HbeAb( )者注射200IU,HBeAg( )/HBeAb(-)者注射400IU,直至临产共3次;婴儿出生后24h内(最好在出生后6h内)注射HBIG200IU,2周后再加强1次,剂量200IU;按0、1、6月龄接种乙型肝炎疫苗(HBVac)。婴儿组婴儿出生后即按上述程序注射HBIG和HBVac。结果母婴组与婴儿组虽免疫程序不同,但2组婴儿抗HBs阳转率比较,χ2=0.00049,P>0.05,无差异显著性。初步尝试了1例HBeAg( )、HBVDNA(PCR)7.9×108copies/ml孕妇,在妊娠第36周至分娩前口服拉米夫定,婴儿出生后按程序接种HBIG和HBVac而阻断成功。结论本文免疫结果表明,母婴组与婴儿组虽免疫程序不同,但2组婴儿抗HBs阳转率差异无显著性(P>0.05)。2组中母亲HBeAg( )/HBeAb(-)者,HBVDNA(PCR)亦为阳性时,病毒载量≥1.0×107￣9copies/ml者,易出现免疫失败。     

慢性HBV感染母亲所分娩婴儿增加乙型肝炎疫苗剂量的母婴阻断效果及免疫应答情况:一项前瞻性、多中心、大样本队列研究

正【据BMC Medicine 2021年7月报道】题:慢性HBV感染母亲所分娩婴儿增加乙型肝炎疫苗剂量的母婴阻断效果及免疫应答情况:一项前瞻性、多中心、大样本队列研究(作者Zhang XH等)母婴传播是我国HBV最主要的传播途径之一,接种乙型肝炎疫苗是阻断HBV母婴传播和预防婴儿感染HBV的主要策略,婴儿联合注射乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白可进一步提高免疫效果。然而,即使出生后及时完成了乙型肝炎疫苗联合免疫球蛋白的主被动联合免疫,仍有约5%婴儿发生阻断失败,还有部分婴儿会表现为无(低)应答。     

乙型肝炎孕妇母婴传播影响因素分析

目的 对乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性孕妇母婴传播影响因素进行分析,探讨母婴传播的原因及对策.方法 检测207例HBsAg阳性孕妇HBV血清标志物、血清HBV DNA,产妇乳汁HBV DNA,新生儿脐带血HBV DNA,并且对孕期一般情况、家族肝病史、是否进行孕晚期高效价乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白母婴阻断治疗、分娩方式、阿...     

乙肝疫苗和乙肝免疫球蛋白的不同接种方法对阻断母婴乙型肝炎传播的研究

研究乙肝疫苗和乙肝免疫球蛋白的不同接种方法阻断母婴乙型肝炎传播的疗效。我们对83名HBsAg,HBeAg,HBV-DNA均阳性的孕妇随机分A组：妊娠28周和32周时各注射一次乙肝疫苗20μg，乙肝免疫球蛋白200Iu/ml，并于分娩后对新生儿进行全程乙肝疫苗注射，同时在出生后24小时之内，2月龄各注射乙肝免疫球蛋白200Iu/ml/;B组：只在分娩后对新生儿进行全程乙肝疫苗注射，同时在出生后24小时之内，2月龄注射乙肝免疫球蛋白200Iu/ml。孕妇和新生儿均接受乙肝疫苗，乙肝免疫球蛋白注射后，表面抗体阳性率明显升高；免疫失败率明显减低。孕妇、新生儿均接受免疫接种组预防母婴乙型肝炎传播的效果明显优于单纯对新生儿进行预防接种组。     

树突状细胞治疗HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者的临床观察

目的:观察树突状细胞疫苗对HBeAg(-)慢性乙型肝炎的治疗效果.方法:HBV抗原肽致敏的树突状细胞.1次/mo sc于17例HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者,6次后改为HBV抗原肽和乙肝免疫球蛋白各注射1次/mo,连用6 mo.每6月复查肝功能,乙肝标志,HBV DNA定量及B超.结果:HBV DNA转阴5例(29.4%),HBV DNA下降2例(11.8%),肝功能复常4例(23.5%).结论:HBV抗原肽冲击的树突状细胞疫苗可应用于HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎的治疗.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.