Ⅰ型糖尿病患儿持续皮下胰岛素输注临床研究

目的研究持续皮下胰岛素输注(continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, CSII)对1型糖尿病(type 1 diabetes mellitus, T1DM)儿童青少年及家长情绪状况的影响。方法 72例T1DM儿童青少年及其家长依据强化治疗方式分为CSII组(40例)和每日多次皮下胰岛素注射(multiple daily insulin, MDI)组(32例), 58例健康儿童青少年及其家长为对照组。以儿童抑郁障碍自评量表和儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表评估所有儿童青少年情绪状况, 以90项症状自评量表评估家长心理健康状况。结果 T1DM儿童青少年糖化血红蛋白达到良好水平[HbA1c, (7.406±1.294)%], CSII组明显优于MDI组[(7.040±1.082)%比(7.863±1.404)%, t=2.728, P=0.008]。T1DM组儿童青少年抑郁检出率高于对照组(31.9%比15.5%, χ2=4.671, P=0.031);CSII组、MDI组、对照组儿童青少年抑郁检出率差异有统计学意义(20.0%比46.9%比15.5%,χ2...     

1型糖尿病患儿皮下连续输注胰岛素疗效观察

目的　观察胰岛素泵连续皮下输注胰岛素 (CSII)与皮下多次注射胰岛素 (MSII)治疗 1型糖尿病(T1DM)疗效。方法　利用CSII控制血糖为一组。MSII控制血糖分为两组 ,A组予MSII合用二甲双胍 ;B组单用MSII;并测定 3餐前后及凌晨 2∶0 0时血糖。结果　 3组血糖均可控制达标。CSII平均达标天数、胰岛素用量明显短于MSII组 ,A组达标天数也短于B组。结论　CSII控制血糖 ,达标时间短 ,血糖平稳下降 ,能够抑制黎明现象 ,低血糖及高血糖发生率低 ,适合T1DM治疗。     

基础加餐时胰岛素治疗儿童1型糖尿病的疗效

目的 观察应用基础加餐时胰岛素治疗儿童1型糖尿病(T1DM)的临床效果.方法 15例T1DM患儿采用传统治疗方案治疗平均16个月:双时相低精蛋白锌胰岛素30/70,2/3量早餐前30 min皮下注射,1/3量晚餐前30 min皮下注射;之后采用基础加餐时治疗方案治疗至少12个月:3餐前0～15 min门冬胰岛素皮下注射,睡前甘精胰岛素皮下注射.观察基础加餐时方案治疗后糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平、胰岛素用量和低血糖发生情况.结果 15例T1DM患儿应用基础加餐时胰岛素类似物治疗后3、6、9、12个月的HbA1c与传统治疗相比降低(t=7.15、4.88、3.46、5.28,Pa<0.01),3、6、9、12个月的HbA1c相互间比较差异无统计学意义(t=2.08、1.64、1.73、1.85、1.96、1.66,Pa>0.05).胰岛素用量差异无统计学意义(t=1.56,P>0.05).传统方法治疗期间,7例发生严重低血糖,改用基础加餐时胰岛素治疗方案后,无一例发生严重低血糖.发生轻中度低血糖的次数亦显著减少(t=13.31,P<0.001).结论 应用基础加餐时胰岛素治疗儿童T1DM可使患儿获得较好的血糖控制,同时减少低血糖发生,而胰岛素用量并无增加,并可改善患儿的治疗满意度及生活质量.     

胰岛素泵治疗儿童1型糖尿病的临床观察

我院 2 0 0 1年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 11月收治 34例糖尿病患儿 ,按 1996年美国糖尿病协会诊断标准均无糖尿病并发症 ,随机分为 2组 :胰岛素泵治疗组 17例 (胰岛素泵连续皮下注射 ,CSII)和多次皮下注射组 17例 (每日多次皮下注射胰岛素 ,MSII)。方法 :CSII组采用诺和灵R胰岛素放置于瑞士产H TRONV 10 0型胰岛素泵 ,通过连接导管的皮下埋置针头 ,将胰岛素 2 4h持续缓慢注入体内。每日胰岛素用量的 1/2左右作为基础用量 ,得出每小时泵入的值 ,每日胰岛素用量的另 1/2左右分别于 3餐前输入追加值胰岛素。MSII组 :采用诺和灵R与诺和灵N胰…     

持续皮下注射胰岛素治疗儿童1型糖尿病疗效分析

为探讨胰岛素泵持续皮下注射胰岛索(CSII)治疗儿童1型糖尿病的可能性,对11例1型糖尿病患儿(男4例,女7例;平均年龄10.4岁±2.3岁),以普通胰岛素用胰岛素泵按(0.5～1.0)U/(kg·d)持续皮下注射。同时设与胰岛素泵组患儿性别、年龄相匹配的1型糖尿病患儿11例作为对照组,使用常规方法治疗,胰岛素剂量(0.5～1.0)U/(kg·d)。结果:①胰岛素泵组患儿治疗前的血糖(22.3±7.9)mmol/L与对照组(23.7±5.2)mmol/L比较差异无显著性(t=0.48,P>0.05);胰岛素泵组病儿血糖降至病情满意控制时需要(6.8±1.9)d,与对照组(9.1±1.7)d相比较,t=2.90,P=0.009,差异有非常显著意义。②胰岛素泵组患儿胰岛素的昼夜总基础量平均为(0.49±0.10)U/kg,餐前大剂量平均为(0.45±0.08)U/kg·两者之比约为1.1:1,F=1.2136,P=0.2484。③平均日间基础量为(9.4±2.6)U,夜间基础量平均为(4.7±1.9)U,两者之比为2:1,F=24.0762,P=0.0001。提示持续皮下注射胰岛素(CSII)用于儿童1型糖尿病的治疗可以取得比常规治疗方法更显著的疗效。     

应用胰岛素泵治疗儿童及青少年1型糖尿病对糖代谢的影响

为观察应用胰岛素泵治疗儿童及青少年1型糖尿病(T1DM)对糖代谢的影响 ,随访10例胰岛素泵治疗的T1DM患儿 ,分别观察胰岛素泵治疗前、后6个月的糖化血红蛋白值(HbA1c)、胰岛素用量、严重低血糖及酮症酸中毒发生次数的变化情况。结果显示 ,胰岛素泵治疗6个月后HbA1c 显著下降 ,治疗前为8.97 %±1.69 %,治疗后为7.51 %±1.17 % (t=2.52 ,P<0.05) ;胰岛素用量无显著下降 ;未发生严重低血糖和酮症酸中毒。表明胰岛素泵治疗可有效控制血糖 ,明显降低HbA1c,减少低血糖及酮症酸中毒的发生 ,是儿童及青少年T1DM常规治疗的较好选择。     

儿童糖尿病临床与分子遗传学病因分析

目的 明确儿童单基因糖尿病的临床特点和分子遗传学病因。方法 回顾性分析2020年8月至2021年12月收治的76例糖尿病患儿的临床表现和初诊时实验室检查。按照儿童糖尿病分型,分为青少年的成人起病型糖尿病(MODY)组(n=7)、2型糖尿病(T2DM)组(n=7)和1型糖尿病(T1DM)组(n=62)。对其中21例疑似单基因糖尿病患儿行全外显子测序(WES)。结果 WES共发现7例单基因糖尿病,均为青少年的成人起病型糖尿病(MODY),3例为GCK变异所致MODY2,3例为HNF1A变异所致MODY3,1例为INS变异所致MODY10。共发现2种未见报道新变异：GCK的c.1124T>G(p.V375G),INS的c.110A>T(p.E37V)变异。7例中5例MODY患儿起病时无典型糖尿病症状,以偶然发现血糖升高入院。MODY组、T2DM组和T1DM组间初诊时空腹血糖、C肽、胰岛素、HbA1c差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。MODY组血糖及糖化血红蛋白较T1DM组降低;C肽水平较T1DM组升高,较T2DM组降低;胰岛素水平低于T1DM组和T2DM组,差异均有统计学...     

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目的应用动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)观察1型糖尿病患儿血糖控制情况,寻找评价和改善血糖控制的方法。方法收集复旦大学附属儿科医院2003年10月至2004年6月内分泌科门诊随访的儿童1型糖尿病患者28例,男16例,女12例,年龄(13.1±4.5)岁,病程(5.5±3.4)年,其中21例采用每天多次胰岛素注射(MDI),另7例使用胰岛素泵连续胰岛素输注(CSII)治疗。动态监测血糖3d,同时指尖血糖监测≥4次/d。结果(1)研究对象体重指数(BMI)为(19.4±3.0)kg/m2,糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)为(8.4±1.6)%。CSII组HbA1c(8.2±1.0)%,MDI组HbA1c(8.5±1.8)%,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);(2)CGMS发现22例77次餐后2h高血糖,CSII组4例(57.1%),每例出现1次,MDI组18例(85.7%),每例出现(4.1±2.5)次,差异显著(P<0.01);(3)CGMS发现17例79次低血糖,持续时间(76.6±92.8)min,而指尖血糖监测仅发现19次低血糖;白天低血糖持续时间(41.5±39.1)min,夜间(112.4±117.1)min,夜间低血糖持续时间显著长于白天(P<0.01)。(4)HbA1c≤8%组餐后高血糖发生率低于HbA1c>8%组(P<0.05),而低血糖的发生率显著升高(P<0.01)。结论1型糖尿病患儿多数存在低血糖和餐后高血糖;动态血糖监测系统是发现血糖异常波动的有效工具。动态血糖监测对指导1型糖尿病治疗,调整胰岛素剂量,从而改善血糖控制有着重要的临床意义。     

胰岛素类似物在儿科的应用

<正>自1922年开始应用胰岛素治疗1型糖尿病(T1DM)以来,胰岛素已成为治疗T1DM不可或缺的药物。根据其来源和化学结构,胰岛素类药物可分为动物胰岛素、人胰岛素和胰岛素类似物。     

应用胰岛素泵治疗1型糖尿病患儿不同依从性的原因与对策

目的探讨应用胰岛素泵治疗1型糖尿病(T1DM)患儿不同依从性的原因与对策。方法对2000年1月-2008年12月在天津市儿童医院收治的T1DM患者278人次,采用自行设计的T1DM胰岛素泵治疗调查问卷,分析影响糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗依从性的原因,并探讨相应的对策。结果T1DM患者278人次中,85.25%(237人次)同意胰岛素泵治疗,14.75%(41人次)拒绝胰岛素泵治疗。<3岁患者中58.33%(21人次)同意胰岛素泵治疗,>3岁患者中89.26%(216人次)同意胰岛素泵治疗,差异有统计学意义(χ2=23.83,P<0.01);第1次接触胰岛素泵者208人次中82.69%(172人次)同意胰岛素泵治疗,曾使用胰岛素泵或是否接触过使用胰岛素泵的患者中92.86%(65人次)同意胰岛素泵治疗,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.30,P<0.05)。同意胰岛素泵治疗者与拒绝胰岛素泵治疗者对T1DM的认识得分(t=2.11,P<0.05)和对胰岛素泵的认识得分(t=10.53,P<0.01)的差异均有统计学意义。在治疗过程中由同意改为拒绝胰岛素泵治疗的主要原因为患者有异物感、使用过程中出现故障、发生低血糖;由拒绝改为...     

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in toddlers and children with type 1 diabetes mellitus is safe and effective

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in toddlers and children. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Seventy children who began CSII at the age of 12 yr or younger (youngest 2 yr old) and who were maintained on CSII for at least 6 months were studied by a retrospective chart review. A pre- or postintervention comparison approach was used to assess the impact of CSII on the measured variables. The control period was defined as 1 yr prior to beginning CSII. Charts were reviewed for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reports of severe hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), height and weight, and range of blood glucoses reported at each visit. Mean values for HbA1c, body mass index (BMI) z-score, and range of blood glucose were computed for each subject over all pre-CSII visits, and again over all post-CSII visits. RESULTS: The mean HbA1c decreased significantly during CSII [7.8 +/- 0.8% pre-CSII vs. 7.3 +/- 0.7% on CSII, p < 0.0001]. Hypoglycemic episodes decreased with CSII in the 10- to 12-yr-old group (p < 0.02) and demonstrated a strong trend (mean of 0.46-0.22 events per patient year, p < 0.06) overall. Two episodes of DKA occurred in the CSII period and none in the control period (p = NS). BMI z-scores increased to 0.21 in the 5- to 9-yr-age group (p < 0.008) and averaged 0.13 overall. The range of blood glucoses decreased during CSII (p < 0.005) in the middle and oldest age groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports CSII as a safe and effective alternative to managing T1DM, with no increase in hypoglycemia and a trend to improve control, even in the youngest patients.     

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion benefits quality of life in preschool-age children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: To compare medical, nutritional, and psychosocial outcomes of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy and multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) in preschoolers with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in a randomized controlled trial. STUDY DESIGN: Sixteen children (mean age 4.4 +/- 0.7 yr, range 3.1-5.3 yr) with T1DM were randomly assigned to CSII or MDI. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was measured monthly for 6 months. Glucose variability was measured at baseline and at 6 months using continuous blood glucose sensing. Quality of life, adverse events, and nutrition information were assessed. RESULTS: Parents of the CSII group reported a significant decrease in diabetes-related worry, while parents of the MDI group reported an increased frequency of stress associated with their child's medical care. Mean HbA1c levels from baseline (CSII 8.3 +/- 1.4%, MDI 8.0 +/- 0.8%) to 6 months (CSII 8.4 +/- 0.8%, MDI 8.2 +/- 0.4%) remained stable, and group differences were not significant. There were no significant group differences in duration of hypo- or hyperglycemic events or frequency of adverse events. CONCLUSION(S): For young children with T1DM, CSII therapy is comparable to MDI therapy with regard to glucose control but is associated with higher treatment satisfaction and improved quality of life.     

Treatment of Danish adolescent diabetic patients with CSII - a matched study to MDI.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two intensified insulin therapy regimens - continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) against multiple daily insulin injection (MDI) - in Danish adolescents examined in a prospective, matched controlled study design. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty type 1 diabetic adolescents at CSII and 26 matched MDI controls were included in this open intention-to-treat study. Actrapid was used in both groups. Before study entry, all participants followed a brush-up course in order to minimize study effect. At each visit, the following parameters were recorded: hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin dose, weight, number of hypoglycemic and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) events, and the time resources used. At entry and exit of the study, diet registration and validated quality-of-life (QoL) questionnaires were filled by the participants. RESULTS: A non-significant decline in HbA1c was seen in both groups (p = 0.468); HbA1c decreased from 9.5 to 8.9% and from 9.7 to 9.5% in the CSII and MDI group, respectively. The insulin dose and the number of severe hypoglycemic events per patient were lower (non-significant) in the CSII group. Both groups showed increased body mass index - highest in the CSII group - and mild to moderate DKA episodes were only seen among CSII users. No differences could be demonstrated within the QoL or diet registrations. CONCLUSIONS: CSII treatment is beneficial as an intensified insulin therapy for selected type 1 diabetic patients and both MDI and CSII can be offered by the professional diabetes team to better tailor therapy. In future, there is a strong need to identify the characteristics of responders to CSII treatment in order to increase the efficacy and safety of CSII treatment.     

Treatment of Danish adolescent diabetic patients with CSII – a matched study to MDI

Objective:  To compare two intensified insulin therapy regimens – continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) against multiple daily insulin injection (MDI) – in Danish adolescents examined in a prospective, matched controlled study design.
Research design and methods:  Thirty type 1 diabetic adolescents at CSII and 26 matched MDI controls were included in this open intention-to-treat study. Actrapid was used in both groups. Before study entry, all participants followed a brush-up course in order to minimize study effect. At each visit, the following parameters were recorded: hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin dose, weight, number of hypoglycemic and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) events, and the time resources used. At entry and exit of the study, diet registration and validated quality-of-life (QoL) questionnaires were filled by the participants.
Results:  A non-significant decline in HbA1c was seen in both groups (p = 0.468); HbA1c decreased from 9.5 to 8.9% and from 9.7 to 9.5% in the CSII and MDI group, respectively. The insulin dose and the number of severe hypoglycemic events per patient were lower (non-significant) in the CSII group. Both groups showed increased body mass index – highest in the CSII group – and mild to moderate DKA episodes were only seen among CSII users. No differences could be demonstrated within the QoL or diet registrations.
Conclusions:  CSII treatment is beneficial as an intensified insulin therapy for selected type 1 diabetic patients and both MDI and CSII can be offered by the professional diabetes team to better tailor therapy. In future, there is a strong need to identify the characteristics of responders to CSII treatment in order to increase the efficacy and safety of CSII treatment.     

Insulin requirement in preschoolers treated with insulin pumps at the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus

The aim: The aim of this study is to analyze changes in the basal insulin requirement in preschoolers treated with insulin pump at the onset of T1DM, using system to calculate meal time insulin.
Methods: 58 children (31 girls) under 6 years (mean age 3.3 ± 1.5 years) initiated on insulin pump therapy within 2 months after recognition of T1DM and treated at least for 1 year were analyzed during a follow-up period of 165 patient-years. Data was collected every 6 months: HbA1c, BMI SDS, diabetic ketoacidosis, severe hypoglycaemia, total daily insulin dose (TDD) and basal insulin.
Results: Basal insulin rose from 10% in the third month and did not exceed 30% of TDD after 12 months (p<0.0001). In the third month, 46% of children were without basal insulin; this group included significantly older children (3.7 ± 1.4 vs. 2.8 ± 1.4 years; p = 0.01), which had lower TDD (0.33 ± 0.18 vs. 0.54 ± 0.23u/kg/d; p = 0.0007) than children with basal insulin. HbA1c persisted ≤7.3%.
Conclusion: In preschool children initiated on CSII therapy at the time of T1DM diagnosis the first year of treatment is critical for altering the basal insulin dose. Preschoolers with TDD lower than 0.5U/kg/d may not require basal insulin. Moreover, basal insulin did not exceed 30% of TDD in the first years after T1DM onset.     

Sustained metabolic control and low rates of severe hypoglycaemic episodes in preschool diabetic children treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in children under 7 years of age. METHODS: One hundred and ten children, aged 0.9-7 years, who had received CSII therapy for at least 6 months, were studied for 237 patient-years by a retrospective chart review. Charts were reviewed for glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), severe hypoglycaemia (SH), ketoacidosis (DKA), height, weight and insulin requirement. In 69 cases (children aged 1.6-7 years) CSII was administered after at least 3 months of insulin therapy with pens. In this group, data from the year from before CSII administration were compared with values recorded during 1 year of CSII treatment. RESULTS: Mean HbA1c decreased from 7.8 +/- 0.9 before CSII to 7.5 +/- 1.0 after 6 and 12 months of pump therapy (p = 0.04). In the whole group, the mean HbA1c after 6 months of CSII was 7.5 +/- 1.0 and remained unchanged for up to 4 years of follow-up. Some episodes of SH--4.2 per 100 patient-years, and DKA--5.7 per 100 patient-years were recorded. No increase in BMI z-score occurred. CONCLUSIONS: In the youngest children, CSII therapy lowers HbA1c values and provides sustained metabolic control without increases in hypoglycaemia or ketoacidosis episodes.     

1型糖尿病并低三碘甲状腺氨酸综合征201例

目的探讨1型糖尿病(T1DM)及糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)患儿并低三碘甲状腺氨酸(T3)综合征的临床特点。方法采用放射免疫分析法检测91例T1DM并DKA患儿(DKA组)及110例单纯T1DM患儿(非DKA组)血清T3、甲状腺素(T4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平,观察2组T3、T4下降例数及水平,并将DKA组分为轻、中、重3个亚组,观察不同组别中甲状腺激素变化特点。结果 DKA组易发生T3、T4下降,DKA组T3[(0.54±0.51)μg.L-1]、T4[(5.65±2.80)μg.L-1]与非DKA组T3[(1.02±0.38)μg.L-1]、T4[(9.28±2.85)μg.L-1]比较,差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.000 1)。中、重度DKA组与非DKA组T3比较,差异有统计学意义(Pa<0.000 1),轻、中、重度DKA组与非DKA组T4比较,差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.000 4,0.000 1)。DKA组与非DKA组TSH比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 T1DM患儿甲状腺激素检测的结果主要表现为T3降低,部分伴T4降低,其疾病的严重程度与甲状腺激素降低程度一致,T1DM并DKA患儿的T3、T4水平均有明显下降,提示T1DM患儿需重视甲状腺激素的检测,利于早期防治。     

Continuous insulin infusion (CSII) or modern type of multiple daily injections (MDI) in diabetic children and adolescents a critical review on a controversial issue

OBJECTIVE: There is a common opinion that CSII is superior to MDI. CSII offers the most physiological insulin substitution. Method: Review of recent publications (Cochrane criteria), on modern multiple daily injections (MDI) based on insulin analogues, modern self-control and education. RESULTS: There is a lack of randomised controlled studies comparing CSII with modern MDI in children and adolescents. In some studies CSII seems to give a slight decrease of HbA1c, a slightly better quality of life, perhaps less hypoglycemia. However, serious hypoglycemia, sometimes fatal, occurs, DKA seems to increase, weight gain and local infections at injection sites may occur and CSII is more expensive than MDI. CONCLUSION: CSII is a useful tool. It is reasonable to use it when there are appropriate indications. CSII does not solve all problems but has to be combined with other important parts of diabetes treatment.     

Cost-effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in children: illusion or delusion?

Abstract:  Cost-effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in children is reviewed in the context of possible improvement of percentage of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and of other clinical benefits over multiple daily injections (MDI). Cost-effectiveness depends on clinical efficacy but reported clinical efficacy parameters may overlook definite benefits perceived by children and parents using CSII. There are few detailed reports on cost comparisons between CSII and MDI in adults, even less in children or adolescents. Review of direct extra costs for CSII over conventional treatment, including MDI, suggest that these may double, 5000–6000 EUR vs. 3000 EUR per patient year. An example is given of how to calculate direct cost differences, showing local differences. Randomized comparisons between CSII and MDI in childhood and adolescence show few marked clinical effects, but non-randomized comparisons favor CSII. Quality of life parameters fall short in any such comparison in children and adolescents alike. The reasons for the apparent discrepancy between non-randomized childhood studies and the randomized prospective ones are given. There is a dire need for better parameters to assess the well-being of diabetic children treated by CSII or MDI. Only then is it warranted to estimate the cost-effectiveness of CSII vs. MDI in childhood and adolescence.     

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??Abstract?? Objective To investigate the occurrance of DKA in established T1DM children. Methods According to the registration system in the following-hospitals??Beijing Children’s Hospital of Capital Medical University?? Children’s Hospital of Shanghai?? Nanjing Children’s Hospital??Children’s Hospital of Zhengzhou?? Children’s Hospital of Jiangxi?? the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University??First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University?? Children’s Hospital of Wuhan?? SooChow University Affiliated Children’s Hospital?? Children’s Hospital of Liaocheng?? Children’s Hospital of Fuzhou?? Chengdu Women & Children’s Central Hospital???? we investigated the frequency and cause of DKA in children with established T1DM from December 1995 to June 2014. After the diagnosis of T1DM?? the first time DKA was for group 1A?? the second DKA for group 1B. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of blood glucose control status for patients with T1DM from December 2011 to May 2012 in Beijing Children’s Hospital. Patients who did not have DKA episode in the course of T1DM were selected as control group ??group 2??. Results Totally 1676 children were newly diagnosed with T1DM by 12 hospitals?? and 89 patients occurred 100 DKA after T1DM diagnosed. The incidence and frequency of DKA was 5.3% ??89/1676?? and 5.9% ??100/1676??. The frequency was different in 12 hospitals?? fluctuating between 1.1% and 24.1%. Compared with group 2?? group 1A had high level of HbA1c ???11.31±3.03??% vs. ??8.26±1.53??%?? P??0.01?? and insulin dosage ???0.85±0.42?? IU vs. ??0.71±0.31?? IU?? P??0.01??. There were more patients with insulin bump in group 1A than group2 ??25.0% vs. 11.2%?? P??0.01???? and few patients reached the standard of blood glucose monitoring ??12.1% vs.40.1%?? P??0.01?? and follow-up ??21.2% vs. 46.6%?? P??0.01??. The main reasons of DKA in group 1A were infection ??33.7%???? interrupting insulin therapy ??21.3%?? and eating disorder ??20.2%???? one patient had DKA after islet stem cell transplantation. Infection was also the major cause of DKA in group 1B ??4/10???? and 1 patient had DKA because of insulin bump failure. For DKA which occurred within different course?? the distribution of causes was different ??P??0.01??. Within 1 year of T1DM duration?? the major reason was interrupting insulin injection ??39.3%??. For patients more than 1 year?? it only accounted for 13.1%??8/61???? the major causes were infection ??22/61?? and eating disorder ??16/61??. The major cause in mutiple hospitals with high DKA frequency was infection ??50.0%???? while in other hospitals 28.1% of patients had DKA because of infection ??P??0.01??. Conclusion The frequency of DKA is 5.3%?? which is different in 12 hospitals?? with the highest up to 24.1%. Patients with DKA have poor glycemic control?? and they can not regularly monitor blood glucose and follow-up. We should emphasize the education of diabetes. Patients with insulin pump and islet stem cell transplantation must also become a new focus of education. Hospitals with high DKA frequency should give patients information how to deal with other diseases.