原发性卵巢血管肉瘤伴浆液性囊腺瘤1例及文献复习

目的探讨原发性卵巢血管肉瘤伴浆液性囊腺瘤的临床病理特征及鉴别诊断。方法对病例进行病理组织学和免疫组织化学观察,复习文献。结果该例卵巢血管肉瘤伴浆液性囊腺瘤临床表现为下腹隐痛、腹部肿块。眼观见肿块呈囊性,囊壁增厚,切面见红褐色出血性肿块。镜下以充满红细胞的大小不等的囊腔、相互沟通的不规则管道、大部分由梭形细胞构成的实性区域为特征,伴有浆液性囊腺瘤形成。免疫表型：CD31、CD34、FⅧRAg、PCNA呈广泛性强阳性,SMA在中等大小的血管及部分肿瘤细胞呈强阳性,Ki-67为散在阳性,CK（AE1／AE3）为阴性。结论原发性卵巢血管肉瘤十分罕见,必需注意其鉴别诊断。     

原发性肝脏恶性黑色素瘤1例并文献复习

目的 探讨原发性肝脏恶性黑色素瘤患者的临床病理学特征、诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗方法和预后.方法 报道1例原发性肝脏恶性黑色素瘤,对其进行光镜观察、免疫组织化学染色,并复习相关文献,探讨该病的临床病理学特点.结果 肿瘤位于肝脏右叶,浸润性生长.组织学上可见肿瘤细胞呈结节状或巢状分布,并见少量黑色素沉积,细胞呈圆形、卵圆形、多角形或梭形,细胞界清,胞质丰富,核大深染,可见1～2个大的核仁.免疫表型:肿瘤细胞HMB45、S-100、vimentin、Melan-A呈强阳性表达,Ki-67增殖指数35%,肿瘤细胞不表达CKpan、EMA、CEA、低分子量CK、高分子量CK、CK7、CK8、CK19、CD34、AFP、CD45、ALK、CD117、Dog-1、actin、α-SMA、h-caldesmon、CD68、CD163、Syn、CgA.病理诊断:原发性肝脏恶性黑色素瘤.结论 原发性肝脏恶性黑色素瘤是一种罕见的高度恶性肿瘤,临床与病理均要与转移性肝脏恶性黑色素瘤、肝脏低分化癌、转移癌、淋巴瘤等相鉴别,预后不良.     

原发性子宫内膜神经内分泌小细胞癌7例临床病理分析

目的探讨原发性子宫神经内分泌小细胞癌的临床病理特征、诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析7例原发性子宫神经内分泌小细胞癌的临床资料,对其形态学、免疫表型进行观察。结果 7例患者平均年龄50岁,临床表现以阴道不规则出血为主,肿瘤呈菜花状或结节状,直径1.5~4.0 cm,切面灰黄、灰红色相间。光镜下肿瘤由大小较一致的小圆或卵圆形细胞构成,胞质少,核分裂象多见,排列呈片状、梁状、岛状或菊形团状,部分伴腺癌成分。免疫表型:肿瘤细胞Syn、CgA、CD56、CK(AE1/AE3)、EMA均阳性,NSE、CD45、p40、p63、CD10均阴性。术后随访患者1~5年,3例死亡,3例健在,1例失访。结论原发性子宫神经内分泌小细胞癌少见,临床无特异性表现,主要症状为阴道不规则出血,易误诊为其他低分化恶性肿瘤,需根据形态学及免疫表型综合判断,预后较差。     

肺黏膜相关淋巴组织边缘区B细胞淋巴瘤及良性淋巴组织增生性疾病的临床病理分析

目的 研究肺原发性黏膜相关淋巴组织边缘区B细胞(MALT)淋巴瘤及良性淋巴组织增生性疾病的临床病理形态、免疫组织化学表型和B细胞重链基因重排,比较肺MALT淋巴瘤和良性淋巴组织增生性疾病的差异.方法 回顾性的分析原发性肺MALT淋巴瘤13例,7例肺良性淋巴组织增生性疾病资料.对标本行常规HE染色,EnVision免疫组织化学染色(抗体包括AE1/AE3、CD20、CD79α、CD3、CD5、CD10、CD21、bel-2、bcl-6、cyclinD-1)及免疫球蛋白重链IgH基因重排检测.结果 13例肺MALT淋巴瘤,细胞成分多样,分别由不同比例的小淋巴细胞样细胞、中心细胞样细胞、单核样B细胞组成,常伴有浆细胞分化.肿瘤细胞以弥漫性和滤泡边缘区排列为主,常见反应性淋巴滤泡和滤泡中心的植入.肿瘤细胞呈串珠状直接侵犯肺泡间隔和沿支气管血管束向周边及肺膜扩散.MALT淋巴瘤中,均未见坏死.9例可见肿瘤细胞侵犯血管壁,6例可见胸膜累及,2例肺门淋巴结侵犯.9例肺MALT淋巴瘤可见淋巴上皮样病变,免疫组织化学显示上皮细胞内的淋巴细胞CD20阳性,CD3阴性.7例肺良性淋巴组织增生性疾病,2例可见淋巴上皮样病变,免疫组织化学显示,其淋巴上皮样病变内的淋巴细胞,部分CD20阳性,部分CD3阳性.9例肺MALT淋巴瘤进行了免疫球蛋白重链IgH基因重排,8例阳性;7例良性淋巴组织增生性疾病均为阴性.结论 肺MALT淋巴瘤在细胞组成和排列上与其他部位结外MALT淋巴瘤相同,肿瘤细胞呈串珠状直接侵犯肺泡间隔和沿支气管血管束向周边及肺膜扩散.在肺内淋巴上皮样病变常见于MALT淋巴瘤,并有助于诊断,但并非其特异性病变,一些肺的反应性淋巴组织增生也可出现,用免疫组织化学有助于区别两种病变.免疫球蛋白重链IgH基因重排可以帮助鉴别肺MALT淋巴瘤和良性淋巴组织增生性疾病.     

肺上皮样血管内皮瘤临床病理观察

目的 探讨肺上皮样血管内皮瘤的临床病理特点。方法 4例肺上皮样血管内皮瘤,3例女性,1例男性,年龄28～40岁,无自觉症状或有轻度咳嗽、气短。肺活检或手术切除标本经甲醛固定,石蜡包埋,常规HE及免疫组织化学(Envision法)染色。所用抗体包括CD31、CD34、细胞角蛋白(AEl／AE3)、TTF-1、波形蛋白和上皮膜抗原。结果 本组肺上皮样血管内皮瘤病例女性多于男性,胸部CT显示双肺多发弥漫性小结节影。病理形态特点为结节周边上皮样肿瘤细胞呈花冠状充填于肺泡腔,病变中心为黏液透明样变间质,肺泡壁结构保留,肿瘤细胞胞质内有空泡形成,空泡内偶见红细胞,肿瘤细胞异型性不明显,核分裂和坏死均少见,免疫组织化学染色示CD31、CD34阳性,AE1／AE3偶见灶状阳性,其他抗体呈阴性。结论 肺上皮样血管内皮瘤是一种具有独特临床病理特点的低度恶性血管来源肿瘤。     

原发性卵巢Burkitt淋巴瘤病理分析1例并文献复习

目的:为了更好地认识原发性卵巢Burkitt淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma,BL)的临床表现、病理特征及其预后.方法:收集1例原发性卵巢BL的病例及其参考文献资料,观察其临床表现、临床病理学特征、免疫组织化学染色及1年的预后.结果:原发性卵巢BL临床表现主要为腹部或盆腔肿块,镜下可见肿瘤细胞弥漫增生,主要由淋巴样细胞组成,细胞中等大小,弥漫生长,细胞核圆形或卵圆形,染色质粗块状,核仁中等大小,嗜碱性,其中散在巨噬细胞,成"星空现象",免疫组织化学结果显示:CD79a(+),CD20(+),CD3(-),CD10(+),BCL-6(+),BCL2(-)和Ki-67(>90%).结论:诊断原发性卵巢BL需结合组织学及免疫组织化学结果,并对其鉴别诊断加以区分.     

肺原发性骨外尤因肉瘤1例并文献复习

目的探讨骨外尤因肉瘤(Ewing’s sarcoma, EWS)的临床病理特征、组织学形态、免疫表型、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法采用免疫组化MaxVision两步法检测NKX2.2、CD99、CD56、ALK、Cyclin D1、CK(AE1/AE3)、BCL-2等的表达,分析EWS临床病理特征并进行相关文献复习。结果组织学形态示肺组织原有结构被破坏,肿瘤细胞于间质内弥散性生长,细胞体积较小,呈圆形或卵圆形,染色质较细腻,核仁不明显,核分裂可见,胞质稀少,部分细胞围血管呈假菊形团样生长。免疫表型:肿瘤细胞CD99、NKX2.2均弥漫阳性,CD56、ALK、Cyclin D1均阳性,CK(AE1/AE3)、BCL-2、BCL-6、CD15、CD20、CD3、CD30、CD5、EMA、PAX5、TTF-1、CD117、TdT均阴性,EBER原位杂交呈阴性,Ki-67增殖指数约80%,FISH检测示EWRS1基因重排。结论肺原发的EWS临床少见,诊断较为困难,预后差。     

脊索瘤2例临床病理特征并文献复习

目的：探讨脊索瘤的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断、治疗和预后。方法：对本研究组的2例脊索瘤的临床病理特征和免疫组织化学特点进行分析,并结合相关文献复习。结果：脊索瘤瘤细胞呈分叶状结构,细胞散在或呈条索及小巢状,液滴状细胞体积较大,胞浆中含大小不等的空泡;另一种体积小呈星芒状,且胞浆内无空泡。免疫组织化学显示,1例瘤细胞CK、EMA、S-100、Vimentin阳性表达,另1例CK、EMA、Vimentin阳性表达,而S-100阴性。结论：脊索瘤发病率低,但根据其常见的发病部位及特征性的组织形态,结合免疫组织化学方法,有助于其诊断及鉴别诊断。     

肺血管瘤样纤维组织瘤临床病理分析并文献复习

目的：探讨肺血管瘤样纤维组织细胞瘤(angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma,AFH)的临床特点、组织病理学及分子病理学特征。方法：收集1例肺AFH,进行光镜观察、免疫组织化学染色及EWSR1基因检测并复习相关文献。结果：镜下观肿瘤周围可见不完整纤维性假包膜,并见不等量淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润,在肿瘤周围形成淋巴组织套;肿瘤内见散在假血管性腔隙;肿瘤细胞呈漩涡状、束状、席纹状排列,细胞核呈梭形、圆形和卵圆形,有一定异型性,罕见核分裂象与坏死。免疫表型：肿瘤细胞Vimentin和CD99均呈弥漫阳性,Ki-67增殖指数为5%。结论：血管瘤样纤维组织细胞瘤是一种罕见的交界性肿瘤,其诊断主要依靠病理形态学特征,免疫组织化学标记及FISH检测EWSR1基因有助于诊断和鉴别诊断;局部适当扩大切除,术后随访患者是主要处理原则。     

前列腺特异性间质肉瘤1例临床病理特征

目的：探讨前列腺特异性间质肉瘤( prostatic special-ized stromal sarcoma, PSS)的临床病理特征、免疫表型、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析1例PSS的临床病理特征、免疫表型、诊断及鉴别诊断等,并复习相关文献。结果梭形及短梭形PSS细胞呈束状、编织状排列,细胞核主要呈卵圆形、短梭形,核仁不明显,可见多角形细胞。免疫表型：肿瘤细胞vimentin、CD34呈弥漫阳性, PR 呈弱阳性。结论PSS起源于前列腺激素依赖性特异性间质细胞,是一种罕见肉瘤。病理诊断主要依靠病理学形态和免疫表型,vimentin、CD34阳性可鉴别诊断,需与肉瘤样癌、平滑肌肉瘤、横纹肌肉瘤等相鉴别。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.