脑内海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的探讨脑实质内海绵状血管瘤（CA）的CT、MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的CA12例,8例行CT平扫,4例行CT增强扫描,12例均行MR检查,5例行Gd-DTPA增强扫描。结果12例CA共检出14个病灶。CA可发生于脑内任何部位,单发多见（10/12）。海绵状血管瘤CT平扫表现为类圆形高或稍高密度病灶,多数为不均匀,常伴钙化、出血。MRI平扫大部分表现为T1WI呈等信号或稍高信号,T2WI呈高、低混杂信号,11个病灶周围可见低信号环影,大多数病灶周围无水肿带及占位效应。CT和MRI增强后均呈轻度强化或无明显强化。结论CT和MRI检查对CA具有重要的诊断价值,MRI优于CT,是诊断本疾病最佳的影像学方法。     

侵袭性纤维瘤病的影像分析及组织病理学分析

目的 分析侵袭性纤维瘤病的影像特点,以及组织病理学特征。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月～2018年3月湖北省荆门市第一人民医院经术后病理证实的 15例AF患者的 CT 和 MRI表现,及MR与组织病理对照分析。结果 15 例患者全部行 CT 平扫,8例行CT增强;9例行 MRI平扫,6例行MRI增强。CT 平扫示13 例呈不均匀等、低密度,2 例呈较均匀稍低密度;12例边界不清,3例边界清楚;CT 增强8例均呈渐进性不均匀明显强化。MRI平扫提示T1WI、T2WI、压脂、DWI等序列肿瘤均为不均匀信号,夹杂不规则低信号,肿块边缘呈爪形浸润或边缘不清。MRI增强 6例均呈不均匀明显强化。结论 CT和MRI 都能从不同方面为AF的诊断提供信息,MRI能更好地显示肿瘤的形态、范围及边缘,且可推断肿瘤的大致成分,对AF的诊断更有帮助。     

自身免疫性胰腺炎的临床及影像学表现分析

目的：探讨自身免疫性胰腺炎的临床及CT、MRI表现。方法回顾性分析12例AIP患者的临床及影像学资料。结果12例患者实验室检查均有IgG4增高。8例表现为胰腺弥漫性肿大,呈"腊肠样",2例表现为体尾部局限性肿大,1例表现为胰头部局限性肿大。12例CT均表现为密度均匀减低,增强后强化减低,7例在MRI上表现为T1WI信号减低T2WI信号增高,增强后低强化。8例周围有假包膜样结构,6例合并肝内外胆管扩张。结论AIP影像学具有一定的特征性,影像学检查在AIP的诊断中起着重要的作用,结合临床特点有助于明确诊断,减少误诊。     

局灶型Castleman病的MDCT和MRI表现特征及其病理学基础

为了探讨局灶型Castleman病(CD)的多层螺旋CT(MDCT)和磁共振成像(MRI)表现特征及其病理学基础,收集经手术病理证实的13例患者的临床资料,回顾分析其MDCT和MRI表现特征。所有患者均行MDCT平扫,11例行MDCT增强扫描,而另外2例行MRI平扫和增强扫描。13例患者共有14个病灶且均为透明血管型,MDCT平扫病灶均为等密度软组织肿块影;4个病灶中心有钙化,其中斑点状钙化2个,分支放射状钙化及分支放射状钙化伴病灶边缘弧形钙化各1个。MDCT增强扫描均有明显强化,其中均匀强化11个,另外3个为不均匀强化,表现为中心有星芒状低密度无强化区2个,局灶性无强化影1个;病灶周围显示较多迂曲血管影8个。行MRI扫描者T1WI信号稍高于肌肉,T2WI为明显高信号,增强亦有明显强化;同时右肩部病灶中心显示流空血管影,增强显示粗大的供血动脉及周边许多小血管影。总之,局灶透明血管型CD在MDCT或MRI上多表现为孤立性软组织肿块,以明显均匀强化为主、少数伴有不规则钙化或星芒状瘢痕为特征。     

MRI在腮腺上皮性良性肿瘤定性诊断价值及其病理基础

目的探讨MRI在腮腺上皮性良性肿瘤定性诊断中的作用.方法收集腮腺上皮性良性肿瘤72例80个病灶的MRI资料,其中70例经手术病理证实,2例活检证实.77个手术切除病灶行病理逐层切片检查并与MRI影像进行对照分析.MRI平扫采用T1WI、T2WI,其中61例共67个病灶同时行平扫和增强扫描.结果超过一半的腺淋巴瘤瘤灶(26个)T2WI表现为低、等信号,所有经过增强的42个腺淋巴瘤均轻度增强;31例混合瘤T2WI表现为高而不均匀信号,经过增强的24例混合瘤均中等或显著强化.结论常见腮腺上皮性良性肿瘤在MRI表现上各有特点,对大多数病例进行定性诊断是可能的.     

副鼻窦腺泡型横纹肌肉瘤4例CT和MRI表现

目的分析副鼻窦腺泡型横纹肌肉瘤(ARMS)的CT、MRI表现,探讨其诊断要点。方法经手术病理证实的4例ARMS患者,其中男性3例,女性1例;年龄分别为3、9、15、17岁,平均年龄11岁。所有患者均行MRI平扫及增强扫描,同时行CT平扫扫描。分析其影像特点。结果肿瘤位于蝶窦1例,筛窦2例,上颌窦1例。3例骨破坏呈膨胀性、吸收性,1例骨破坏呈溶骨性。累及翼腭窝1例,颞下窝2例,眼下直肌受累3例,鼻腔受累3例。直径5 cm呈椭圆形,直径6 cm呈不规则分叶状。2例有囊变密度或信号,无钙化,1例含有黏液蛋白成分。T1WI以稍低信号为主,近似或低于正常脑实质信号,T2WI以不均匀高信号为主,与脑脊液信号近似,增强扫描呈中等~明显强化,强化不均匀,但程度较轻,可见线环状及菊花瓣样强化。结论 ARMS的CT和MRI有一定的特征性表现,在鉴别诊断上有着较高的临床应用价值。     

肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤CT及MRI特征分析

目的 探讨肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤(RO)CT及MRI的表现特点,为RO的临床诊断提供参考。方法 回顾性分析2011年2月—2017年7月解放军福州总医院经术后病理检查确诊为RO的24例患者的临床资料,其中男12例、女12例,年龄36~71(55.2±10.4)岁。患者术前行CT平扫及增强三期扫描,或行MRI平扫及增强扫描,观察病灶的部位、大小、形态、边界,坏死、囊变及星状瘢痕,平扫及多期增强扫描病灶强化情况,以及有无肾周组织侵犯及淋巴结转移。结果 24例患者中22例行CT检查,5例行MRI检查。共发现25个病灶,23例为单侧单发,1例为双侧单发;9例位于右肾,16例位于左肾;病灶最大径(3.4±1.2)cm。CT检查22例23个病灶,平扫13例病灶呈等密度,2例可见钙化,3例见囊状低密度影,12例见星状瘢痕;增强扫描均强化明显,动态增强曲线呈“速升缓降”型。MRI检查5例5个病灶,平扫5例T₁WI呈等、低信号,T₂WI呈混杂稍高信号,DWI呈混杂高信号;增强扫描1例见囊状低密度影,1例见星状瘢痕。所有病例肾周脂肪间隙清晰,肾静脉及下腔静脉内均未见瘤栓,肾门及腹主动脉旁均未见肿大淋巴结。结论 RO的CT及MRI表现具有一定的特征性,术前提高对RO的认识,可减少不必要的根治性肾切除术,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

MRI在腮腺上皮性良性肿瘤定性诊断价值及其病理基础

目的　探讨MRI在腮腺上皮性良性肿瘤定性诊断中的作用 .方法　收集腮腺上皮性良性肿瘤 72例 80个病灶的MRI资料 ,其中 70例经手术病理证实 ,2例活检证实 .77个手术切除病灶行病理逐层切片检查并与MRI影像进行对照分析 .MRI平扫采用T1WI、T2WI,其中 6 1例共 6 7个病灶同时行平扫和增强扫描 .结果　超过一半的腺淋巴瘤瘤灶 (2 6个 )T2WI表现为低、等信号 ,所有经过增强的 4 2个腺淋巴瘤均轻度增强 ;31例混合瘤T2WI表现为高而不均匀信号 ,经过增强的 2 4例混合瘤均中等或显著强化 .结论　常见腮腺上皮性良性肿瘤在MRI表现上各有特点 ,对大多数病例进行定性诊断是可能的     

鼻腔及鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的探讨鼻腔及鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的CT和MRI表现特点。方法回顾性分析17例经手术病理证实的鼻腔及鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的CT和MRI资料,17例均行CT平扫及三位重建,7例行MRI平扫及增强。结果 17例均为单侧发病,累及鼻腔外侧壁2例,累及鼻腔及鼻窦15例,其中1例恶变为鳞癌。16例良性病灶呈条块状、菜花状,游离缘呈小波浪状,沿鼻固有结构匍匐生长;CT上病灶呈均匀的中等密度,骨质受压变形13例,局部骨质增生肥大5例,骨质吸收3例;中下鼻甲受压移位11例,上颌窦口开大5例;MRI上呈等T1、等-稍高混杂T2信号,不均匀强化,T2及增强T1呈栅栏状3例;呈等-低T1、等-高T2混杂信号、不均匀强化,T2和增强T1呈卷曲脑回状2例;等T1、等T2信号、中等均匀强化1例。1例恶变病例呈球形,边缘呈分叶状,可见骨质侵袭破坏,信号混杂,缺少栅栏状及卷曲脑回样强化。结论匍匐性膨胀性生长、小波浪状边缘是鼻腔及鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的形态特征,CT呈均匀软组织密度,常伴骨质受压改变,T2WI和增强T1WI呈栅栏状、卷曲脑回状是其典型MRI表现。骨质侵袭破坏,信号混杂,缺少栅栏状及卷曲脑回状强化提示恶性可能。     

胃肠道间质瘤的影像学表现

目的 总结胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）的影像学表现。方法 对17例经病理学证实的GIST患者的临床及影像学检查资料进行分析。结果 17例GIST中原发于胃15例,食管1例,小肠1例。外生性生长者15例,向腔内生长者2例。胃肠道钡餐造影表现（9例）：胃腔偏心性狭窄,粘膜纹展平、移位。CT表现（11例）：肿瘤向腔外生长,呈等、低密度,有不均匀较明显强化,未见淋巴结肿大。MRI表现（2例）：T1WI呈等、低混杂信号,T2WI呈高信号为主的混杂信号,强化较明显,包膜完整。结论 影像学表现对GIST诊断有帮助,CT为主要影像学检查方法,肿瘤外生性生长和未见淋巴结肿大为诊断的主要依据。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.