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Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫术是甲状旁腺损伤的风险因素,掌握术中甲状旁腺保护技术对预防术后甲状旁腺功能低下有重要的临床意义。熟悉甲状旁腺的解剖及血供特点,准确识别甲状旁腺,并通过精细的操作避免损伤甲状旁腺及其血供,有利于保护甲状旁腺及其功能。对上位甲状旁腺强调原位功能性保护,对下位甲状旁腺则以自体移植为主。准确判断保留的甲状旁腺活力,对血运明显异常的甲状旁腺应在病理检查证实后进行自体移植。双侧Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫、再次手术、甲状腺癌伴外侵、桥本病或甲状腺功能亢进并存甲状腺癌是更加值得注意的手术方式和疾病类型。     

精细化被膜解剖法在分化型甲状腺癌手术中的应用价值

目的:探讨精细化被膜解剖法在分化型甲状腺癌手术中的应用价值。方法:回顾2011年3月—2015年3月75例行全甲状腺切除+中央组淋巴结清扫术的分化型甲状腺癌患者资料,患者均采用精细化被膜解剖法对甲状旁腺的识别与原位保留,对于严重缺血或误切的甲状旁腺,术中及时进行自体移植。结果:75例患者中,46例术中确认并原位保留甲状旁腺4枚,其余原位保留2~3枚。手术后12h,部分患者出现口角及手足麻木、轻度抽搐,无1例患者出现呼吸困难、休克等严重并发症;术后1个月,血清钙2.0mmol/L18例,术后2~3个月,血清钙2.0mmol/L11例,术后4~6个月,患者血清钙均2.0mmol/L。术后随访16~18个月,患者血清钙2.0mmol/L,无临床低钙症状。结论:在分化型甲状腺癌患者手术中,运用精细化被膜解剖法,有助于精准识别甲状旁腺并最大可能的原位保留甲状旁腺及其功能。     

102例甲状腺癌中央区淋巴清除术中甲状旁腺保护体会

目的:总结甲状腺切除+中央区淋巴清除中甲状旁腺保护的体会。方法:回顾性分析102例于我院行甲状腺切除+中央区淋巴清除的患者,统计术后患者出现低甲状旁腺激素血症、低钙血症、症状性低钙血症的发生率。结果:术后暂时性低甲状旁腺激素血症发生率35.29%(36/102);低钙血症发生率69.61%(71/102);症状性低钙血症发生率36.27%(37/102);无一例出现永久性低钙血症。结论:各种甲状腺术式对甲状旁腺功能均有不同程度的影响,手术范围越大,术后并发甲状旁腺功能减退的可能性越大。术后甲状旁腺功能减退的预防,就在于术者必须秉承高度负责的态度,术中仔细识别甲状旁腺,精细化操作,注意对甲状旁腺动脉及回流静脉的保护,采取以原位保留为主,自体移植为辅的原则。     

甲状腺癌Ⅵ区清扫术中预防甲状旁腺损伤的术式探讨

目的：探讨甲状腺癌Ⅵ区清扫术中保留甲状腺血管后支对甲状旁腺血运及功能的影响。方法：采用传统方法行甲状腺癌Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫及术中保留甲状腺上下血管后支方法的手术,术后观察甲状旁腺的血运及功能变化。结果：甲状腺癌Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫术中保留甲状旁腺上下血管后支可明显降低对甲状旁腺血运和功能影响。结论：甲状腺癌Ⅵ区清扫术中保留甲状腺血管后支可有效预防甲状旁腺功能低下。     

原位保留甲状旁腺血供及甲状旁腺自体移植术

目的 介绍甲状腺肿瘤手术中保护甲状旁腺血供及甲状旁腺自体移植的方法及疗效.方法 46例全甲状腺切除或近全切除手术中,血管化甲状旁腺保留24例,单纯自体甲状旁腺移植5例,1～2枚甲状旁腺血管化保留同时其余甲状旁腺Ⅰ期自体移植17例.结果 应用此法行全甲状腺切除或近全切除患者中,有2例原位血管化保留甲状旁腺及3例血管化保留+自体甲状旁腺移植患者术后48～72 h内出现一过性低血钙,予以补钙后3 d左右恢复正常.2例单纯甲状旁腺自体移植患者术后出现低血钙,服用钙尔奇D/罗盖全4周～8周后复查血钙维持在正常水平.术后出现永久性甲状旁腺功能低下的仅1例(2.2%).结论 血管化甲状旁腺保留及自体甲状旁腺移植可大大降低全甲状腺切除或近全切除手术导致甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率.     

全甲状腺切除术在治疗双侧甲状腺癌中的应用体会

目的 探讨全甲状腺切除术在双侧甲状腺癌治疗中的应用体会. 方法 回顾性总结分析本院2001年3月至2010年3月68例双侧甲状腺癌患者行全甲状腺切除术治疗临床资料. 结果 本组无围手术期死亡病例,全组病例行全甲状腺切除＋颈淋巴清扫术,Ⅰ期颈部淋巴结清扫65例,Ⅱ期再次颈部淋巴结清扫3例,双侧淋巴结均阳性21例（30.8％）,单侧淋巴结阳性32例（47％）.平均颈部淋巴结转移阳性数7.5个;8例一过性甲状旁腺功能低下,2例顽固性低钙血症;1例乳糜漏;2例饮水呛咳,无声音嘶哑病例.68例均长期服用甲状腺素片替代治疗,随访时间平均7年2个月,无死亡及声音嘶哑病例. 结论 全甲状腺切除术治疗双侧甲状腺癌是安全有效的,同时可为术后患者的个体情况制定全面的综合方案创造条件,术中强调双侧喉返神经显露保护,并有效识别保留甲状旁腺及即刻甲状旁腺自体移植方法是减少全甲状腺切除术后并发症,改善患者术后生活质量的重要保证.     

全甲状腺切除术293例体会

目的探讨全甲状腺切除的必要性,可能性,总结经验并指导未来的临床工作。方法本组自2009年7月至2011年5月施行甲状腺手术683例,对其中全甲状腺切除293例患者进行回顾性分析,数据采用SPSS13．0软件进行处理,对分级数据采用卡方检验、定量数据采用方差分析及独立样本t检验。所有病例术中均常规解剖显露并原位保留甲状旁腺,对于恶性疾病力争保留双侧上甲状旁腺,至少原位保留2枚甲状旁腺。术中尽可能贴近腺体结扎血管,以减少对甲状旁腺的扰动,尽可能保留甲状旁腺的血供。结果293例全甲状腺切除病例中84例（28．7％）术后出现低钙症状,绝大多数病例症状轻,在2～4d内好转。全甲状腺切除组和全甲状腺切除＋单侧中央区淋巴结清除组低钙的发生率明显低于其他组,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=21．30,P〈0．01）。随着原位保留甲状旁腺个数减少,各组间低钙血症的发生率逐渐增高,保留甲状旁腺4枚组比3枚、2枚组低钙血症的发生率明显减少差异有统计学意义（χ^2=12．72,P〈0．05）。结论本组资料提示沿海地区甲状腺分化型癌多为双侧发病,全甲状腺切除后利于I13I治疗以及通过TG水平对疗效进行监测,因此全甲状腺切除术有其存在的必要性。     

甲状腺癌根治术致甲状旁腺功能减退的危险因素及预防

目的:探讨甲状腺癌根治术中可能导致甲状旁腺功能减退的危险因素及预防措施。方法:回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院普通外科2014年全年由同一外科医师实施的75例甲状腺癌手术的临床资料。结果:全组术后发生甲状旁腺功能减退20例(26.67%),其中暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退19例(25.33%),永久性甲状旁腺功能减退1例(1.33%)。甲状腺全切术患者甲状旁腺功能减退发生率明显高于甲状腺近全切除术患者(46.88%vs.11.63%,P0.05);行VI区淋巴结清扫患者甲状旁腺功能减退发生率明显高于未行VI区淋巴结清扫患者(45.71%vs.10.00%,P0.05);同时行自体甲状旁腺移植术患者甲状旁腺功能减退发生率高于未行甲状旁腺移植患者,但差异无统计学意义(50.00%vs.22.22%,P0.05)。结论:甲状腺全切和Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫是导致甲状旁腺功能减退的危险因素。术中精细解剖甲状腺后被膜,尤其是尽可能保留下甲状旁腺血运,术后应用预防性药物可能有助于甲状旁腺功能的保护。     

达芬奇机器人甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺的损伤因素及保护

目的分析达芬奇机器人甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺损伤的相关因素,探讨甲状旁腺保护的方法,避免永久性甲状旁腺功能减退的发生。 方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年5月在济南军区总医院甲状腺乳腺外科行达芬奇机器人甲状腺手术的190例患者的临床资料,统计术后患者出现低甲状旁腺激素(PTH)及低血钙的发生率,分析术后发生甲状旁腺功能减退的相关因素,探讨术中如何保护甲状旁腺及其功能。 结果患者术后暂时性低PTH的发生率为20.53%(39/190),暂时性低血钙的发生率为23.68%(45/190),术后随访无永久性甲状旁腺功能减退发生。甲状腺全切术后低PTH、低血钙的发生率高于腺叶 ＋ 峡部切除术者(χ²＝14.789,11.604;P＝0.000,0.001)。行中央区淋巴结清扫的患者术后低PTH、低血钙的发生率高于未清扫者(χ²＝11.200,17.771;P＝0.001,0.000)。甲状旁腺原位保留者术后低PTH、低血钙的发生率低于切除后自体移植者(χ²＝5.536,4.851,6.140,5.453;P＝0.019,0.028,0.013,0.020)。 结论在达芬奇机器人甲状腺手术中,甲状腺全切除、中央区淋巴结清扫、甲状旁腺切除后自体移植是造成患者术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退的重要影响因素。在达芬奇机器人手术系统下,准确识别甲状旁腺,精细化手术操作,原位保护甲状旁腺及血供,是预防永久性甲状旁腺功能减退的有效方法。     

甲状腺术中甲状旁腺的识别与保护临床新进展

随着甲状腺肿瘤发生率的上升,甲状腺外科手术数量日益增加。甲状腺切除手术和中央区淋巴结清扫是临床上治疗甲状腺癌的重要手段,甲状旁腺功能减退和低钙血症等术后并发症发生率较高是困扰临床医生的重要问题,其原因是手术过程中对甲状旁腺的识别与保护较为困难。近年来,国内外学者报道了多种术中甲状旁腺识别的新技术,本文就这些技术进展进行综述。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.