后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切镜治疗上尿路移行细胞癌(附83例报告)

目的 探讨后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切镜治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的效果和安全性. 方法 2003年3月～2006年7月,我院采用后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切镜治疗83例上尿路移行细胞癌.经尿道袖状电切患侧输尿管口周围1.5 cm范围膀胱壁达膀胱外脂肪组织,采用后腹腔镜切除肾及全长输尿管.术后留置导尿管7 d.11例术后辅助放疗. 结果 83例手术均成功.手术时间115～205 min,平均156 min.术中出血50～150 ml,平均80 ml.无术中并发症.术后住院7～11 d,平均8.5 d.病理报告：82例上尿路移行细胞癌,1例肾盂上皮中～重度不典型增生.术后随访3～38个月,平均10.8月.术后12个月内行膀胱镜检查发现膀胱肿瘤6例,其中5例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切,1例行腹腔镜根治性膀胱全切术、左侧输尿管皮肤造口术.2例肾盂肿瘤（pT3 G3和pT2 G3）于术后3个月肝转移.2例输尿管中段肿瘤（pT3 G3和pT3 G2～3）术后6个月原位复发并肺转移.1例输尿管下段肿瘤（pT3 G3）术后6个月骨转移.失访1例.其余71例均未发现肿瘤复发、切口转移及远处转移. 结论 对于上尿路移行细胞癌,采用后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切镜行肾、输尿管全切及膀胱袖套状切除具有创伤小、安全、恢复快等优点,值得临床推广应用.     

腹腔镜治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的手术路径选择

目的 探讨腹腔镜治疗上尿路移行细胞癌不同的手术路径选择.方法 将116例上尿路移行细胞癌患者分为A、B两组,A组为肾孟及输尿管上段肿瘤组,采用后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切的方法;B组为输尿管下段肿瘤组,6例输尿管局部浸润的患者列入本组,采用70°斜侧卧位经腹腔途径肾、输尿管切除并膀胱袖状切除.结果 116例手术均获成功,无术中并发症.A组手术时间平均125.5 min,术中出血平均60 ml,术后24～48 h胃肠功能恢复;术后住院时间平均7 d;B组手术时间平均140.6 min,术中出血平均96 ml,术后24～72 h胃肠功能恢复;术后住院时间平均7.5 d.有90例患者获得随访,平均随访时间27个月,未发现切口及穿刺孔种植转移,但有10例行膀胱镜检查发现膀胱肿瘤.结论 腹腔镜肾、输尿管全切和膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌符合肿瘤治疗原则,安全可行.应根据肿瘤的位置来决定手术方式的采用.     

后腹腔镜联合尿道电切镜根治性肾输尿管切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌(附16例报告)

目的 探讨后腹腔镜联合尿道电切镜根治性肾输尿管切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的方法和临床疗效. 方法 对10例肾盂癌、6例输尿管上中段移行细胞癌先采用尿道电切镜行患侧输尿管口膀胱黏膜袖套状切除,而后行后腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管全切术. 结果 16例手术均获成功,平均手术时间120 min,术中出血平均80 ml,患者均于术后36～48 h下床活动,术后住院时间8～14 d(平均9.4 d),术后随访膀胱局部复发2例. 结论 后腹腔镜联合尿道电切镜根治性肾输尿管切除治疗上尿路肿瘤是一种安全、有效的微创手术方法,实用性较强,具有良好的应用前景.     

后腹腔镜联合尿道电切镜根治性肾输尿管切除治疗上尿路肿瘤3例

目的探讨后腹腔镜联合尿道电切镜根治性肾输尿管切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的临床疗效。方法对2例肾盂癌、1例输尿管上段移行细胞癌先采用尿道电切镜行患侧输尿管口膀胱黏膜袖套状切除,而后行后腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管全切术。结果3例手术均获成功,平均手术时间190min,术中出血平均50mL,患者均于术后36~48h下床活动,术后住院时间9~11d(平均10d),术中、术后无严重并发症。结论后腹腔镜联合尿道电切镜根治性肾输尿管切除治疗上尿路肿瘤是一种安全、有效的微创手术方法,实用性较强,具有良好的应用前景。     

后腹腔镜下肾输尿管切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路上皮癌

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下肾输尿管切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路上皮癌的临床效果.方法 上尿路上皮癌患者82例(肾盂癌69例,输尿管癌13例).男39例,女43例.平均年龄65(37～82)岁.电切镜经尿道膀胱袖状分离输尿管管口及壁内段,后腹腔镜下切除肾、输尿管.观察手术时间、术中出血量、引流管留置时间、尿管留置时间、术后住院日及术后并发症等.随访肿瘤转移与复发情况.结果 82例手术顺利.手术平均时间135(95～210)min.术中平均失血110(60～260)ml.术后引流管平均留置3(2～4)d.尿管平均留置6(5～7)d.术后平均住院7(6～9)d.74例患者获随访平均31(6～76)个月.高级别浸润性癌随访16例,复发转移3例;高级别与低级别非浸润性癌分别随访29例,膀胱内复发5例(高级别3例,低级别2例);切口部位肿瘤转移复发1例.3年随访肿瘤复发率为10.6%(5/47).结果 后腹腔镜下肾输尿管切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路上皮癌,输尿管口周围组织及输尿管壁内段切除确切,创伤小、康复快,手术安全易行,疗效可靠.     

后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长及膀胱袖状切除术35例报告

目的 介绍后腹腔镜下行肾、输尿管全长及膀胱袖状切除的体会。方法 经后腹腔镜施行肾输尿管全长及袖状膀胱切除术35例。男14例，女21例。年龄49～82岁，平均67岁。输尿管肿瘤20例，肾盂肿瘤15例。肿瘤位于右侧19例，左侧16例。其中输尿管肿瘤合并膀胱肿瘤者2例，先后发生双侧输尿管肿瘤并膀胱肿瘤者1例。经尿道用针状电极距输尿管口约0．5am环行切透膀胱。采用腰部3个穿刺套管针入路，行根治性肾切除，输尿管尽量向下游离，下腹部行5～9cm切口，取出肾标本，然后行下段输尿管及部分膀胱袖状切除。结果 35例手术顺利，手术时间1．5～6．0h，平均3．1h。出血量20～1600ml，平均166ml。4例需输血。术后20～32h下床活动。术后病理报告为移行细胞癌30例，输尿管低分化腺癌2例，输尿管鳞状细胞癌1例，输尿管平滑肌肉瘤1例，黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎1例。1例术前为尿毒症透析患者，术后并发十二指肠漏，术后第3天放置引流管引流十二指肠漏出液，术后2个月死于心力衰竭。术后常规行膀胱灌注，预防肿瘤复发。平均住院时间11d。随访1～32个月，平均14个月，33例患者无瘤生存，1例术后3个月发生盆腔转移，目前带瘤存活。膀胱肿瘤均未见复发。结论 经后腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂和输尿管肿瘤，切口明显小于开放手术，术后恢复快。用电切镜环状切除输尿管末端可完整切除输尿管。     

肾细胞癌并发尿路移行细胞癌的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肾细胞癌并发尿路移行细胞癌的临床特点和诊治方法。方法 回顾性分析5例肾细胞癌并发尿路移行细胞癌患者的临床资料。男4例，女1例。年龄42～75岁，平均62岁。间歇无痛全程肉眼血尿4例，间歇全程肉眼血尿伴右侧腰痛1例。B超、IVU及CT提示肾肿瘤并发尿路肿瘤4例，肾癌不除外合并同侧肾盂占位1例。结果 5例均行根治性手术，4例同时行不同部位肿瘤根治术，1例行分次手术。病理为肾癌并发膀胱癌3例，肾癌并发同侧输尿管癌1例，肾癌并发同侧肾盂癌1例。随访6～18个月，平均11个月。1例术后10个月膀胱肿瘤局部复发，再行经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术；4例无瘤生存。结论 肾细胞癌并发尿路移行细胞癌临床少见，对肾癌患者行泌尿系超声、IVU和术中肾脏剖开检查有助于正确诊断。根治性手术宜同时切除肾癌侧输尿管，以避免残余输尿管发生肿瘤。     

腹腔镜手术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌不同路径的选择和应用

目的 比较腹腔镜下手术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的不同路径、输尿管处理方法及其适应证. 方法 94例上尿路移行细胞癌患者,均行肾、输尿管切除并膀胱袖状切除.分2组:①A组63例,为肾盂及输尿管上段肿瘤患者,采用后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切法;②B组31例,为输尿管中下段肿瘤患者及6例输尿管局部浸润患者,采用70°斜卧位经腹腔途径.观察2组手术时间、术中出血量,术后肠道功能恢复时间及术后并发症等. 结果 94例手术均成功,无术中并发症.2组平均手术时间分别为156和161 min,平均术中出血量分别为80和86 ml,术后胃肠功能恢复时间分别为24～48和24~72 h,术后平均住院时间分别为8.0和8.5 d.A组发生尿外渗2例,放置腹膜后引流管7 d愈合;形成尿囊肿1例,B超引导下穿刺引流治愈.84例获随访,平均随访23个月.2组分别有3例和5例膀胱镜检查发现膀胱肿瘤,2组均无切口及穿刺孔种植转移. 结论 腹腔镜下肾、输尿管全切和膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌安全可行,应根据肿瘤位置和是否发生局部浸润来选择手术方式.     

经尿道双极等离子电切镜在肾输尿管全切术中的应用

目的探讨经尿道双极等离子体电切镜行输尿管下段切除在肾盂输尿管癌根治中的应用价值。方法2003年6月～2005年3月，6例输尿管下段、同侧输尿管口及膀胱均未见肿瘤的肾盂输尿管癌，采用经尿道等离子电切镜联合腰部切口5例，后腹膜腹腔镜1例行肾输尿管全切术。结果6例手术顺利。手术时间120—210min，平均150min。术中尢一例发生闭孔神经反射。术后膀胱冲洗，未见出血。留置尿管7～9d。平均8d。1例术后5d拔尿管后出现患侧下腹疼痛、发热，证实少许尿外渗，再次留置尿管5d后，经尿道膀胱造影无渗漏，排尿恢复正常。术后病理结果输尿管残端均阴性。除1例术后3个月死于心肌梗死外，余5例术后随访7～21个月，平均16个月，未见肿瘤复发。结论输尿管下段切除术中应用经尿道双极等离子电切镜微创、无出血、并发症少，是辅助肾盂输尿管癌根治术中行之有效的方法。     

早期输尿管癌保肾手术的临床疗效分析（附15例报告）

目的：探讨早期输尿管癌保留肾脏手术的可行性及疗效。方法：回顾性分析2004年6月～2010年8月15例早期输尿管癌保肾手术患者的临床资料,9例行输尿管节段切除端端吻合术;6例行输尿管末端及膀胱袖口状切除,输尿管膀胱再植术。术后均行膀胱灌注化疗。结果：本组15例患者术后病理均为移行细胞癌。14例获得随访6个月～5年,所有患者同侧输尿管及肾盂均未见复发,2例术后分别于9个月及3年出现膀胱移行细胞癌,术后膀胱癌发生率为14．3％（2／14）。结论：输尿管癌为少见尿路上皮肿瘤,保肾手术有复发的风险。但对早期、低级别输尿管癌,保肾手术效果良好。     

经尿道钬激光环切离断输尿管在上尿路肿瘤术中的应用

目的探讨应用经尿道钬激光离断输尿管的手术方式在上尿路肿瘤根治术中的应用价值。方法经尿道采用钬激光环切输尿管口,离断输尿管,肾输尿管全长切除治疗肾盂癌4例。结果对4例肾盂癌采用本方法处理输尿管后,输尿管全段完整切除,平均手术时间8min,术后无出血、感染、尿外渗。随访1-13个月,平均8个月,未见复发。结论对于上尿路肿瘤需行输尿管全段切除者,本方法既能在术中进一步检查膀胱内情况并可作相应处理,又可减少手术创伤,是一种良好的微创术式。     

肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾盂输尿管癌(附39例报告)

目的　探讨腰部切口肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾盂输尿管癌的应用价值。　方法　采用经尿道输尿管口环切 ,肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾盂输尿管肿瘤 39例。　结果　 39例术后无一例并发出血、感染、尿瘘。平均随访 2 0 .7个月 ,膀胱镜复查未发现环切口肿瘤种植。膀胱其它部位发生肿瘤 8例 ,占 2 3% (8/ 35 ) ,均作了局部处理。　结论　此手术方法创伤小 ,并发症少 ,效果好 ,是肾输尿管肿瘤的有效手术方法之一。     

A clinical survey of renal pelvic and ureteral tumors associated with bladder tumor

A clinical survey was performed on 80 cases of renal pelvic and ureteral transitional cell carcinomas we treated between January, 1963 and December, 1986. The cases included 30 of renal pelvic tumors, 17 of ureteral tumors, 3 of renal pelvic and ureteral tumors, 7 of renal pelvic and ureteral and bladder tumors, 16 of ureteral and bladder tumors and 7 of renal pelvic or ureteral tumors after treatment for bladder tumors. There were 37 cases of bladder tumors: 7 cases with preceding bladder tumors, 23 cases of synchronous bladder tumors, and 13 cases of subsequent bladder tumors. The 5-year survival for all cases was 60.2%. The 5-year survival for 43 cases unrelated with bladder tumors was 80.5% and that for 37 cases of bladder tumor was 41.6%. Therefore, there was a significant difference between these 2 groups (p less than 0.005). The 5-year survival for 50 cases without synchronous bladder tumors at first diagnosis was significantly higher than that for 23 cases with synchronous bladder tumors (p less than 0.001). Subsequent bladder tumors occurred after 2 to 48 months (mean 10 months) of the initial treatment for renal pelvic and ureteral tumors. Six of the 7 cases of preceeding bladder tumors were superficial tumors of pTa and pT1 and 3 cases had vesicoureteral reflux.     

经膀胱远端输尿管切除术根治肾盂输尿管癌9例

目的 探讨经膀胱远端输尿管切除术在治疗肾盂、输尿管癌中的应用价值。方法 肾切除后,从远端输尿管放置输尿管导管入膀胱,然后经膀胱将输尿管内翻套叠于膀胱,用电刀切除远端输尿管及输尿管口周围部分膀胱壁。采用此法治疗9例肾盂癌。结果 9例术后无感染、尿瘘等并发症,亦无明显出血。经平均186个月随访,未发现环切口肿瘤种植,亦未发现膀胱其他部位发生肿瘤。结论 此手术方法操作简单,易于掌握,无需特殊设备,且并发症少,效果好,是治疗肾盂及上段输尿管肿瘤的有效手术方法之一。     

改良输尿管剥脱在移植肾同侧原肾肾盂癌手术中的应用

目的 评价改良输尿管剥脱术在处理移植肾同侧发生的原肾肾盂肿瘤中的临床价值.方法肾移植术后发生移植肾同侧原肾肾盂肿瘤患者7例.男2例,女5例.年龄36～57岁,平均54岁.行后腹腔镜下原肾切除,用5 F输尿管导管作为输尿管剥脱器,将输尿管肌层固定于输尿管导管末端,于尿道外口持续缓慢外牵输尿管导管至尿道口外,再次置入膀胱电切镜,于管口处将输尿管与膀胱连接的黏膜切断,切除输尿管及其膀胱壁内段,移除输尿管.观察患者手术前后移植肾功能指标、手术时间、出血量及手术相关并发症.结果 7例均成功完成输尿管剥脱术.手术时间105～160 min,平均126 min;出血量80～160 ml,平均124 ml.术后行膀胱灌注化疗.7例均未出现术中输尿管断裂、输尿管牵出困难等并发症.术前及术后6个月肌酐平均值分别为136.5、138.6μmol/L,尿素氮7.42、7.80 mmol/L,手术前后比较差异无统计学意义.1例合并膀胱肿瘤者术后3个月肿瘤复发,再次手术治疗.余6例随访6个月未见肿瘤复发.结论 肾移植术后并发同侧原肾肾盂肿瘤的患者采用输尿管剥脱处理输尿管创伤小、操作简便.     

Clinical study of urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract. 2: Primary ureteral tumors

Twenty-five primary ureteral tumors treated at our University between 1963 and 1981, were reviewed retrospectively. The conclusions of this study are as follows. Sex and age distribution of the patients were 18 males and 7 females (2.6: 1), and average age was 63.04 years old. The major symptom was hematuria. The majority of the patients were admitted to our clinic within 6 months from manifestation of symptoms. The major finding of IVP was non-functioning kidney. The positive rate of urinary cytology was 63.2%. Total nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff was performed in 21 out of 23 cases. Histologically, 22 cases were transitional cell carcinoma and one case was squamous cell carcinoma. Simultaneous urothelial tumor was found in 13 cases in the bladder. Most of the ureteral tumors (63.6%) were found in the lower third segment of the ureter. Subsequent urothelial tumors were seen in 3 bladders and one urethra out of 22 cases receiving surgical treatment in the follow-up period. The 5-year survival rate by actuarial method was 39.4%. Among several factors, grade and stage of tumor were the most influencing factors for prognosis. An effective method of post-operative treatment could not be established.     

原发性输尿管肿瘤的外科治疗

分析２４例输尿管肿瘤外科治疗结果。８３％的患者有肉眼血尿。约２０％的患者同时有同侧输尿管或肾盂肿瘤。施行手术２３例，包括肾输尿管全长切除１０例，肾及部分输尿管切除６例，部分输尿管切除及输尿管膀胱再植４例，部分输尿管切除及端端吻合２例。１８例随访５～３４个月。术后继发膀胱肿瘤７例，４例死于肿瘤远处转移。认为低级低期肿瘤可采用保守性开放手术或内窥镜手术，浸润性高级期肿瘤则应作肾输尿管全长切除术。术后必须长期随访包括膀胱镜、Ｂ超及ＣＴ等检查。     

A clinical study of 33 cases of renal pelvic and ureteral tumors

Thirty-three cases of primary renal pelvic and/or ureteral tumors, i.e., 14 renal pelvic tumors, 14 ureteral tumors and 5 renal pelvic and ureteral tumors, treated at our hospital between November, 1976 and August, 1987 are reviewed retrospectively. Tumor occurred on the right side in 18 cases, left side in 14 cases and bilateral in one case. The patients ranged in age from 33 to 77 years (average 65.7 years), the sex ratio was 4.5:1 with male predominance over female. The most frequent symptoms were gross hematuria in 22 cases (67%). Interval from onset of initial symptoms to first visit within one month for 23 cases (70%). The major findings of excretory urograms were non-visualizing kidney in 18 cases (55%) and filling defect in 12 cases (36%). Positive urinary cytology was obtained in 18 cases (55%). Operative therapy was performed in all cases, namely, total nephroureterectomy with partial cystectomy in 21 cases (64%) and nephrectomy with transurethral ureterectomy in 7 cases (21%). Histopathologically, all cases but one case of squamous cell carcinoma were transitional cell carcinoma. Subsequent bladder tumors were found in 10 cases (30%). The overall survival rate at 1, 3 and 5 years were 84%, 68% and 61%, respectively by Kaplan-Meier method. In this series, grade and stage of tumor were the most influential factors for prognosis.     

A clinical investigation on renal pelvic and ureteral tumors]

Sixty-six patients with renal pelvic and ureteral tumors were treated in our hospital between June 1974 and June 1991. These cases consisted of 27 renal pelvic tumors, 31 ureteral tumors and 8 renal pelvic and ureteral tumors. Their ages ranged from 43 to 86 years old (average: 65). There were 46 males and 20 females. The surgical method involved total nephroureterectomy with a cuff for 44 patients, nephroureterectomy for 3, nephrectomy for 9, total nephroureterectomy with total cystectomy for 5 and partial ureterectomy for 2. Histologically, there were 60 transitional cell carcinomas (TCC), 2 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and 4 TCC with SCC. As for the pathological stage, 13 were pTa, 16 pT1, 12 pT2, 11 pT3, 13 pT4 and 1 pTX. Subsequent bladder tumors were found in 13 patients (19.7%). The overall survival rate at 1, 3 and 5 years were 80%, 68% and 52%, respectively according to the Kaplan-Meier's method. In this series, the pathological staging was the most important prognostic factor.     

经皮下置管输尿管旁路肾膀胱分流术在输尿管梗阻中的临床应用

目的:探讨经皮下置管输尿管旁路肾膀胱分流术(EAS)在治疗因晚期腹腔、盆腔及腹膜后恶性肿瘤所导致的输尿管梗阻中的临床应用价值及预后效果。方法:回顾性分析14例15侧EAS患者的临床资料及随访情况。结果:14例手术分流置管均成功,未出现任何并发症,术后72小时KUB及B超均显示导管位置良好;15侧肾积水明显减轻或消失,术后血肌酐水平较术前明显降低。其中1例术后1周内出现严重泌尿系感染,高烧寒战,应用抗生素效果不好,取出皮下旁路置管,改为经皮肾造瘘,病情得到控制。其余13例术后随访3~13个月,1~3个月疗效满意,仅有一过性镜下和肉眼血尿;置管6~13个月患者中有5例存在一过性肉眼血尿和不同程度的泌尿系统感染,予以更换导管处理,其中3例患者反复出现感染症状,药物治疗未能有效控制,最终改为经皮肾造瘘外引流。本组带管生存最长13个月。结论:EAS是一种尿流改道手段和方法,操作简单、微创,较之传统的经皮肾造瘘术为优,避免了繁琐的生活护理,提高了生活质量,适用于晚期肿瘤引起的输尿管梗阻。