经尿道钬激光环切离断输尿管在上尿路肿瘤术中的应用

目的探讨应用经尿道钬激光离断输尿管的手术方式在上尿路肿瘤根治术中的应用价值。方法经尿道采用钬激光环切输尿管口,离断输尿管,肾输尿管全长切除治疗肾盂癌4例。结果对4例肾盂癌采用本方法处理输尿管后,输尿管全段完整切除,平均手术时间8min,术后无出血、感染、尿外渗。随访1-13个月,平均8个月,未见复发。结论对于上尿路肿瘤需行输尿管全段切除者,本方法既能在术中进一步检查膀胱内情况并可作相应处理,又可减少手术创伤,是一种良好的微创术式。     

超声引导下逆行经尿道输尿管镜与顺行经皮输尿管镜治疗输尿管上段结石的比较研究

目的 研究超声引导下逆行经尿道输尿管镜与顺行经皮输尿管镜治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法 将2012年8月至2013年8月期间,在本院接受顺行经皮输尿管镜治疗的输尿管上段结石患者50例纳入研究的观察组,进行前瞻性研究,将2011年8月至2012年7月期间,在本院接受超声引导下逆行经尿道输尿管镜治疗的对照组,进行回顾性研究。比较两组患者的碎石成功率、手术情况和应激程度。结果观察组患者的碎石成功率(96%)高于对照组(χ2=8.306、P<0.05);手术时间(62.3±10.8)分钟、住院总时间(8.6±2.5)天长于对照组,CRP(34.8±6.4)mg/L、肾上腺素(82.3±10.1)ng/ml、去甲肾上腺素(108.2±14.2)ng/ml、肾素(2.1±0.3)pg/ml、血管紧张素Ⅱ(24.3±5.2)pg/ml水平均低于对照组。结论 顺行经皮输尿管镜治疗能够提高碎石成功率,减小手术创伤和应激,促进术后恢复,是治疗输尿管上段结石的理想方法。     

肾盂癌根治术中Nd:YAG激光经尿道行输尿管下段切除术五例报告

我们从 1999年始 ,在肾盂癌根治术中采用Ｎｄ :ＹＡＧ激光经尿道行下段输尿管切除 5例 ,效果满意。报告如下。资料与方法　本组 5例。男 3例 ,女 2例。年龄 5 2～ 6 5岁。左侧 3例 ,右侧 2例。临床表现均为肉眼血尿 ,经Ｂ超、ＣＴ、ＩＶＵ检查 ,发现肾盂占位病变2 .5ｃｍ× 2 .     

经尿道电气化术治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤

目的总结经尿道电气化术治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤的方法。方法应用气化电极对55例浅表性膀胱肿瘤患者行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电气化术（TVBT）。结果治愈44例（治愈率80％），有效55例（有效率100％），TVBT出血少，手术视野清晰，去除肿瘤效果满意，易操作，同时能降低膀胱穿孔的发生率，提高手术的安全性。结论TVBT疗效与经尿道膀胱瘤电切术（TURBT）相当，操作简便。     

经尿道电切或电气化技术治疗下尿路疾病

目的 探讨经尿道电切和汽化切割治疗下尿路疾病的疗效。方法 经尿道电切割汽化治疗下尿路疾病353例。结果 疗效满意。无电切综合征及其他并发症。结论 经尿道电切和电气化是治疗下尿路疾病的微创外科技术。具有痛苦少。安全有效,术后恢复快的优点。     

经尿道双极等离子电切镜在肾输尿管全切术中的应用

目的探讨经尿道双极等离子体电切镜行输尿管下段切除在肾盂输尿管癌根治中的应用价值。方法2003年6月～2005年3月，6例输尿管下段、同侧输尿管口及膀胱均未见肿瘤的肾盂输尿管癌，采用经尿道等离子电切镜联合腰部切口5例，后腹膜腹腔镜1例行肾输尿管全切术。结果6例手术顺利。手术时间120—210min，平均150min。术中尢一例发生闭孔神经反射。术后膀胱冲洗，未见出血。留置尿管7～9d。平均8d。1例术后5d拔尿管后出现患侧下腹疼痛、发热，证实少许尿外渗，再次留置尿管5d后，经尿道膀胱造影无渗漏，排尿恢复正常。术后病理结果输尿管残端均阴性。除1例术后3个月死于心肌梗死外，余5例术后随访7～21个月，平均16个月，未见肿瘤复发。结论输尿管下段切除术中应用经尿道双极等离子电切镜微创、无出血、并发症少，是辅助肾盂输尿管癌根治术中行之有效的方法。     

经输尿管超声在诊断上尿路疾病中的应用

英国某医学中心不久前报道了一项新技术一经输尿管超声技术（TUU）。该技术应用细小的超声探头进入输尿管，从腔内更好的显示输尿管的解剖结构和肾盂输尿管处软组织结构。它被应用在输尿管周围淋巴结疾病、粘膜下结石、输尿管肿瘤、输尿管壁局部炎症、血管疾病（如动脉瘤及外周血管压迫）等疾病的诊断。他们认为尽管目前应用CT诊断上尿路疾病受到多数人的肯定，     

经尿道腔镜下气囊扩张治疗输尿管狭窄

目的：探讨经尿道腔镜下气囊扩张治疗输尿管狭窄的效果。方法：采用经尿道腔镜下气囊扩张术治疗输尿管狭窄42例。男22例，女20例，平均年龄46岁。狭窄处位于肾盂输尿管连接处5例；输尿管上段8例，中段5例，下段24例。狭窄段长度0．5～2．0cm。结果：39例顺利通过输尿管球囊扩张导管；3例严重狭窄者失败。随访6～24个月，平均14个月。一次扩张成功37例，B超示肾盂积水均明显减轻，IVU示狭窄段通畅；2例术后取支架后狭窄复发，肾盂积水无改善。术后无明显肉眼血尿、发热，无输尿管穿孔、脱套、撕裂等并发症。结论：经尿道腔镜下气囊扩张治疗输尿管狭窄具有定位准确，扩张效果好，可重复操作，住院期短，损伤小等优点。     

单切口联合经尿道输尿管袖套切除治疗肾盂、输尿管癌

目的：探讨改良肾盂、输尿管癌手术方式的效果。方法：1998年1月～2005年7月，我院收治肾盂、输尿管癌13例，均先采用腰部切口切除肾脏及大部分输尿管，然后顺输尿管残端插入双J管人膀胱，固定输尿管残端于双J管，再电切患侧输尿管开口及部分膀胱黏膜，袖套样拉下输尿管人膀胱。结果除1例袖套拉出失败改下腹部切口再手术以外，其余12例手术成功，手术时间60～90min，平均78min，术后留置尿管7～9d，平均7．6d，术后住院时间7～10d，平均7．9d。13例随访8～18个月，平均11．5月，均行尿脱落细胞、膀胱镜及B超检查，无肿瘤复发。结论：单一腰部切口联合经尿道输尿管袖套状切除，手术创伤小，术后并发症少，恢复快。     

达芬奇Xi系统在单一体位经腹腔肾输尿管切除术中的应用

目的 探讨达芬奇Xi系统单一体位经腹腔肾输尿管全长切除术在治疗上尿路尿路上皮癌中的可行性及安全性。方法 回顾性分析青岛市市立医院东院区2019年11月至2020年11月收治的11例患者资料。其中男7例,女4例,年龄50～77岁。肾盂癌5例,输尿管癌5例,肾盂癌合并输尿管癌1例。肿瘤位于左侧6例,右侧5例。应用达芬奇Xi系统,术中不变换体位。结果11台手术均顺利应用达芬奇Xi系统完成,无中转开放或腹腔镜手术。术中出血量30～300 ml。手术时间110～210 min。术后住院时间8～13 d。术后无ClavienⅡ级以上并发症。术后随访时间0～12个月,失访2例,无死亡及肿瘤复发病例。结论 单一体位经腹腔肾输尿管切除术能较好地发挥达芬奇Xi系统的优势,手术时间明显较短,术后恢复快,肿瘤切除效果较好,短期随访结果满意。     

肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾盂输尿管癌(附39例报告)

目的　探讨腰部切口肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾盂输尿管癌的应用价值。　方法　采用经尿道输尿管口环切 ,肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾盂输尿管肿瘤 39例。　结果　 39例术后无一例并发出血、感染、尿瘘。平均随访 2 0 .7个月 ,膀胱镜复查未发现环切口肿瘤种植。膀胱其它部位发生肿瘤 8例 ,占 2 3% (8/ 35 ) ,均作了局部处理。　结论　此手术方法创伤小 ,并发症少 ,效果好 ,是肾输尿管肿瘤的有效手术方法之一。     

Simultaneous bilateral renal pelvic tumors

BACKGROUND: A 72-year-old man was admitted with gross hematuria. Investigations revealed bilateral renal pelvic tumors. METHODS/RESULTS: Via a midline incision, left nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff resection was performed for the large left-sided tumor. The right small solitary right-sided tumor was endoscopically resected simultaneously. Histologically, both tumors were grade 2 transitional cell carcinomas without muscular invasion. CONCLUSION: There has been no evidence of recurrence or metastasis 30 months postoperatively.     

鹿角形肾结石合并肾盂癌的诊治

目的:提高鹿角形肾结石合并肾盂癌的诊治水平。方法:回顾性分析16例鹿角形肾结石合并肾盂癌患者的临床资料。结果:16例患者中,13例行CT检查,确诊4例;2例行MRI检查,确诊1例。术前确诊的5例患者行根治性肾输尿管切除加膀胱袖状切除。5例分别于开放手术或PCNL术中发现新生物,活检证实后行根治性肾切除加输尿管部分切除。1例行经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)者后2个月再次手术时发现转移而被迫放弃手术。5例无功能肾者于肾切除术后常规病检发现合并肾盂癌。病理检查证实为鳞状细胞癌12例,移行细胞癌3例,腺癌1例。获随访10例,随访时间1~35个月,死亡7例,术后生存时间1~27个月。结论:鹿角形肾结石合并肾盂癌诊断困难,预后差。对结石病史长、合并感染或肉眼血尿者,术前应考虑合并肾盂癌的可能。CT与MRI检查对诊断鹿角形肾结石合并肾盂癌有重要价值;对术前未确诊而又怀疑结石合并肾盂癌患者,建议行开放手术,勿选PCNL。     

Squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter: incidence, symptoms, treatment and outcome

PURPOSE: Squamous cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis and ureter are rare. We report a large series of patients and compare it to patients with urothelial carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The initial material was comprised of 808 patients with renal pelvis or ureteral cancer. A review of the histopathological material and clinical records was performed. RESULTS: Only 2 (4%) of 65 patients with squamous cell carcinoma had stage pTa/pT1/pT2 tumors compared to 460 (62%) of 743 patients with urothelial carcinoma. Median survival was much shorter for surgically treated patients with squamous cell carcinoma compared to those with urothelial carcinoma (7 vs 50 months). However, there was no significant difference in the disease specific 5-year survival rate between patients with squamous cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma in the same disease stage. Vascular invasion, microscopic solid tumor pattern and large tumor size had negative prognostic significance in multivariate analyses. Histopathological tumor type (squamous cell carcinoma or urothelial carcinoma) had no prognostic significance. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis for squamous cell carcinoma is poor, but stage for stage the prognosis is not different between patients with urothelial carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter. It can be presumed that high stage squamous cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma become symptomatic first at a time when the tumors already are large, deeply invasive and most often incurable. New treatment modalities are urgently needed to improve the poor prognosis in patients with advanced stage squamous cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.     

Percutaneous management of renal pelvic urothelial tumors: long-term followup

PURPOSE: We present the long-term outcome of percutaneous resection of renal urothelial tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 24 patients underwent primary percutaneous resection of renal urothelial tumor. Patients with low stage pT0-1 disease were treated primarily with percutaneous surgery. All pelvicaliceal tumors were taken for biopsy and treated with percutaneous resection. Patients with multi-segmental pelvicaliceal system involvement, stage greater than pT1, high grade histology or additional ureteral tumors were considered for nephroureterectomy. Topical chemotherapy (mitomycin C or epirubicin) was administered via nephrostomy tube or intravesical instillation after Double-J stent (Medical Engineering Corp., New York, New York) insertion. Surveillance included upper tract cytology, nephroscopy or fiberoptic ureterorenoscopy. Long-term followup was correlated with histopathology. RESULTS: Of the 24 cases 2 had squamous cell carcinoma, 5 had grade III transitional cell carcinoma, 15 had grade I to II transitional cell carcinoma and 2 had no tumor. Control was established with initial percutaneous resection in 18 (75%) cases and second look nephroscopy in 4. Early recurrences were detected by excretory urography (IVP) in 3 cases, small pelvic recurrences by IVP in 2, fiberoptic ureterorenoscopy in 2 and bladder tumors by flexible cystoscopy in 3 after 1 year. A total of 10 nephroscopies were performed in 5 cases, 24 flexible uretereorenoscopies in 9 and IVP in 6. Three synchronous, grade I bladder tumors were managed conventionally. All patients with high grade disease died of malignancy except one (with no further treatment) and 6 of the 15 patients with low grade noninvasive transitional cell carcinoma underwent nephroureterectomy during followup either due to progression of disease, concomitant tumor or complications. Two patients with solitary kidneys died of renal failure unrelated to malignancy. High grade tumors or tumors greater than T1 were treated with nephroureterectomy early during management. There was no perioperative mortality and 9 (60%) of the low grade cases the kidneys were preserved at a mean followup +/- SD of 64 +/- 15 months. All excised tracks from patients who underwent nephroureterectomy and the renal fossae were free of tumor on histopathological examination. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous resection of transitional cell tumor should be considered primarily in patients with early stage disease excluding tumors crossing caliceal infundibula, ureteropelvic junction tumor, tumor extending over multiple calices and synchronous ureteral tumors. The long-term outcome of low grade tumors is good and they should be managed by either form of minimally invasive surgery. Nephron sparing is possible in a large percentage of low grade disease but high grade tumors should be treated with nephroureterectomy.     

后腹腔镜联合膀胱电切镜治疗上尿路移行细胞癌

目的 介绍后腹腔镜行肾输尿管全长及膀胱袖状电切治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的经验.方法 经后腹腔镜施行肾输尿管全长及膀胱袖状切除术32例.其中输尿管肿瘤20例,肾盂肿瘤12例.肿瘤位于右侧17例,左侧15例.2例输尿管肿瘤合并膀胱肿瘤.经尿道电切镜距输尿管口约0.5 cm环形切透膀胱全层,对输尿管末端电灼彻底封闭输尿管开口.输尿管末端电切结束退出电切镜后留置尿管.采用腰部3个穿刺套管针入路,行根治性肾切除,输尿管尽量向下游离,下腹部行5～9 cm切口,取出.肾标本,然后行下端输尿管及膀胱袖状切除.结果 31例手术顺利,1例术前有经皮肾镜术史,术中发生十二指肠瘘,手术中转开放修补十二指肠,术后恢复顺利.手术时间2.0～6.5 h,平均3.5 h.出血量25～1 500 ml,平均163 ml.术后随访2～36个月.29例患者无瘤存活;1例患者术后2个月发生膀胱、盆腔转移,目前带瘤存活;1例患者术后2年发生膀胱肿瘤,电切后无瘤存活;1例患者术后第3个月死于心脏疾病.结论 经后腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂和输尿管肿瘤,切口明显小于开放手术,术后恢复快.用电切镜环状切除输尿管末端可完整切除输尿管.     

后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长及膀胱袖状切除术35例报告

目的 介绍后腹腔镜下行肾、输尿管全长及膀胱袖状切除的体会。方法 经后腹腔镜施行肾输尿管全长及袖状膀胱切除术35例。男14例，女21例。年龄49～82岁，平均67岁。输尿管肿瘤20例，肾盂肿瘤15例。肿瘤位于右侧19例，左侧16例。其中输尿管肿瘤合并膀胱肿瘤者2例，先后发生双侧输尿管肿瘤并膀胱肿瘤者1例。经尿道用针状电极距输尿管口约0．5am环行切透膀胱。采用腰部3个穿刺套管针入路，行根治性肾切除，输尿管尽量向下游离，下腹部行5～9cm切口，取出肾标本，然后行下段输尿管及部分膀胱袖状切除。结果 35例手术顺利，手术时间1．5～6．0h，平均3．1h。出血量20～1600ml，平均166ml。4例需输血。术后20～32h下床活动。术后病理报告为移行细胞癌30例，输尿管低分化腺癌2例，输尿管鳞状细胞癌1例，输尿管平滑肌肉瘤1例，黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎1例。1例术前为尿毒症透析患者，术后并发十二指肠漏，术后第3天放置引流管引流十二指肠漏出液，术后2个月死于心力衰竭。术后常规行膀胱灌注，预防肿瘤复发。平均住院时间11d。随访1～32个月，平均14个月，33例患者无瘤生存，1例术后3个月发生盆腔转移，目前带瘤存活。膀胱肿瘤均未见复发。结论 经后腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂和输尿管肿瘤，切口明显小于开放手术，术后恢复快。用电切镜环状切除输尿管末端可完整切除输尿管。     

改良的肾盂癌肾输尿管全切术

目的：探讨经尿道输尿管口环切在肾输尿管全切术中的临床应用价值。方法：经尿道输尿管口环切后，作腰部斜切口行肾输尿管全切治疗肾盂移行细胞癌10例，并与传统的双切口肾输尿管全切术进行比较。结果：10例术后无一例出现尿漏，感染，出血等并发症，平均手术耗时2．5h，术后平均住院8d，与双切口术式相比差异有极显著性意义（P＜0．01），术后随访3－20个月，膀胱镜和CT检查未发现肿瘤复发，结论：本改良术式创伤小，并发症少，操作简单，疗效确切，较传统的双切口肾输尿管全切术有明显优点，值得推广应用。     

重复肾合并同侧肾盂癌的诊治特点分析

目的:探讨重复肾畸形合并同侧肾盂癌的诊治特点。方法:回顾性分析2008~2013年我院收治5例重复肾合并同侧肾盂癌患者的临床资料。其中男3例,女2例,平均年龄63(42~83)岁。5例均行泌尿系B超、CT、MRI、IVU及CTU检查,2例行膀胱输尿管逆行造影检查,2例行泌尿系CTA检查。完全性重复肾畸形2例,不完全性3例;肿瘤发生在上位肾4例,下位肾1例。结果:2例行后腹腔镜半肾输尿管切除术,3例行后腹腔镜肾盂癌根治术。术后病理报告均示肾盂浸润性尿路上皮癌。5例患者术中术后均未出现明显并发症,术后30d复查SCr平均94.3(62.1~125.0)μmol/L,5例患者平均随访25(6~57)个月,均未出现肿瘤复发及转移。结论:重复肾畸形合并肾盂癌临床少见,肿瘤多发生于重复肾上位肾盂内,确诊需结合多种检查手段。手术仍是主要的治疗手段,应根据患者肾功能情况选择手术方案。