血液灌流联合血浆置换治疗重度有机磷农药中毒的疗效观察

目的 研究血液灌流联合血浆置换治疗重度有机磷农药中毒的治疗效果.方法 将61例重度急性有机磷农药中毒患者按随机数字表法分为3组,血液灌流联合血浆置换19例为治疗组;血液灌流18例为对照Ⅰ组;常规治疗24例为对照Ⅱ组,比较治疗组和对照组在昏迷至清醒时间、胆碱酯酶活力恢复时间、住院时间、病死率等方面的差异.结果 治疗组患者昏迷至清醒时间、血清胆碱酯酶活力恢复时间、住院时间与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 血液灌流联合血浆置换治疗重度有机磷农药中毒的疗效显著.     

血浆置换联合血液透析抢救百草枯中毒

目的观察血浆置换（PE）与血液透析（HD）联合治疗百草枯中毒疗效。方法将36例百草枯中毒患者分为3组，接受常规治疗的13例为对照组，单行血液灌流（HP）的10例为HP组，PE联合HD治疗的13例为联合治疗组，对其临床资料进行回顾性比较分析。结果经血液净化治疗后抢救成功率明显提高，其中联合治疗组患者死亡率明显低于另两组的患者。结论对百草枯严重中毒患者应尽早行血液净化治疗，且PE并HD治疗是抢救百草枯中毒的一种有效方法。     

Depmas 双重血液净化治疗急性百草枯中毒的效果

目的：探讨Depmas双重血液净化治疗急性百草枯中毒的临床疗效。方法回顾性研究我科2011年3月至2013年11月收治的急性百草枯中毒患者,将其分为4组：常规治疗组未行血液净化治疗,只采用药物治疗;血液灌流组除采用药物治疗外,还行HA230/330血液灌流治疗;血液灌流联合血浆置换组除采用药物治疗,还行HA230/330血液灌流及血浆置换联合治疗;Depmas组除采用药物治疗外,通过血浆分离器,对分离的血浆串联HA230/330及BS 330血液灌流治疗。观察4组患者的存活率、平均存活时间、血液中百草枯浓度、胆红素及炎性介质变化。结果血液灌流组、血液灌流联合血浆置换组及Depmas组较常规治疗组存活率提高,平均存活时间延长,周围血液中百草枯、胆红素及炎症介质浓度明显降低,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0．01）。血液灌流联合血浆置换组及Depmas组较血液灌流组存活率提高,平均存活时间延长,周围血液中百草枯、胆红素及炎症介质浓度降低,差异具有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。血液灌流联合血浆置换组与Depmas组存活率、平均存活时间、周围血液中百草枯、胆红素及炎症介质浓度未见明显异常,差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）。结论 Depmas双重血液净化治疗急性百草枯中毒有显著疗效。     

血浆置换、血液灌流联合连续性肾脏替代治疗蜂蛰伤致多器官功能损伤的研究

目的：观察对比血液灌流联合连续性肾脏替代治疗（ CRRT）与血浆置换、血液灌流联合CRRT对胡蜂蛰伤致多器官功能损伤的临床疗效。方法将2008年8月～2013年10月来本院就诊的胡蜂蛰伤致多器官功能损伤者72例,根据患者经济情况及意愿分为两组（两组患者一般资料具有均衡性）,对照组（35例）行血液灌流联合CRRT,实验组（37例）行血浆置换、血液灌流联合 CRRT,观察记录两组患者治疗前后生化指标、并发症和病死率、治愈率以及平均住院天数的情况。结果实验组患者各项生化指标明显改善,并优于对照组（ P ＜0．05）,具有更少的临床并发症、较低的病死率以及更高的治愈率,缩短了住院时间（ P ＜0．05）。结论血浆置换、血液灌流联合CRRT能更有效治疗蜂蛰伤致多器官功能损伤,值得临床推广应用。     

血液净化联合血必净治疗多器官功能障碍综合征的临床分析

目的 对51例多器官功能障碍综合征患者进行评估治疗.方法 51例患者分为两组,对照组21例患者采用常规治疗;治疗组30例患者在常规治疗的基础上应用血液净化联合血必净治疗.结果 治疗组30例患者平均治疗时间为51.60 h.平均行血液净化次数为4.33例次.与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).对照组在治疗前、治疗后6 h与治疗组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但对照组在治疗12 h后与治疗组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).对照组21例患者在治疗过程中死亡9例,病死率为42.9%,平均住ICU时间为10.8天;治疗组31例患者在治疗过程中死亡8例,病死率为25.8%,平均住ICU时间为8.2天.治疗组治疗费用与对照组比较差异也有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 血液净化与血必净联合应用为多器官功能障碍综合征的治疗拓宽了途径,二者联用相得益彰,值得在临床上推荐.     

不同血液净化方式治疗肝衰竭效果的差异

肝衰竭是临床常见的严重肝病综合征,病死率高[1].即使积极的内科治疗,其死亡率仍然高达60％～75％[2].血浆置换(PE)、血浆置换联合持续性血液滤过(PE+CVVH)、血浆置换联合血浆灌流(PE+HP)是目前常用的治疗肝衰竭的血液净化技术,是找寻肝衰竭治疗突破口的一个重要探索.     

CVVH+HP模式血液净化治疗联合乌司他丁对严重脓毒血症患者的疗效观察

目的:探究连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过+血液灌流(CVVH+HP)模式血液净化治疗联合乌司他丁对严重脓毒血症患者疗效。方法:将92例严重脓毒症患者随机数字表法分为两组,对照组46例和观察组46例。对照组予以乌司他丁注射液300 000单位,静脉泵入,每日1~3次,1周为1个疗程;观察组在对照组治疗基础上联合CVVH+HP模式血液净化方式进行治疗。比较两组治疗效果、生理学与慢性健康状况评分(APACHEⅡ)、全身感染相关器官功能障碍评分(SOFA)及器官衰竭Marshall评分、凝血功能以及不良反应发生率。结果:观察组治疗有效率(95. 65%)显著高于对照组(76. 09%)(P 0. 05)。治疗后,观察组APACHEⅡ、SOFA及Marshall评分显著低于对照组(P 0. 05)。治疗后,两组两组凝血酶原时间(PT)、激活部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)水平显著降低(P 0. 05),且观察组该两项指标显著低于对照组(P 0. 05);两组纤维蛋白原(FIB)、血小板(PLT)水平显著升高(P 0. 05),且观察组该两项指标显著高于对照组(P 0. 05)。观察组发生弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)、多功能器官障碍综合征(MODS)及病死的机率显著低于对照组(P 0. 05)。结论:CVVH+HP模式血液净化治疗联合乌司他丁显著提高严重脓毒血症患者临床治疗效果,改善患者临床症状、提高患者生存质量,值得在临床上广泛推广。     

连续性血液净化在热射病并发高热及多脏器功能障碍综合征中的应用

目的 探讨连续性血液净化救治热射病并发高热及多脏器功能障碍综合征的临床效果.方法 应用AsahiKSEI ACH-10CRRT机持续静脉-静脉血液滤过模式辅助治疗热射病高热并多器官功能障碍.10例患者均为物理降温及药物治疗效果差,在多器官功能障碍状态下接受连续性血液净化治疗共计727 h.结果 (1)连续性血液净化治疗中患者平均动脉压、中心静脉压、急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分指标与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);血肌酐、肌酸激酶水平与治疗前比较差异也有统计学意义(P＜0.05);(2)全部患者均治愈出院,无后遗症,平均连续性血液净化治疗时间为(56±29)h;(3)对5例严重昏迷、并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征、弥散性血管内凝血患者连续实施连续性血液净化治疗平均69h,当其意识恢复、气管插管拔除后停止连续性血液净化治疗.结论 采用连续性血液净化技术辅助治疗热射病高热及多器官功能障碍可有效缓解症状,为进一步使用药物及其他治疗争取时间,是一种有效地辅助治疗手段.     

急性中毒的血液净化治疗

急性中毒多系药物或毒物所致，是临床上多见的急危重症，急性中毒（以下简称中毒）患者的治疗包括：阻止毒物的吸收、促进毒物的排泄以及拮抗毒物的毒性。1955年血液净化技术首次成功地用于抢救阿斯匹林中毒患者。20世纪70年代首次使用被包裹的活性碳行血液灌流。在当前应用于中毒的血液净化治疗除血液透析外还有：血液滤过、血液灌流、连续血液净化、血浆置换、腹膜透析。血液净化对中毒患者的治疗作用包括：清除毒物，减少毒性；维持及替代重要脏器功能，特别是肾脏功能；维持内环境平衡。[第一段]     

血液透析与血液灌流治疗砷化物中毒效果观察

目的探讨联合应用血液透析与血液灌流治疗砷化物中毒的临床应用及护理特点。方法对27 例急性砷化物中毒患者联合应用血液透析与血液灌流治疗(观察组),并与19 例非透析治疗患者比较(对照组)住院天数及肾功能等检查指标。结果观察组住院天数缩短,肾功能及血、尿砷恢复正常时间均明显优于对照组(P< 0. 05,P<0.01)。结论联合应用血液透析和血液灌流是治疗急性砷化物中毒的基础,而其治疗过程中的基础护理、心理护理、透析和灌流护理是抢救成功的重要环节。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.