谷氨酸致原代培养皮层神经元损伤中自噬的激活

目的: 体外观察谷氨酸介导的神经元氧化性损伤中自噬的激活,以及抑制自噬对谷氨酸致神经元毒性损伤的保护作用。方法: 体外培养皮层神经元,给予谷氨酸以及自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤干预,MTT法检测细胞活力,透射电镜观察自噬泡的产生,激光共聚焦显微镜观察自噬特异性蛋白LC3的表达。结果: 给予谷氨酸干预后皮层神经元细胞存活率下降,自噬体数目明显增加,自噬标志性蛋白LC3表达增加。给予3-甲基腺嘌呤后,神经元细胞存活率增加,细胞自噬水平下降。结论: 谷氨酸诱导的神经元毒性损伤中存在自噬相关性细胞死亡,抑制自噬可能对谷氨酸毒性损伤有抑制作用,自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤具有一定的神经保护作用。     

神经毒性压力下秀丽隐杆线虫神经元排出蛋白聚合物及线粒体

正错误折叠蛋白的毒性作用和线粒体功能紊乱是促进年龄相关功能性神经元减少(age-associated functional neuronal decline)和神经退行性疾病的关键因素。相应地,神经元在蛋白伴侣、蛋白降解、自噬及线粒体自噬等方面投入了相当多的细胞资源来维持细胞内蛋白质平衡和线粒体质量。伴随着神经保护机制遇到挑战,错误折叠的人类病态蛋白和线粒体会通过未     

自噬与神经系统疾病

自噬是真核细胞中一种重要的生物学过程,通过溶酶体完成一些受损细胞器和长命蛋白的降解,从而维持细胞正常物质代谢及细胞器的更新。自噬具有"双刃剑"的特点,一方面,自噬能够促进受损变性蛋白的代谢、抑制细胞凋亡,对神经系统发挥保护作用;而另一方面,自噬能够诱导自噬性细胞死亡的发生,对神经系统有损伤作用。因此,自噬在神经系统疾病的发病过程中扮演着重要的角色,深入研究神经细胞自噬的分子机制,可为神经系统相关疾病的预防及临床治疗提供思路。     

重组人源galectin-1通过调节自噬水平保护神经元

目的制备重组人源半乳糖凝集素1(rhgalectin-1),并研究其对受损神经元自噬水平的促进作用。方法利用PCR技术构建pEGX-4T-1-galectin-1原核生物蛋白表达质粒,构建工程菌。收集rhgalectin-1蛋白,并进行纯化及纯度鉴定。用细胞毒性物质鱼藤酮(rotenone)处理神经母细胞瘤SK-N-SH细胞系,检测在有无rhgalectin-1预处理的情况下自噬标志物LC3Ⅱ以及p62的水平,分析不同组别细胞的自噬水平。结果成功制备了具有生物学活性的rhgalectin-1,发现rhgalectin-1可降低鱼藤酮对SK-N-SH细胞的毒性作用。鱼藤酮处理SK-N-SH细胞后,其自噬水平有所降低。表现为LC3Ⅱ水平明显降低以及p62水平明显增加(P0.05)。而rhgalectin-1预处理组细胞自噬水平明显增加,LC3Ⅱ水平明显升高,p62水平明显降低(P0.05)。当用自噬阻断剂bafilomycin阻断自噬体降解后,可观察到rhgalectin-1预处理并给予鱼藤酮刺激组较单独鱼藤酮刺激组LC3Ⅱ水平明显增加(P0.05),此现象说明了rhgalectin-1处理的确增强了自噬水平而不是抑制自噬体的降解。结论 rhgalectin-1可以增强神经元的自噬水平,这一特性可能在神经元的毒性抵抗以及损伤后修复过程中发挥重要作用。     

铝暴露对海马NMDA受体的影响

铝是一种慢性神经毒性物质,能影响神经系统的多种功能,特别是对学习和记忆功能有抑制作用。铝可通过改变神经细胞的膜功能和NMDA受体等途径影响细胞内外的钙稳态,造成细胞结构和功能障碍,导致学习记忆能力出现不同程度的下降。NMDA受体是中枢谷氨酸盐兴奋性受体的一种,参与突触可塑性及皮质和海马神经元长时程增强(LTP)效应。NMDA受体通道在学习记忆中开启和学习记忆、神经元可塑性及大脑发育等方面均起重要作用。     

NLRP3炎性小体在中枢神经系统疾病中的作用研究进展

炎症是具有血管系统的活体组织对损伤因子所发生的防御反应。神经炎症是神经系统疾病发病机制的重要组成部分,过度的神经炎症会导致神经元死亡、加剧神经系统疾病的发展,抑制神经炎症有助于神经元的存活,改善神经系统疾病的症状和预后。大量研究证实,促炎因子白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-18(IL-18)和肿瘤坏死因子TNF-α在炎症反应中起关键作用。最近研究发现NLRP 3炎性小体可介导IL-1β和IL-18释放,对引发炎性反应部位的细胞焦亡至关重要。目前对神经系统疾病与炎性因子的研究较多,但对神经系统疾病与NLRP 3炎性小体之间关系的研究还在起步阶段,探明它们间的具体关系和作用将对阐明中枢神经系统疾病的发病机制和提高治疗效果具有重要意义。本文对NLRP 3炎性小体在常见神经系统疾病中的作用进行综述。     

mTOR调控自噬参与糖尿病并发症的研究进展

在糖尿病状态下,失调的自噬可能导致多个脏器的病变。mTOR介导的自噬参与糖尿病并发症及合并疾病的调控机制,如糖尿病肾病、非酒精性脂肪肝、糖尿病心脏病、糖尿病性视网膜病变、糖尿病周围神经病变等。对糖尿病自噬机制的研究将有助于发现新的治疗靶点,更好的预防和治疗糖尿病并发症。     

NLRP3炎性小体在中枢神经系统疾病中的作用研究进展

炎症是具有血管系统的活体组织对损伤因子所发生的防御反应。神经炎症是神经系统疾病发病机制的重要组成部分,过度的神经炎症会导致神经元死亡、加剧神经系统疾病的发展,抑制神经炎症有助于神经元的存活,改善神经系统疾病的症状和预后。大量研究证实,促炎因子白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-18(IL-18)和肿瘤坏死因子TNF-α在炎症反应中起关键作用。最近研究发现NLRP 3炎性小体可介导IL-1β和IL-18释放,对引发炎性反应部位的细胞焦亡至关重要。目前对神经系统疾病与炎性因子的研究较多,但对神经系统疾病与NLRP 3炎性小体之间关系的研究还在起步阶段,探明它们间的具体关系和作用将对阐明中枢神经系统疾病的发病机制和提高治疗效果具有重要意义。本文对NLRP 3炎性小体在常见神经系统疾病中的作用进行综述。     

自噬与间充质干细胞治疗神经退行性病的相互作用

背景：神经元的自噬功能紊乱和异常蛋白质聚集是神经退行性疾病的主要病理改变，间充质干细胞与自噬的联系及其相互作用代表一种治疗神经退行性疾病可能的机制。目的：围绕自噬与间充质干细胞治疗神经退行性疾病及其相互作用的研究进展进行综述，旨在为治疗神经退行性疾病提供理论依据和新思路。方法：在PubMed和中国知网数据库以“autophagy,neurodegenerative diseases,mesenchymal stem cells,Parkinson’s disease,Alzheimer’s disease”为英文检索词，以“自噬，神经退行性疾病，间充质干细胞，帕金森病，阿尔茨海默病”为中文检索词，检索相关文献，最终纳入59篇文献进行综述。结果与结论：(1)自噬平衡有益于维持中枢神经系统内外环境的稳定性以及控制神经退行性疾病的病程进展；(2)自噬作为一种维持细胞更新和平衡状态的动态循环机制，可影响间充质干细胞的迁移、存活、分化、抗凋亡和免疫调控等生物学功能，同时优化其对疾病的治疗疗效；(3)间充质干细胞是一类重要的神经保护剂，可通过调节细胞自噬水平高低，以此减轻神经退行性疾病的病理学特征...     

神经退行性疾病中的自噬与再生研究进展

神经退行性疾病是由于神经元纤维的缠结和神经元的丢失所致,而产生功能障碍的现象,神经干细胞(NSCs)的损伤和生成减少也会引起神经退行性疾病的产生。自噬可以降解受损的细胞和细胞器,自噬在NSCs的增殖和分化中起着重要作用。mTOR和Notch都可以通过调节自噬来控制NSCs的生成,抑制mTOR信号通过干扰自噬作用于年龄相关的神经退行性疾病,自噬的改变可以影响Notch信号对NSCs分化的影响,本文归纳总结了自噬与再生在神经退行性疾病中作用的研究进展。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.