弹丸注射三磷腺苷对冠状动脉血流的影响

目的　研究静脉弹丸注射三磷腺苷 (ATP)对冠状动脉血流的影响和临床意义。方法　 38例高血压病和心电图心肌缺血者接受经食管多普勒超声检查 ,测定和比较静脉弹丸注射 2 0 m g三磷腺苷与静脉缓慢注射 0 .84 m g/ kg潘生丁后的冠状动脉血流速度和血流储备 (CFR) ;结果　注射 ATP后冠状动脉舒张期峰值和平均血流速度分别为 (114 .0± 4 2 .9) cm/ s和 (84 .6± 33.4 ) cm / s ,CFR分别为 2 .7± 0 .8和 2 .6± 0 .8,略大于注射潘生丁后的相应值(111.3± 37.7) cm/ s和 (83.0± 32 .6 ) cm/ s及 2 .6± 0 .7和 2 .5± 0 .7,无显著差异 ,上述相应测值之间呈高度和中高度相关 (r=0 .919,0 .90 4 ,0 .5 99和 0 .6 0 0 ) ,静脉弹丸注射 ATP测定 CFR仅需 3min,而静脉缓慢注射潘生丁测定CFR需 13m in。结论　冠状动脉血流储备测定中静脉弹丸注射 ATP临床应用价值优于潘生丁。     

临界性高血压患者冠状动脉血流储备功能的研究

目的 :了解无症状临界性高血压患者是否有冠状动脉功能异常。方法 :经食管超声心动描记术研究 2 0例正常人 (正常对照组 )及 17例无症状临界性高血压患者 (临界性高血压组 )的冠状动脉血流储备 (CFR)。以潘生丁静脉注射后和静息时舒张期的最大血流速度比率 (D/R PDV)和收缩期最大血流速度比率 (D/R PSV )作为CFR指标。结果 :1两组受检者静息时的 PDV无显著性差异〔(43± 10 ) m m/s∶ (46± 8) mm /s,P >0 .0 5〕;2静脉注射潘生丁后临界性高血压组的 D/R PDV、D/R PSV较正常对照组明显减少 ,两组之间有显著性差异 (D/RPDV:2 .2 5± 0 .36∶ 2 .86± 0 .42 ,D/R PSV:2 .0 0± 0 .2 6∶ 2 .5 6± 0 .41,P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :无症状临界性高血压患者 CFR能力降低。     

胸痛患者冠状动脉血流储备的超声研究

目的 :应用多平面经食管多普勒超声心动图 (TEE)潘生丁负荷试验 ,探讨胸痛患者的冠状动脉 (冠脉 )循环特点及血流储备 (CFR)功能。方法 :将受试者分为 4组 :冠脉前降支重度狭窄 (A组 ) 10例 ,轻度狭窄 (B组 ) 6例 ,X综合征 (C组 ) 7例 ,冠脉造影正常 (对照组 ) 15例。应用TEE测定冠脉前降支血流频谱 ,以基础状态下(R)和潘生丁负荷后 (D)冠脉舒张期最大流速比值 (D/RPDV)为CFR的指标。结果 :与对照组比较 ,其他 3组基础状态时冠脉血流速度差异无显著性意义 ;CFR明显减低 ,以A组最为明显〔(1.5 5± 4 3)∶(3.4 3± 0 .6 2 )cm/s,P<0 .0 0 1〕 ,狭窄程度与D/RPDV高度相关 (r =0 .83,P <0 .0 0 1) ;B组与C组比较 ,CFR减低程度一致〔(2 .6 2± 0 .71)∶(2 .19± 0 .36 )cm/s,P >0 .0 5 )〕。结论 :CFR反映了冠脉狭窄时冠脉的血流动力学改变 ,可用于判断冠脉狭窄的程度 ;CFR减低是冠脉造影正常患者胸痛的原因     

福辛普利对X综合征患者冠脉血流储备的影响

目的应用彩色多普勒超声仪检测冠状动脉血流储备(coronary flow reserve,CFR),观察福辛普利对X综合征患者CFR的影响. 方法选取26例X综合征患者,比较福辛普利(5mg或10mg)治疗前后患者血压、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)、内皮素(ET-1)、静息状态时患者冠状动脉的基础血流速度(bFV)、潘生丁注射后的最大血流速度(mFV)及冠状动脉血流储备(CFR)的变化. 结果福辛普利治疗6个月后,X综合征患者的SBP、DBP、TC、LDL-C、TG水平轻度下降(P＞0.05),ET-1水平显著下降,从(103.5±9.7)pg/ml到(77.5±12.0)Pg/ml(P＜0.05);患者的bFV改变不明显(P＞0.05),而mFV从治疗前的(57.2±8.4)cm/s上升到(72.1±7.6)cm/s(P＜0.05),CFR从治疗前的2.52±0.56上升到3.32±0.44(P＜0.01). 结论应用福辛普利治疗X综合征患者可有效改善患者的内皮功能和CFR.     

福辛普利对X综合征患者冠脉血流储备的影响

目的:应用彩色多普勒超声仪检测冠状动脉血流储备(coronary flow reserve,CFR),观察福辛普利对X综合征患者CFR的影响。方法:选取26例X综合征患者,比较福辛普利(5mg或10mg)治疗前后患者血压、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)、内皮素(ET-1)、静急状态时患者冠状动脉的基础血流速度(bFV)、潘生丁注射后的最大血流速度(mFV)及冠状动脉血流储备(CFR)的变化。结果:福辛普利治疗6个月后,X综合征患者的 SBP、DBP、TC、LDL-C、TG水平轻度下降(P>0.05),ET-1水平显著下降,从(103.5±9.7)pg/ml到(77.5±12.0)pg/ml(P<0.05);患者的bFV改变不明显(P>0.05),而mFV从治疗前的(57.2±8.4)cm/s上升到(72.1±7.6)cm/s(P<0.05),CFR从治疗前的2.52±0.56上升到3.32±0.44(P<0.01)。结论:应用福辛普利治疗X综合征患者可有效改善患者的内皮功能和CFR。     

应用经胸冠状动脉血流显像技术评价支架术前后冠脉血流储备

目的采用经胸多普勒超声心动图冠状动脉血流显像技术观察支架术前后冠状动脉血流速度的变化,评价其对冠状动脉血流储备（CFR）的影响。方法22例冠心病患者(男18例,女4例),平均年龄（53.2±6.7）岁。对狭窄的冠状动脉行经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（PTCA）后各置入一枚支架。分别于木前、术后72h内采用经胸多普勒冠状动脉血流显像技术记录狭窄远端静息舒张期血流峰速(r-Vd)、注射潘生丁及等长握力实验时最大舒张期血流峰速(d-Vd)及CFR。结果22例患者行支架术均获成功,狭窄率由术前(83.5±8.9)%,降至术后(5.2±9)%(P<0.05)。20支冠脉获得理想多普勒频谱（检出率90.9％）;支架术后r-Vd较术前r-Vd有增加趋势,但无统计学意义;术后静脉注射潘生丁后最大d-Vd及CFR均较术前明显增加［（0.92±0.22)m/svs(0.52±0.18)m/s,2.94±1.16vs1.88±0.40,P均<0.01］。30％患者术后CFR仍<2.0,此组与CFR≥2.0患者组比较,支架术后r-Vd明显增高［(0.45±0.19)m/svs(0.27±0.12)m/s,P<0.05］。少数患者(约18%,4／22)术前出现心绞痛,头昏等不适,静注氨茶碱或(和)含化硝酸甘油可迅速缓解。结论支架术能明显增加冠状动脉血流储备。采用经胸多普勒冠脉血流显像技术结合潘生丁、握力试验是一可行的无创性评价冠心病患者冠脉血流储备及介入治疗疗效的新方法。     

多普勒血流速度测定评价冠状动脉成形术与支架术的疗效

目的　经皮冠状动脉成形术(PTCA)与支架术都可有效的恢复冠状动脉狭窄引起的冠状动脉血流异常。采用冠状动脉内多普勒血流速度描记技术评价PTCA及支架在恢复冠状动脉血流作用上的特点及差异。方法　冠心病患者2 1例(男18例,女3例) ,平均年龄(6 4.1±5 .4)岁,对2 3支狭窄的冠状动脉(左前降支15支,右冠状动脉6支,左回旋支2支)行PTCA之后置入支架2 1枚。分别在介入治疗前及PTCA术后、支架术后采用多普勒导丝描记技术分别记录狭窄近端和远端的平均峰值流速(averagepeakvelocity ,APV) ,狭窄近、远端血流速度比(proximalanddistalratioofpeakvelocity,p/DVR)及冠状动脉血流储备(coronaryflowreserve ,CFR)。结果　2 3支冠状动脉的平均狭窄率PTCA术前为88.5 % (6 0 .3%～97.5 % ) ,术后为37.2 % (17.5 %～6 8.3% ) ,置入支架(2 1支冠状动脉)后为0 .7% (- 2 .1%～7.4% )。2 0支冠状动脉获得完整的多普勒导丝检查资料,结果显示:PTCA术后狭窄远端APV及充分血相APV、CFR明显高于术前[(2 0 .7±6 .4)cm/svs (12 .8±6 .0 )cm/s,(31.8±15 .4)cm/svs (14.6±9.1)cm/s ,1.8±0 .4vs1.3±0 .4,P均<0 .0 5 ],狭窄近端APV、P/DVR较术前分别有增高或下降趋势,但差别均无统计学意义(P>0 .0 5 )。置入支架后上述指标进一步改善,P/DVR明显下降。与PTCA术后比较,充血相APV增加至(49.1±15 .5 )cm/s,CFR增加至2 .2±0 .6 (P均<0 .0 5 ) ,狭窄近端及远端APF有进一步增高趋势,但无统计学意义(P<0 .0 5 )。结论　PT CA可使狭窄远端的基础、充血相血流速度及CFR明显增加,但P/VDR下降不明显,置入支架可进一步增加狭窄远端充血相血流速度及CFR ,并使P/VDR明显下降。采用冠状动脉内血流速度描记技术可以更精确地评价PTCA术及支架术的急性期治疗效果。     

艾司洛尔对心肌桥患者壁冠状动脉血流动力学的作用

目的　探讨β受体阻滞剂艾司洛尔对心肌桥患者的壁冠状动脉受压迫程度和血流速率的影响。方法　8例心肌桥患者在静脉滴注艾司洛尔前后观察壁冠状动脉受压程度的变化,并运用腔内多普勒技术观察壁冠状动脉的基础峰值血流速率 (bAPV)、最大峰值血流速率 (hAPV)、冠状动脉血流储备(CFR)的变化。结果　艾司洛尔使壁冠状动脉受压程度由用药前 ( 58 0±14 7 )%降低至(26 0±9 8)% (P<0 01);艾司洛尔使近段和远段bAPV分别由 ( 19 4±4 9 )cm/s和 ( 18 4±3 6)cm/s下降至(14 7±3 9)cm/s和(15 1±1 5)cm/s,用药前后相比差异均有统计学意义 (P分别为<0 01和<0 05);在充血状态下壁冠状动脉近段和远段的hAPV分别由 ( 54 1±14 9 )cm/s和(44 7±9 4)cm/s变为(49 7±16 4)cm/s和(48 9±10 1)cm/s; 远段和近段的CFR由 (2 8±0 3)和(2 5±0 5)分别上升为(3 4±0 5)和(3 2±0 6) (P均 <0 01)。结论　艾司洛尔可使壁冠状动脉受压程度减轻,CFR增加至正常水平。     

瓣膜替换或成形术同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床分析

目的　经皮冠状动脉成形术 (PTCA)与支架术都可有效的恢复冠状动脉狭窄引起的冠状动脉血流异常。采用冠状动脉内多普勒血流速度描记技术评价PTCA及支架在恢复冠状动脉血流作用上的特点及差异。方法　冠心病患者 2 1例 (男 18例 ,女 3例 ) ,平均年龄 (6 4.1± 5 .4)岁 ,对 2 3支狭窄的冠状动脉 (左前降支 15支 ,右冠状动脉 6支 ,左回旋支 2支 )行PTCA之后置入支架 2 1枚。分别在介入治疗前及PTCA术后、支架术后采用多普勒导丝描记技术分别记录狭窄近端和远端的平均峰值流速 (averagepeakvelocity ,APV) ,狭窄近、远端血流速度比 (proximalanddistalratioofpeakvelocity,p/DVR)及冠状动脉血流储备(coronaryflowreserve ,CFR)。结果　 2 3支冠状动脉的平均狭窄率PTCA术前为 88.5 % (6 0 .3%～ 97.5 % ) ,术后为 37.2 % (17.5 %～ 6 8.3% ) ,置入支架 (2 1支冠状动脉 )后为 0 .7% (- 2 .1%～ 7.4% )。 2 0支冠状动脉获得完整的多普勒导丝检查资料 ,结果显示 :PTCA术后狭窄远端APV及充分血相APV、CFR明显高于术前 [(2 0 .7± 6 .4)cm/svs (12 .8± 6 .0 )cm/s,(31.8± 15 .4)cm/svs (14.6± 9.1)cm/s ,1.8± 0 .4vs1.3± 0 .4,P均 <0 .0 5 ],狭窄近端APV、P/DVR较术前分别有增高或下降趋势 ,但差别均无统计学     

冠状动脉内支架术对冠状动脉血流储备的远期影响

目的　采用经胸多普勒超声心动图冠状动脉 (冠脉 )血流显像技术观察冠脉支架置入术对冠脉血流储备 (CFR)的远期影响。方法　对 34例冠心病患者分别于支架术术前、术后 72h内及随访期 [( 6 .7± 1.5 )个月 ]记录病变血管远端静息舒张期血流峰速 (r Vd)、注射潘生丁及等长握力实验时最大舒张期血流峰速 (d Vd)及CFR。每例患者于随访期复查冠脉造影。结果　随访期造影无再狭窄 2 8例。据术后 72h内CFR分为CFR受损组 ( 10例 ,CFR≤ 2 .5 )及CFR未受损组( 18例 ,CFR >2 .5 )。术后近期CFR受损组r Vd较CFR未受损组明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ;随访期时CFR受损组CFR升高至CFR未受损组水平 (P >0 .0 5 )。随访期出现再狭窄 6例 ,CFR均 <2 .0 ,降至术前水平。结论　 ( 1)成功的支架术后部分患者存在暂时性CFR降低 ,CFR的降低及其恢复与r Vd的一过性增高及恢复有关 ;( 2 )再狭窄患者冠脉血流储备于随访期显著降低 ,达到术前水平。经胸冠脉血流显像技术可作为冠脉介入治疗后一种简便、安全、无创的随访方法。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.