单个乳腺癌细胞表面增强拉曼光谱研究

将内吞进入细胞内部的金纳米颗粒作为表面增强拉曼散射光谱的活性增强基底,通过共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪测试单个人乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)的常规拉曼光谱和表面增强拉曼光谱,并进行了初步峰位归属分析及不同拉曼峰强度柱状图对比分析。实验结果表明,内吞金纳米颗粒的单个MCF-7细胞的表面增强拉曼光谱相比于常规拉曼光谱包含更多的细胞生化物质拉曼信号,并且谱线强度有显著增强。由于细胞中各种生物分子在结构和含量上的变化可以反映细胞代谢及病理变化,因此,以具有高灵敏度的金纳米颗粒作为生物分子探针可能成为探测细胞内部组分信息的一种有效的方法,基于内吞金纳米颗粒的单个MCF-7细胞SERS技术在乳腺癌的诊断和治疗方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

新型壳聚糖纳米氧化铁磁珠的制备和理化性能测定

目的 研制一种新型壳聚糖纳米氧化铁磁珠,并检测其理化性质,为更加优化的免疫磁珠技术奠定基础.方法 采用凝聚沉淀的方法,通过在纳米氧化铁磁珠表面包被一层壳聚糖分子,制备出壳聚糖纳米氧化铁磁珠.并对磁珠的粒径大小、显微特征、壳聚糖外壳和磁珠内核的关系以及壳聚糖磁珠的理化性能进行检测、分析.结果 制作过程简便、易行,制作出的壳聚糖纳米氧化铁磁珠粒径均匀,成球性与稳定性好.结论 成功制备了新型纳米壳聚糖氧化铁磁珠,为靶向药物载体、细胞分离、核酸提取等应用提供了实验材料.     

多层纳米金修饰膜的HCG表面等离子体传感器

探索一种可以高密度固定抗原的新方法,并用于研究多层纳米金修饰金膜表面包被抗原的新型人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)表面等离子体共振(SPR)传感器。3-巯丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷(MPTMS)与纳米金粒子(AuNPs)可通过Au-S键在传感器金膜表面交替组装形成三维网络,膜表面空间结构中的纳米金经静电作用可吸附大量的小分子抗原HCG,从而获得多层膜修饰的HCG免疫传感器用于检测抗原抗体结合反应。用所构建的HCG传感器,直接检测不同浓度的anti-HCG抗体有良好的线性关系,且修饰两层胶体金膜比修饰一层时抗体响应的共振峰移动幅度提高了1.8倍,检测下限降低至1.5μg/mL。间接法测定了不同浓度的HCG,其浓度与SPR共振峰的位移呈负相关。实验通过修饰两层胶体金膜大大提高了金膜表面固定抗原的量,提高了检测抗体的灵敏度,并且进而用竞争法可检测HCG抗原而不需要用第二抗体进行信号放大。有望用于临床实验诊断。     

RGD肽表面修饰壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子的体外实验研究

目的 将Arg-Gly-Asp(RGD)肽偶联到壳聚糖(cH)材料表面,并制备成包载质粒DNA的纳米粒子,以未偶连RGD的壳聚糖载质粒DNA作为对照,进行体外内皮细胞转染,观察其是否能提高对内皮细胞的转染效率.方法 以1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳化二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)和N-羟基丁二酰亚胺(NHS)为偶联剂,通过酰胺键将RGD肽偶联到壳聚糖表面,对其进行表征,并以未偶连RGD的壳聚糖作为对照,制备载pEGFP-C1质粒DNA纳米粒子,比较2者对Hy926细胞的转染效率.结果 壳聚糖-RGD(CH-RGD)载基因纳米粒子转染Hy926细胞的效率明显高于未偶连RGD的壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子(35.7%vs 14.3%,P<0.001).结论 RGD肽表面修饰壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子可用于体外细胞转染,其对细胞的转染效率明显优于未偶连RGD的壳聚糖.     

RGD肽表面修饰壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子的体外实验研究

目的 将Arg-Gly-Asp(RGD)肽偶联到壳聚糖(cH)材料表面,并制备成包载质粒DNA的纳米粒子,以未偶连RGD的壳聚糖载质粒DNA作为对照,进行体外内皮细胞转染,观察其是否能提高对内皮细胞的转染效率.方法 以1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳化二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)和N-羟基丁二酰亚胺(NHS)为偶联剂,通过酰胺键将RGD肽偶联到壳聚糖表面,对其进行表征,并以未偶连RGD的壳聚糖作为对照,制备载pEGFP-C1质粒DNA纳米粒子,比较2者对Hy926细胞的转染效率.结果 壳聚糖-RGD(CH-RGD)载基因纳米粒子转染Hy926细胞的效率明显高于未偶连RGD的壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子(35.7%vs 14.3%,P<0.001).结论 RGD肽表面修饰壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子可用于体外细胞转染,其对细胞的转染效率明显优于未偶连RGD的壳聚糖.     

RGD肽表面修饰壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子的体外实验研究

目的 将Arg-Gly-Asp(RGD)肽偶联到壳聚糖(cH)材料表面,并制备成包载质粒DNA的纳米粒子,以未偶连RGD的壳聚糖载质粒DNA作为对照,进行体外内皮细胞转染,观察其是否能提高对内皮细胞的转染效率.方法 以1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳化二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)和N-羟基丁二酰亚胺(NHS)为偶联剂,通过酰胺键将RGD肽偶联到壳聚糖表面,对其进行表征,并以未偶连RGD的壳聚糖作为对照,制备载pEGFP-C1质粒DNA纳米粒子,比较2者对Hy926细胞的转染效率.结果 壳聚糖-RGD(CH-RGD)载基因纳米粒子转染Hy926细胞的效率明显高于未偶连RGD的壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子(35.7%vs 14.3%,P<0.001).结论 RGD肽表面修饰壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子可用于体外细胞转染,其对细胞的转染效率明显优于未偶连RGD的壳聚糖.     

RGD肽表面修饰壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子的体外实验研究

目的 将Arg-Gly-Asp(RGD)肽偶联到壳聚糖(cH)材料表面,并制备成包载质粒DNA的纳米粒子,以未偶连RGD的壳聚糖载质粒DNA作为对照,进行体外内皮细胞转染,观察其是否能提高对内皮细胞的转染效率.方法 以1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳化二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)和N-羟基丁二酰亚胺(NHS)为偶联剂,通过酰胺键将RGD肽偶联到壳聚糖表面,对其进行表征,并以未偶连RGD的壳聚糖作为对照,制备载pEGFP-C1质粒DNA纳米粒子,比较2者对Hy926细胞的转染效率.结果 壳聚糖-RGD(CH-RGD)载基因纳米粒子转染Hy926细胞的效率明显高于未偶连RGD的壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子(35.7%vs 14.3%,P<0.001).结论 RGD肽表面修饰壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子可用于体外细胞转染,其对细胞的转染效率明显优于未偶连RGD的壳聚糖.     

RGD肽表面修饰壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子的体外实验研究

目的 将Arg-Gly-Asp(RGD)肽偶联到壳聚糖(cH)材料表面,并制备成包载质粒DNA的纳米粒子,以未偶连RGD的壳聚糖载质粒DNA作为对照,进行体外内皮细胞转染,观察其是否能提高对内皮细胞的转染效率.方法 以1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳化二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)和N-羟基丁二酰亚胺(NHS)为偶联剂,通过酰胺键将RGD肽偶联到壳聚糖表面,对其进行表征,并以未偶连RGD的壳聚糖作为对照,制备载pEGFP-C1质粒DNA纳米粒子,比较2者对Hy926细胞的转染效率.结果 壳聚糖-RGD(CH-RGD)载基因纳米粒子转染Hy926细胞的效率明显高于未偶连RGD的壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子(35.7%vs 14.3%,P<0.001).结论 RGD肽表面修饰壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子可用于体外细胞转染,其对细胞的转染效率明显优于未偶连RGD的壳聚糖.     

RGD肽表面修饰壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子的体外实验研究

目的 将Arg-Gly-Asp(RGD)肽偶联到壳聚糖(cH)材料表面,并制备成包载质粒DNA的纳米粒子,以未偶连RGD的壳聚糖载质粒DNA作为对照,进行体外内皮细胞转染,观察其是否能提高对内皮细胞的转染效率.方法 以1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳化二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)和N-羟基丁二酰亚胺(NHS)为偶联剂,通过酰胺键将RGD肽偶联到壳聚糖表面,对其进行表征,并以未偶连RGD的壳聚糖作为对照,制备载pEGFP-C1质粒DNA纳米粒子,比较2者对Hy926细胞的转染效率.结果 壳聚糖-RGD(CH-RGD)载基因纳米粒子转染Hy926细胞的效率明显高于未偶连RGD的壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子(35.7%vs 14.3%,P<0.001).结论 RGD肽表面修饰壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子可用于体外细胞转染,其对细胞的转染效率明显优于未偶连RGD的壳聚糖.     

RGD肽表面修饰壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子的体外实验研究

目的 将Arg-Gly-Asp(RGD)肽偶联到壳聚糖(cH)材料表面,并制备成包载质粒DNA的纳米粒子,以未偶连RGD的壳聚糖载质粒DNA作为对照,进行体外内皮细胞转染,观察其是否能提高对内皮细胞的转染效率.方法 以1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳化二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)和N-羟基丁二酰亚胺(NHS)为偶联剂,通过酰胺键将RGD肽偶联到壳聚糖表面,对其进行表征,并以未偶连RGD的壳聚糖作为对照,制备载pEGFP-C1质粒DNA纳米粒子,比较2者对Hy926细胞的转染效率.结果 壳聚糖-RGD(CH-RGD)载基因纳米粒子转染Hy926细胞的效率明显高于未偶连RGD的壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子(35.7%vs 14.3%,P<0.001).结论 RGD肽表面修饰壳聚糖载基因纳米粒子可用于体外细胞转染,其对细胞的转染效率明显优于未偶连RGD的壳聚糖.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.     

海洛因成瘾与学习记忆

海洛因成瘾是我国发病最高,危害最大的一种成瘾性疾病,而其中枢机制则是解决临床预防和治疗的关键,至今仍不清楚。既往工作表明,学习记忆功能在海洛因成瘾的中枢机制中居于重要的中心环节。本文在总结既往海洛因成瘾研究工作基础上联系学习记忆功能,试图从系统整合层次分析相关领域研究工作的不足和今后工作的发展方向。