186例儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病免疫表型特征

目的回顾分析186例儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukemia,ALL)免疫表型结果,以期了解儿童ALL免疫表型的特征,为临床诊断、微小残留病(minimal residual disease,MRD)的监测提供依据。方法采用多参数流式细胞术(multiparameter flow cytometry,MFC),利用CD45PE-cy5/SS设门,完成186例儿童ALL病人的免疫分型。结果在186例ALL中,B系ALL78．5％(146/186),T系ALLl9．3％(36/186),T/M混合型ALL1．1％(2/186),B/M混合型ALL1．1％(2/186)。白血病相关免疫表型(characterization of leukemia-associated immunotyping,LAIP)的出现频率为:B-ALL CD19 /CD10 /CD117 1．4％; CD19 /CD10 /CD13 25．3％;CD19 /CD10 /CD33 21．3％;CD19 /CD10 /CD2 5．5％;CD10 /CD34 /CD45±86．9％;CD19 / CD34 /CD20 24．7％;CD19 /CD10 /CD45±67．1％;CD19 /CD10-/CD20-4．1％。T-ALL CD7 /CD13 /CD45±5．6％;CD7 / CD33 /CD45±2．8％;TdT /CD3 /CD45±100％;CDT /CD2±/CD45±77．8％;CD7 /CD4 /CD3-16．7％;CD7 /CD8 /CD3- 16．7％。结论儿童B-ALL比率高于T-ALL,约为T-ALL的4倍,混合细胞白血病在儿童很少见。而且儿童ALL均具有独特的LAIP特征,因此免疫表型分析对于白血病的诊断和MR监测可提供非常客观的依据。     

50例成人急性淋巴细胞白血病免疫表型分析

目的研究成人急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的免疫表型特征,并分析免疫表型与细胞形态学及细胞遗传学的关系。方法应用一组系列相关单克隆抗体和CD45／SSC设门的三色流式细胞术对50例初治成人ALL进行免疫表型研究。结果 50 例ALL中42例B系来源,5例T系ALL,3例T／B混合型ALL。27例伴有髓系抗原表达(54％),髓系抗原主要表达CD13、CD33。大部分病例(90％)幼稚细胞均出现CD45的缺失及弱表达。细胞学形态学分析发现所分析病例中FAB-L1占多数(67％)、L2 27 ％。2例L3其免疫表型为B-祖细胞及成熟B细胞表型。20例存在染色体异常,其中6例染色体数目异常,涉及的异常为 8、-X、-7、-11、-4、、6和、13。染色体结构异常最多见为t(9;22),且均伴有髓系抗原的表达。结论 ALL免疫表型不是单独的诊断标准,其与细胞形态学及遗传学密切相关。     

儿童与成人急性淋巴细胞白血病免疫表型的比较

目的了解儿童及成人急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)免疫表型的异同.方法应用流式细胞仪直接免疫荧光法检测297例初治ALL,其中儿童109例,成人188例.结果在成人T系ALL中,男性多于女性,在成人B-ALL中,女性多于男性,在成人伴髓系抗原表达ALL(My ALL)及CD34 ALL中均为女性多于男性,而在儿童中均未见显著差异.无论是成人还是儿童,CD34 在B系ALL中的表达均高于T系ALL;CD34 ALL伴髓系抗原(CD13或CD33)在成人中的表达明显高于儿童,两者有显著差异;在成人ALL中伴My 明显高于儿童,两者有显著差异;在成人及儿童My ALL中CD34的表达显著高于My-者,且有显著差异;CD2 B系ALL均高表达CD34,且儿童比成人多见.结论 B-ALL在儿童及成人中的比率均高于T-ALL;在成人及儿童ALL中,CD34表达与B系ALL及CD2 B系ALL相关;在成人My ALL明显高于儿童;在成人My ALL及CD34 ALL中,以女性多见.     

T细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病免疫表型分析

本研究探讨T细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病（T-ALL）免疫表型特点。应用一组系列相关单克隆抗体和CD45/SSC设门的三色流式细胞术对140例T-ALL进行免疫表型检测。结果显示,白血病细胞表面T系抗原表达依次为CD7〉CD2〉CD3〉CD5,近20%患者CD10表达阳性。140例患者中12例带有B系抗原标记,阳性率达8.57%;136例中31例带有髓系抗原标记,阳性率达22.79%,所有病例均无CD14表达。干/祖细胞标记CD34表达阳性率31.06%,41例CD34＋T-ALL髓系抗原表达15例,阳性率36.59%,91例CD34-T-ALL髓系抗原表达14例,阳性率15.38%,二者具有统计学差异（p〈0.01）。儿童T-ALLCD3表达高于成人（p〈0.05）,而CD33表达明显低于成人（p〈0.01）结论：免疫表型分析是诊断T-ALL的重要手段,T-ALL免疫表型具有异质性。     

四色流式细胞术分析B细胞型急性淋巴细胞白血病免疫表型

为了研究国人B细胞型急性淋巴细胞白血病(B-ALL)免疫表型特点，使用了四色流式细胞术CD45／SSC 设门分析181例B-ALL的免疫表型。研究结果发现，所有检测病例CDl9阳性率100％，HLA-DR阳性率98．9％，CD38，CD10和CD34阳性率分别为88．5％，76．8％和76．8％，CD117与T系抗原CD2和CD7在B-ALL中很少表达。儿童组(≤14岁)CD10比例较高，青少年(15-18岁)和成人组(≥19岁)髓系相关抗原CD13和(或)CD33表达较高。各年龄组CD10 ／CD34 型比例最高，随年龄增长CD10 /CD34 型比例升高。CD10-CD34 型伴殖系抗原表达率明显高于其它亚型。与CD45 病例相比，CD45-或CD45 /-病例常伴有较高的CD10表达。43例标本RT-PCR检测bcr／abl结果显示：bcr／abl 组和bcr／abl-组伴殖系抗原表达率无显性差弄，m-bcr／abl 主要见于CD10／CD34 型。结论：典型的B-ALL细胞表达CD19和HLA-DR，不表达CD117。不同发育阶段CD34，CD10和CD45表达不一。青少年组免疫表型与成人组相似。CD45 多见于CD10-B-ALL。儿童组殖系抗原表达率较低。m-bcr／abl 多见于CD10／C1)34 型B-ALL。     

86例儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病三色流式细胞术免疫分型研究

目的 探讨儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）三色流式细胞术免疫分型的特点。方法 采用CD45/SSC双参数散点图设门方法进行三色流式细胞术免疫表型分析。结果 CD45/SSC双参数散点图设门方法与FSC/SSC双参数散点图设门方法比较能将骨髓中的原始细胞与正常淋巴细胞、单核细胞及粒细胞明显分开，所得原始细胞经例与形态学分类接近，原始细胞免疫表型假阳性发生率低。86例儿童ALL标本中，B-ALL占95.3%，T-ALL占2.3%。Common-ALL和Pro-B-ALL分别占B-ALL的76.8%和6.1%。57.0%和34.9%的儿童ALL表达CD34和髓系抗原，其中以Pro-B-ALL分别占B-ALL的76.8%和6.1%。57.0%和34.9%的儿童ALL表达CD13和CD33的表达差异无显著性。结论 CD45/SSC双参数散点图设门方法排除了骨髓中正常细胞的干扰，免疫分型结果更可靠。儿童ALL有较高的CD34和髓系抗原表达。     

流式细胞术检测儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病微小残留病研究进展

多参数流式细胞术（FCM）检测白血病微小残留病（MRD）具有快速、敏感、可定量的优势。联合抗原受体基因重排的聚合酶链反应检测,可检测几乎所有儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）的MRD,可评估早期治疗反应,预示复发,实施个体化治疗,提高生存质量。本文重点介绍多参数FCM检测MRD的原理、优缺点及临床意义。     

成人Ph染色体阳性急性淋巴细胞白血病免疫表型特征分析

本研究旨在了解成人Ph染色体阳性（Ph^＋）的急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）免疫表型特征,并初步探讨其在预测疾病预后和指导临床治疗中的价值。应用多参数流式细胞仪（MFC）技术对35例Ph^＋ALL和59例Ph—ALL患者的标本（骨髓或外周血）进行细胞免疫表型检测,并分析其异常表达。结果显示：所有Ph^＋ALL均为B淋系表达;Ph^＋B—ALL患者CD34和CD13表达较Ph—B—ALL显著增高（P〈0．05）,而CD38表达较Ph—B—ALL明显减低（p〈0．05）;两组患者伴髓系表达比例分别为85．7％和61．O％,Ph^＋B—ALL组显著增高（P〈0．05）,表达的髓系抗原主要为CD13和／或CD33。结论：Ph^＋ALL存在较为特征性的免疫表型,在成人B—ALL中CD34、CD13和CD38的免疫表型分析有助于提示存在Ph染色体的可能,对于存在上述特征性免疫表型的成人ALL患者应进行bcr／abl融合基因检测。以上特征性免疫表型将有助于临床上对这组疾病进展迅速、预后差的亚型患者进行预测,并指导一临床个体化治疗。     

126例急性白血病异常免疫表型分析

白血病细胞异常免疫表型是区别于正常造血细胞的重要特征之一,也是流式细胞术检测微小残留病的基础。为了了解急性白血病的异常免疫表型特征,本研究采用四色流式细胞术CD45/SSC双参数散点图设门技术对126例急性白血病患者的异常免疫表型进行分析,并初步探讨其在微小残留病检测中的意义。结果显示:约76%的患者可以检测到明确的异常抗原表达,白血病异常免疫表型可分为以下四类:抗原跨系列表达、跨阶段表达、过度表达及缺失表达,其阳性率分别为39%、46%、21%和29%。约11%的患者仅发生了单一的表型异常,其余患者则可以检测到两类或更多的表型异常。结论:在大多数急性白血病患者中可以检测到明确的白血病异常免疫表型,在此基础上应用多参数流式细胞仪可以有效检测微小残留病变。     

急性与非急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者免疫表型比较

目的分析急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)与其他类型急性髓细胞白血病(即非APL)患者异常幼稚细胞免疫表型特点及意义。方法利用4色流式细胞仪对30例APL(APL组)及97例非APL(非APL组)患者进行免疫表型检测。结果 APL组患者SSC均偏大一些,幼稚抗原CD34和HLA-DR阳性率较低,为16.7%和13.3%,而CD117和CD38阳性率为96.7%;泛髓系抗原CD13和CD33的阳性率为100.0%和93.3%,髓系成熟抗原CD64和CD15的阳性率分别为96.7%和43.3%,而30例APL组患者无一例表达成熟抗原CD11b;CD9在APL组中阳性率较高,为96.7%。非APL组患者中,幼稚抗原CD38阳性率为97.9%,CD117和HLA-DR的阳性率为88.7%,CD34的阳性率为66.0%;93例(95.9%)和85例(87.6%)患者表达泛髓系抗原CD33和CD13;68例(70.1%)、66例(68.0%)和27例(27.8%)患者表达髓系成熟抗原CD15、CD64和CD11b;只有45例(46.4%)和35例(36.1%)患者表达CD56和CD9。结论 APL具有独特的免疫表型特征,其特点表现为高SSC、CD13~+CD9~+CD38~+CD33~+CD117~+CD64~+CD11b~-CD34~-HLA-DR~-,多参数流式细胞术检测可辅助APL的快速诊断,为患者早期治疗提供可靠依据。     

Immunophenotyping in the diagnosis and classification of acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The identification of ALL immunophenotypes with distinctive clinical features and prognostic significance indicates the importance of these studies in the evaluation of ALL patients for both clinical and research purposes. For differential diagnosis, the expression of pan-B-cell or pan-T-cell lymphoid antigens and the absence of myeloid/monocyte antigens represent the most useful markers for distinguishing ALL from AML. However, the increasing appreciation of large numbers of patients with clinically significant mixed lymphoid-myeloid phenotypes suggests that rigid classification of acute leukemias into exclusive lymphoid and myeloid categories may be somewhat artificial. In adult ALL, patients with My+ phenotypes (B+sIg-T-My+ and B-sIg-T-My+) have a lower incidence of complete remission and shorter survival times than do patients with My- marker profiles. Preliminary studies in childhood ALL also suggest a correlation between myeloid antigen expression and poor prognostic factors. In addition, children with sIg+ "B-cell," cIg+ "pre-B-cell," and T-cell ALL phenotypes have shorter disease-free survival times than do patients with more common "early pre-B" (B+cIg-sIg-T-) marker profiles. Application of immunologic markers in concert with cytogenetic and gene rearrangement studies has led to the identification of novel subgroups of leukemia with distinct clinical characteristics. Future studies incorporating a multiparameter diagnostic approach including immunophenotyping, gene rearrangement studies, and karyotypic analyses should further our understanding of the heterogeneity of acute leukemias, guide the development of new therapeutic strategies, and provide for more clinically relevant classification of these disorders.     

Immunophenotyping of acute myeloid leukemia cells

This article considers the expression of myeloid cell-associated antigens on both normal and malignant myeloid cells. Progress in the use of monoclonal antibodies to myeloid cell surface antigens for the diagnosis, subclassification, and treatment of acute myeloid leukemia is discussed. The results of bone marrow purging with monoclonal antibodies to remove leukemia cells for the purpose of autologous bone-marrow transplantation are promising.     

Immunophenotyping analysis of acute undifferentiated leukemia]

The diagnosis of acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) is made when the leukemic cells do not have cytologic or cytochemical features of myeloid cells, and do not express myeloid antigens (CD13, CD14, CD33, CD41 etc.) or lymphoid antigens (CD2, CD3, CD19, CD20, Sm Ig etc.). Most of these cells are reported to be positive for CD7, CD34, TdT and HLA-DR, either alone or in combination. Cell lineage can be suspected in most AUL cells by genotypic analysis, phenotypic analysis after culturing with TPA, or peroxidase activity by ultrastructural or immunohistochemical analysis, which indicates the heterogeneity of AUL. The patients with AUL appear to have a poor prognosis with conventional chemotherapy.     

201例成人急性白血病免疫分型特点

目的探讨成人急性白血病(AL)三色流式细胞术免疫分型的特点。方法采用CD45/SSC双参数散点图设门方法进行三色流式细胞术免疫表型分析。结果156例急性髓细胞系白血病(AML)主要表达CD117(90.38%)、CD13(87.18%)、CD33(71.79%)、CD34(67.74%)、HLA DR(60.90%)。33.98%的AML患者伴有淋系抗原表达,最常见为CD7(24.36%)。B细胞系急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)35例(17.4%),主要表达CD19(100.00%)、HLA DR(100.00%)、CD10(74.29%)、CD34(60.00%)、CD20(31.40%)。T细胞系ALL10例(4.98%),主要表达CD7(80.00%)、CD2(60.00%)。24.5%的ALL表达髓系相关抗原,主要是CD13(17.80%)及CD33(11.10%)。结论流式细胞仪三色荧光标记法进行AL免疫分型,对白血病的准确诊断和分型有重要的指导意义。     

201例成人急性白血病免疫分型特点

目的 探讨成人急性白血病(AL)三色流式细胞术免疫分型的特点。方法 采用CD45／SSC双参数散点图设门方法进行三色流式细胞术免疫表型分析。结果 156例急性髓细胞系白血病(AML)主要表达CD117(90．38％)、CD13(87．18％)、CD33(71．79％)、CD34(67．74％)、HLA-DR(60．90％)。33．98％的AML患者伴有淋系抗原表达,最常见为CD7(24．36％)。B细胞系急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)35例(17．4％),主要表达CD19(100．00％)、HLA-DR(100．00％)、CD10(74．29％)、CD34(60．00％)、CD20(31．40％)。T细胞系ALL 10例(4．98％),主要表达CD7(80．00％)、CD2(60．00％)。24．5％的ALL表达髓系相关抗原,主要是CD13(17．80％)及CD33(11．10％)。结论 流式细胞仪三色荧光标记法进行AL免疫分型,对白血病的准确诊断和分型有重要的指导意义。     

Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Much progress has been made in understanding the biology of and therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This progress has translated into the recognition of several subgroups of ALL and the institution of risk-adapted therapies. New therapies are emerging based on the definition of specific cytogenetic-molecular abnormalities. Changes in the pathologic classification of ALL have led to therapeutic consequences. Adaptation of successful treatment strategies in children with ALL has resulted in similar complete remission rates in adults. Prognosis has Improved especially in mature B-cell ALL and T-cell lineage ALL. However, regardless of ALL subgroup, long-term survival in adults is still inferior to that in children. Development of new drugs and agents tailored to subset-specific cytogenetic-molecular characteristics is vital to the therapeutic success in adult ALL.     

急性淋巴细胞白血病的治疗

联合化疗是目前急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)治疗的主要方法.ALL的化疗分为4个部分:诱导治疗、巩固治疗、维持治疗和中枢神经系统白血病的预防.现已证实儿童ALL方案在成人尤其是青少年ALL的疗效要优于成人方案,未来成人ALL的治疗将更多的引入儿童ALL的治疗经验.ALL治疗领域的进展主要在两方面:一是酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)在Ph阳性ALL的应用.TKI在Ph阳性ALL治疗中的作用已得到证实,但最佳用法还有待进一步研究.二是免疫治疗在ALL治疗中的应用,偶联毒素的免疫毒素治疗ALL的临床研究一直在进行中,而嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T)的临床研究近年获得了突破性进展,CAR-T很可能成为未来ALL治疗领域革命性的进展.     

Peg-asparaginase for acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Importance of the field: Asparaginase is a prominent component of pediatric and adolescent treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. These treatment regimens are now being employed in adults. Knowledge of the efficacy and toxicity of asparaginase preparations is essential when using these treatments.

Areas covered by this review: The search terms used were asparaginase, leukemia, pegylated, oncaspar, adolescent and young adult. Literature was searched in Pubmed/Medline with no limitations on year of publication. Abstracts from the American Society of Hematology meetings and the American Society of Clinical Oncology were searched from 2004 – 2008 using the same terms.

What the reader will gain: The reader will gain knowledge of the tolerability and efficacy of pegylated asparaginase when treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Take home message: Pegylated asparaginase is generally well tolerated in adult patients with efficacy that appears to be at least equivalent to native asparaginase preparations.